Compact Muon Solenoid
LHC, CERN

Visit us: CMS Public Website, CMS Physics ; Contact us: CMS Publications Committee

CMS-HIN-23-011 ; CERN-EP-2024-057

Overview of high-density QCD studies with the CMS experiment at the LHC

CMS Collaboration

17 May 2024

Accepted for publication in Physics Reports

Abstract: The heavy ion (HI) physics program has proven to be an essential part of the overall physics program at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. Its main purpose has been to provide a detailed characterization of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), a deconfined state of quarks and gluons created in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. From the start of the LHC HI program with lead-lead collisions, the CMS Collaboration has performed measurements using additional data sets in different center-of-mass energies with xenon-xenon, proton-lead, and proton-proton collisions. A broad collection of observables related to high-density quantum chromodynamics (QCD), precision quantum electrodynamics (QED), and even novel searches of phenomena beyond the standard model (BSM) have been studied. Major advances toward understanding the macroscopic and microscopic QGP properties were achieved at the highest temperature reached in the laboratory and for vanishingly small values of the baryon chemical potential. This article summarizes key QCD, QED, as well as BSM physics, results of the CMS HI program for the LHC Runs 1 (2010-2013) and 2 (2015-2018). It reviews findings on the partonic content of nuclei and properties of the QGP and describes the surprising QGP-like effects in collision systems smaller than lead-lead or xenon-xenon. In addition, it outlines the scientific case of using ultrarelativistic HI collisions in the coming decades to characterize the QGP with unparalleled precision and to probe novel fundamental physics phenomena.

Links: e-print arXiv:2405.10785 [hep-ex] (PDF) ; CDS record ; inSPIRE record ; CADI line (restricted) ;

Figures
png pdf	Figure 1: Integrated luminosity delivered to the CMS experiment with PbPb and pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.02 [45] and 8.16 TeV [46], respectively, as a function of time during the LHC Run 2 period. The years of data collection shown correspond to 2015 (purple), 2016 (orange), and 2018 (navy blue). This plot shows the proton-equivalent luminosity, i.e.,, the values for the PbPb data have been scaled by $ A^2=208^2 $ and the values for the pPb data by $ A= $ 208.
png pdf	Figure 2: A simplified sketch of the acceptance in $ \eta $ and $ \phi $ for the tracking, calorimetry (ECAL, HCAL, CASTOR, and ZDC) and muon identification (``Muons'') components of the CMS detector. In the lower section, the central elements (that is, excluding ZDC and CASTOR) are arranged based on their proximity to the beam, with the tracker being the closest element of the central detectors, and the muon detectors positioned farthest away. The size of a jet cone with $ R = $ 0.5 (to be discussed in Section 2.10) is also depicted for illustration. (Figure adapted from Ref. [4].)
png pdf	Figure 3: An almost head-on collision event selected from the 2018 PbPb data set. The yellow lines show the huge number of charged-particle tracks and the two cones show nearly back-to-back candidate jets originating from bottom quarks. (Figure adapted from Ref. [76].)
png pdf	Figure 4: Left: Efficiency for the 50 GeV single-jet trigger as a function of the corrected leading jet transverse momentum in PbPb collisions at 2.76 TeV. Right: Efficiency for the 15 GeV photon trigger as a function of the corrected photon transverse energy in PbPb collisions at 2.76 TeV. (Figures adapted from Refs. [103,104].)
png pdf	Figure 4-a: Left: Efficiency for the 50 GeV single-jet trigger as a function of the corrected leading jet transverse momentum in PbPb collisions at 2.76 TeV. Right: Efficiency for the 15 GeV photon trigger as a function of the corrected photon transverse energy in PbPb collisions at 2.76 TeV. (Figures adapted from Refs. [103,104].)
png pdf	Figure 4-b: Left: Efficiency for the 50 GeV single-jet trigger as a function of the corrected leading jet transverse momentum in PbPb collisions at 2.76 TeV. Right: Efficiency for the 15 GeV photon trigger as a function of the corrected photon transverse energy in PbPb collisions at 2.76 TeV. (Figures adapted from Refs. [103,104].)
png pdf	Figure 5: The L1 and HLT trigger efficiencies for the high-multiplicity triggers as functions of $ N_\text{trk}^\text{offline} $ for 5.02 TeV pPb collision data taking in the year of 2013. (Figure adapted from Ref. [105].)
png pdf	Figure 5-a: The L1 and HLT trigger efficiencies for the high-multiplicity triggers as functions of $ N_\text{trk}^\text{offline} $ for 5.02 TeV pPb collision data taking in the year of 2013. (Figure adapted from Ref. [105].)
png pdf	Figure 5-b: The L1 and HLT trigger efficiencies for the high-multiplicity triggers as functions of $ N_\text{trk}^\text{offline} $ for 5.02 TeV pPb collision data taking in the year of 2013. (Figure adapted from Ref. [105].)
png pdf	Figure 6: Charged hadron multiplicity density evaluated at $ \eta= $ 0 ($ \mathrm{d} N_{\text{ch}} / \mathrm{d} \eta |_{\eta=0} $) as a function of centrality class in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 2.76 TeV from the CMS (solid circles) and ALICE [116] (open squares) experiments. The inner green band shows the measurement uncertainties affecting the scale of the measured distribution, while the outer grey band represents the full systematic uncertainty, i.e.,, affecting both the scale and the slope. (Figure adapted from Ref. [106].)
png pdf	Figure 7: Muon reconstruction and identification efficiencies as functions of the simulated muon pseudorapidity and $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ in pPb (left) and PbPb (right) collisions. The lines delimit the acceptance regions used for physics analyses: the red curves for measurements not relying on a dedicated muon trigger while the green ones are for analyses using the muon trigger information, i.e.,, for most of the quarkonia results presented in this paper. (Figure adapted from Ref. [125].)
png pdf	Figure 8: Isolated photon detection efficiency in $ |\eta| < $ 1.44 as a function of $ E_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} $ obtained from MC simulations. Left: PbPb collisions in the 0-10% centrality range. Right: pp collisions. Both the PbPb and pp collisions are at 5.02 TeV. The different colors represent efficiencies reached for successive application of the listed selection criteria: ratio of HCAL over ECAL energies $ H/E < $ 0.1, EM shower shape variable $ \sigma_{\eta\eta} < $ 0.01, isolation variable $ I < $ 1 GeV, and electron rejection criterion. (Figure adapted from Ref. [131].)
png pdf	Figure 9: Left: Distribution of PF pseudotowers in $ \eta$-$\phi $ in a single central (top 3%) event in PbPb collisions before subtraction, with the $ z $ axis showing the corresponding tower energy per unit tower area. Right: The same event after full subtraction with flow modulation is applied. (Figure adapted from Ref. [134].)
png pdf	Figure 10: Distribution of $ \rho $, the UE energy per unit area, as a function of centrality, found using the central-$ \eta $ strip of PF pseudotowers. (Figure adapted from Ref. [134].)
png pdf	Figure 11: Performance of jet reconstruction in the HI environment for jet distance parameters of $ R= $ 0.2 (left) and $ R= $ 1.0 (right). The jet energy scale is shown in the upper panels, while the jet energy resolution is plotted in the lower panels. (Figure adapted from Ref. [139].)
png pdf	Figure 12: Multiplicity distribution of the b-tagged jets in a top quark pair enriched final state using PbPb collisions. The distribution of the main background is taken from the data. Backgrounds and $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ signal are shown with the filled histograms and data are shown with the markers. The vertical bars on the markers represent the statistical uncertainties in data. The hatched regions show the uncertainties in the sum of $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ signal and backgrounds. The lower panel displays the ratio of the data to the predictions with bands representing the uncertainties in the predictions. (Figure adapted from Ref. [146].)
png pdf	Figure 13: The differential cross sections (left) and forward-backward ratio for decay muon yields (right) for the process $ \mathrm{W^+}\to\mu^{+}\nu_{\!\mu} $ versus muon pseudorapidity in the center-of-mass frame ($ \eta_{\mathrm{CM}} $). Black horizontal lines above and below the data points represent the quadrature sum of statistical and systematic uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars show the statistical uncertainties only. The NLO calculations with CT14 PDF, and CT14+nCTEQ15 and CT14+EPPS16 nPDFs are displayed, including their 68% confidence interval uncertainty bands. The ratios of data, CT14+nCTEQ15 and CT14+EPPS16 with respect to CT14 are shown in the lower left panel. A global integrated luminosity uncertainty of 3.5% in the cross section is not shown. (Figure compiled from Ref. [150].)
png pdf	Figure 13-a: The differential cross sections (left) and forward-backward ratio for decay muon yields (right) for the process $ \mathrm{W^+}\to\mu^{+}\nu_{\!\mu} $ versus muon pseudorapidity in the center-of-mass frame ($ \eta_{\mathrm{CM}} $). Black horizontal lines above and below the data points represent the quadrature sum of statistical and systematic uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars show the statistical uncertainties only. The NLO calculations with CT14 PDF, and CT14+nCTEQ15 and CT14+EPPS16 nPDFs are displayed, including their 68% confidence interval uncertainty bands. The ratios of data, CT14+nCTEQ15 and CT14+EPPS16 with respect to CT14 are shown in the lower left panel. A global integrated luminosity uncertainty of 3.5% in the cross section is not shown. (Figure compiled from Ref. [150].)
png pdf	Figure 13-b: The differential cross sections (left) and forward-backward ratio for decay muon yields (right) for the process $ \mathrm{W^+}\to\mu^{+}\nu_{\!\mu} $ versus muon pseudorapidity in the center-of-mass frame ($ \eta_{\mathrm{CM}} $). Black horizontal lines above and below the data points represent the quadrature sum of statistical and systematic uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars show the statistical uncertainties only. The NLO calculations with CT14 PDF, and CT14+nCTEQ15 and CT14+EPPS16 nPDFs are displayed, including their 68% confidence interval uncertainty bands. The ratios of data, CT14+nCTEQ15 and CT14+EPPS16 with respect to CT14 are shown in the lower left panel. A global integrated luminosity uncertainty of 3.5% in the cross section is not shown. (Figure compiled from Ref. [150].)
png pdf	Figure 14: Differential cross section for the Drell-Yan process measured in the muon channel as a function of the dimuon invariant mass (upper) and the forward-backward ratios for 15 $ < m_{\mu^{+}\mu^{-}} < $ 60 GeV (lower left) and 60 $ < m_{\mu^{+}\mu^{-}} < $ 120 GeV (lower right). Error bars represent the total measurement uncertainty. Theory predictions from the POWHEG NLO generator using the CT14 PDF (blue), or the CT14+EPPS16 (red) or CT14+nCTEQ15WZ (green) nPDF sets are shown. The standard deviation of the nPDF uncertainties are shown by the boxes. Ratios of theory predictions over data are shown in the lower panels. (Figures adapted from Ref. [161].)
png pdf	Figure 14-a: Differential cross section for the Drell-Yan process measured in the muon channel as a function of the dimuon invariant mass (upper) and the forward-backward ratios for 15 $ < m_{\mu^{+}\mu^{-}} < $ 60 GeV (lower left) and 60 $ < m_{\mu^{+}\mu^{-}} < $ 120 GeV (lower right). Error bars represent the total measurement uncertainty. Theory predictions from the POWHEG NLO generator using the CT14 PDF (blue), or the CT14+EPPS16 (red) or CT14+nCTEQ15WZ (green) nPDF sets are shown. The standard deviation of the nPDF uncertainties are shown by the boxes. Ratios of theory predictions over data are shown in the lower panels. (Figures adapted from Ref. [161].)
png pdf	Figure 14-b: Differential cross section for the Drell-Yan process measured in the muon channel as a function of the dimuon invariant mass (upper) and the forward-backward ratios for 15 $ < m_{\mu^{+}\mu^{-}} < $ 60 GeV (lower left) and 60 $ < m_{\mu^{+}\mu^{-}} < $ 120 GeV (lower right). Error bars represent the total measurement uncertainty. Theory predictions from the POWHEG NLO generator using the CT14 PDF (blue), or the CT14+EPPS16 (red) or CT14+nCTEQ15WZ (green) nPDF sets are shown. The standard deviation of the nPDF uncertainties are shown by the boxes. Ratios of theory predictions over data are shown in the lower panels. (Figures adapted from Ref. [161].)
png pdf	Figure 14-c: Differential cross section for the Drell-Yan process measured in the muon channel as a function of the dimuon invariant mass (upper) and the forward-backward ratios for 15 $ < m_{\mu^{+}\mu^{-}} < $ 60 GeV (lower left) and 60 $ < m_{\mu^{+}\mu^{-}} < $ 120 GeV (lower right). Error bars represent the total measurement uncertainty. Theory predictions from the POWHEG NLO generator using the CT14 PDF (blue), or the CT14+EPPS16 (red) or CT14+nCTEQ15WZ (green) nPDF sets are shown. The standard deviation of the nPDF uncertainties are shown by the boxes. Ratios of theory predictions over data are shown in the lower panels. (Figures adapted from Ref. [161].)
png pdf	Figure 15: Top quark pair production cross section in pp and pPb collisions as a function of the center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair; the CMS results at different center-of-mass energies in the dilepton and semileptonic channels. The measurements are compared to the NNLO+NNLL QCD theory predictions [167,168,169]. (Figure adapted from Ref. [166].)
png pdf	Figure 16: The ratio of the dijet $ \eta $ spectra for pPb and pp data in a selection of $ p_\mathrm{T}^{\text{ave}} $ ranges. Theoretical predictions are from the NLO pQCD calculations of DSSZ [170] and EPS09 [171] are shown. Red boxes and bars indicate the systematic and statistical uncertainties in data, respectively. Green and blue boxes represent nPDF uncertainties. (Figure adapted from Ref. [172].)
png pdf	Figure 17: The ratio of theoretical predictions to CMS data for the ratio of the pPb to pp dijet $ \eta $ spectra for 115 $ < p_\mathrm{T}^{\text{ave}} < $ 150 GeV. Theoretical predictions are from the NLO pQCD calculations of DSSZ [170], EPS09 [171], nCTEQ15 [154], and EPPS16 [153] nPDFs, using CT14 [152] as the baseline PDFs. Red boxes indicate the total uncertainties in data and the error bars on the points represent nPDF uncertainties. (Figure adapted from Ref. [172].)
png pdf	Figure 18: The photon $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ versus photon $ E_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} $ in four centrality ranges for 5.02 TeV PbPb collisions. The error bars indicate the statistical uncertainties and the systematic uncertainty, excluding $ T_{\mathrm{AA}} $ uncertainties, are shown by the colored boxes. The $ T_{\mathrm{AA}} $ uncertainties are common to all points in a given centrality range, and are indicated by a gray box on the left side of each panel. Similarly, a 2.3% pp collision integrated luminosity uncertainty is shown with a brown box. (Figure adapted from Ref. [131].)
png pdf	Figure 19: Normalized yields (per $ \mathrm{NN} $ integrated luminosity and per unit rapidity) of $ \mathrm{W}\to\mu\nu $ production in 2.76 TeV PbPb collisions, shown for inclusive W (red), $ \mathrm{W^+} $ (violet), and $ \mathrm{W^-} $ (green). The open symbols at $ N_\text{part}= $ 120 represent values for MB collisions. At $ N_\text{part} = $ 2 the corresponding cross sections, divided by the muon pseudorapidity acceptance $ \Delta\eta $, for pp collisions at the same energy are displayed. For clarity the $ \mathrm{W^+} $ and $ \mathrm{W^-} $ points are slightly shifted horizontally. Error bars represent statistical uncertainties and horizontal lines show systematic uncertainties. (Figure adapted from Ref. [177].)
png pdf	Figure 20: The $ T_{\mathrm{AA}} $-normalized yields of Z bosons versus centrality for 5.02 TeV PbPb collisions. The error bars, open boxes, and solid gray boxes represent the statistical, systematic, and $ T_{\mathrm{AA}} $ uncertainties, respectively. The value of the 0-90% data (pink) and the scaled HG-PYTHIA model (green) are displayed. The width of the bands represents the contribution from the total 0-90% data point uncertainty. (Figure adapted from Ref. [179].)
png pdf	Figure 21: A comparison of results from the ALICE [182], ATLAS [181], and CMS [179] Collaborations for Z and W production in PbPb collisions. The data have been normalized so that the most central data point equals unity to enable comparison of the shape of the distribution. The left (right) panel shows data for $ \mathrm{W^-} $ ($ \mathrm{W^+} $) and Z bosons. For the ATLAS W data, the error bars represent the combined statistical and systematic uncertainty, while the boxes show $ T_{\mathrm{AA}} $-related uncertainties. For all other data sets, the error bars display statistical uncertainties and the boxes show combined systematic and $ T_{\mathrm{AA}} $ uncertainties.
png pdf	Figure 21-a: A comparison of results from the ALICE [182], ATLAS [181], and CMS [179] Collaborations for Z and W production in PbPb collisions. The data have been normalized so that the most central data point equals unity to enable comparison of the shape of the distribution. The left (right) panel shows data for $ \mathrm{W^-} $ ($ \mathrm{W^+} $) and Z bosons. For the ATLAS W data, the error bars represent the combined statistical and systematic uncertainty, while the boxes show $ T_{\mathrm{AA}} $-related uncertainties. For all other data sets, the error bars display statistical uncertainties and the boxes show combined systematic and $ T_{\mathrm{AA}} $ uncertainties.
png pdf	Figure 21-b: A comparison of results from the ALICE [182], ATLAS [181], and CMS [179] Collaborations for Z and W production in PbPb collisions. The data have been normalized so that the most central data point equals unity to enable comparison of the shape of the distribution. The left (right) panel shows data for $ \mathrm{W^-} $ ($ \mathrm{W^+} $) and Z bosons. For the ATLAS W data, the error bars represent the combined statistical and systematic uncertainty, while the boxes show $ T_{\mathrm{AA}} $-related uncertainties. For all other data sets, the error bars display statistical uncertainties and the boxes show combined systematic and $ T_{\mathrm{AA}} $ uncertainties.
png pdf	Figure 22: Forward jet differential cross section, where forward jet is in the proton-going direction, as a function of jet energy in pPb collisions at 5.02 TeV. The kinematics of the collision allows to probe the small-$ x $ wave function in the Pb nucleus with a high-$ x $ parton from the proton. This measurement is compared with different Monte Carlo event generators, EPOS-LHC [118], HIJING [119], and QGSJETII-04 [189] (left) and predictions of the KATIE [190] and AAMQS [191] saturation models (right). (Figures adapted from Ref. [192].)
png pdf	Figure 22-a: Forward jet differential cross section, where forward jet is in the proton-going direction, as a function of jet energy in pPb collisions at 5.02 TeV. The kinematics of the collision allows to probe the small-$ x $ wave function in the Pb nucleus with a high-$ x $ parton from the proton. This measurement is compared with different Monte Carlo event generators, EPOS-LHC [118], HIJING [119], and QGSJETII-04 [189] (left) and predictions of the KATIE [190] and AAMQS [191] saturation models (right). (Figures adapted from Ref. [192].)
png pdf	Figure 22-b: Forward jet differential cross section, where forward jet is in the proton-going direction, as a function of jet energy in pPb collisions at 5.02 TeV. The kinematics of the collision allows to probe the small-$ x $ wave function in the Pb nucleus with a high-$ x $ parton from the proton. This measurement is compared with different Monte Carlo event generators, EPOS-LHC [118], HIJING [119], and QGSJETII-04 [189] (left) and predictions of the KATIE [190] and AAMQS [191] saturation models (right). (Figures adapted from Ref. [192].)
png pdf	Figure 23: (Left) Forward jet differential cross section, where the forward jet is in the Pb-going direction, as a function of the jet energy in pPb collisions at 5.02 TeV. The kinematic properties of the collision probe the small-$ x $ wave function of the proton with a high-$ x $ parton from the Pb nucleus. The data are compared with different Monte Carlo event generators: EPOS-LHC [118], HIJING [119], and QGSJETII-04 [189]. (Right) The ratio of the inclusive jet cross sections; the numerator (denominator) of the ratio corresponds to the case where the jet is measured in the proton-going (Pb-going) direction. (Figure adapted from Ref. [192].)
png pdf	Figure 23-a: (Left) Forward jet differential cross section, where the forward jet is in the Pb-going direction, as a function of the jet energy in pPb collisions at 5.02 TeV. The kinematic properties of the collision probe the small-$ x $ wave function of the proton with a high-$ x $ parton from the Pb nucleus. The data are compared with different Monte Carlo event generators: EPOS-LHC [118], HIJING [119], and QGSJETII-04 [189]. (Right) The ratio of the inclusive jet cross sections; the numerator (denominator) of the ratio corresponds to the case where the jet is measured in the proton-going (Pb-going) direction. (Figure adapted from Ref. [192].)
png pdf	Figure 23-b: (Left) Forward jet differential cross section, where the forward jet is in the Pb-going direction, as a function of the jet energy in pPb collisions at 5.02 TeV. The kinematic properties of the collision probe the small-$ x $ wave function of the proton with a high-$ x $ parton from the Pb nucleus. The data are compared with different Monte Carlo event generators: EPOS-LHC [118], HIJING [119], and QGSJETII-04 [189]. (Right) The ratio of the inclusive jet cross sections; the numerator (denominator) of the ratio corresponds to the case where the jet is measured in the proton-going (Pb-going) direction. (Figure adapted from Ref. [192].)
png pdf	Figure 24: Forward jet differential cross section, where the forward jet is in the $ \mathrm{p} $-going direction, as a function of the jet energy in pPb collisions at 5.02 TeV. The kinematics of the collision allows to probe the small-$ x $ wave function of the Pb nucleus with a high-$ x $ parton from the proton. The data points are from Ref. [193]. (Figure adapted from Ref. [192].)
png pdf	Figure 25: The cross section in the $ {\gamma\mathrm{p}} $ center-of-mass frame $ \sigma(\gamma^{*}\mathrm{p} \to \rho(770)^0 \mathrm{p}) $ for exclusive $ \rho(770)^0 $ VM photoproduction as a function of $ W_{{\gamma\mathrm{p}}} $. CMS measurements during Run 2 extend up to $ W_{{\gamma\mathrm{p}}} = $ 1 TeV. The CMS data points are from Ref. [199]. The H1 and ZEUS data in electron-proton collisions are shown in the same panel. The data points are compared to predictions from PYTHIA8 [112] and STARLIGHT [110]. (Figure adapted from Ref. [199].)
png pdf	Figure 26: Photoproduction cross section in the photon-proton center-of-mass frame $ \sigma(\gamma^* \mathrm{p} \to \Upsilon{\textrm{(1S)}} \mathrm{p}) $ for exclusive $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(1S)}} $ VM photoproduction as a function of $ W_{{\gamma\mathrm{p}}} $. The data are compared with different calculations with different implementations of nonlinear evolution in the parton distributions. (Figure adapted from Ref. [198].)
png pdf	Figure 27: Differential $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ meson photoproduction cross section as a function of rapidity in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV measured by ALICE [201,202] and CMS [203]. Data are compared with the leading twist [204] and the impulse approximation [204,205] predictions. The leading twist approximation is a perturbative QCD calculation that takes into account nuclear shadowing effects from multinucleon interference. (Figure adapted from Ref. [203].)
png pdf	Figure 28: The left panel shows the correlation between energy distributions of the Minus and Plus ZDC detectors (one entry per event), while the right panel shows a multi-Gaussian function fit to the Minus ZDC energy distribution. The different ``peaks'' in the ZDC energy distribution can be assigned to different forward neutron multiplicities, the first peak is detector noise, which corresponds to no detected neutrons, the second peak can be associated with one neutron, and so on. (Figures adapted from Ref. [208].)
png pdf	Figure 29: The differential coherent $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ meson photoproduction cross section as a function of rapidity, in different neutron multiplicity classes (left): 0 $ \mathrm{n}0\mathrm{n} $, 0 $ \mathrm{n}\mathrm{X}\mathrm{n} $ and $ \mathrm{X}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{X}\mathrm{n} $ ($ \mathrm{X} \geq $ 1); (right): $ \mathrm{A}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{n} $ (inclusive in the number of neutrons detected in the ZDC). The small vertical bars and shaded boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The horizontal bars represent the bin widths. Theoretical predictions from LTA weak/strong shadowing [206], color dipole models (CD_BGK, CD_BGW, and CD_IIM) [211], and STARLIGHT [110] are shown. (Figures adapted from Ref. [210].)
png pdf	Figure 29-a: The differential coherent $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ meson photoproduction cross section as a function of rapidity, in different neutron multiplicity classes (left): 0 $ \mathrm{n}0\mathrm{n} $, 0 $ \mathrm{n}\mathrm{X}\mathrm{n} $ and $ \mathrm{X}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{X}\mathrm{n} $ ($ \mathrm{X} \geq $ 1); (right): $ \mathrm{A}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{n} $ (inclusive in the number of neutrons detected in the ZDC). The small vertical bars and shaded boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The horizontal bars represent the bin widths. Theoretical predictions from LTA weak/strong shadowing [206], color dipole models (CD_BGK, CD_BGW, and CD_IIM) [211], and STARLIGHT [110] are shown. (Figures adapted from Ref. [210].)
png pdf	Figure 29-b: The differential coherent $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ meson photoproduction cross section as a function of rapidity, in different neutron multiplicity classes (left): 0 $ \mathrm{n}0\mathrm{n} $, 0 $ \mathrm{n}\mathrm{X}\mathrm{n} $ and $ \mathrm{X}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{X}\mathrm{n} $ ($ \mathrm{X} \geq $ 1); (right): $ \mathrm{A}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{A}\mathrm{n} $ (inclusive in the number of neutrons detected in the ZDC). The small vertical bars and shaded boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The horizontal bars represent the bin widths. Theoretical predictions from LTA weak/strong shadowing [206], color dipole models (CD_BGK, CD_BGW, and CD_IIM) [211], and STARLIGHT [110] are shown. (Figures adapted from Ref. [210].)
png pdf	Figure 30: Total coherent $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ meson photoproduction cross section as a function of $ W^{\mathrm{Pb}}_{\gamma\mathrm{N}} $ in PbPb UPCs at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV. The vertical bars and the shaded and open boxes represent the statistical, experimental, and theoretical (photon flux) uncertainties, respectively. The predictions from various theoretical calculations [204,213,214,206,215,211] are shown by the curves. (Figure adapted from Ref. [210].)
png pdf	Figure 31: The $ (\mathrm{d}N_{\text{ch}}/\mathrm{d}\eta)/(N_\text{part}/2) $ in 2.76 TeV PbPb (Figure adapted from Ref. [106].) (left) and 5.44 TeV XeXe collisions (figure from Ref. [221]) (middle), and $ \mathrm{d}E_{\mathrm{T}}/\mathrm{d}\eta $ in 2.76 TeV PbPb collisions (figure from Ref. [222]) (right) distributions as functions of $ \eta $ in various centrality bins. The inner green band in the left panel shows the measurement uncertainties affecting the scale of the measured distribution, while the outer gray band shows the full systematic uncertainty, i.e., affecting both the scale and the slope.
png pdf	Figure 31-a: The $ (\mathrm{d}N_{\text{ch}}/\mathrm{d}\eta)/(N_\text{part}/2) $ in 2.76 TeV PbPb (Figure adapted from Ref. [106].) (left) and 5.44 TeV XeXe collisions (figure from Ref. [221]) (middle), and $ \mathrm{d}E_{\mathrm{T}}/\mathrm{d}\eta $ in 2.76 TeV PbPb collisions (figure from Ref. [222]) (right) distributions as functions of $ \eta $ in various centrality bins. The inner green band in the left panel shows the measurement uncertainties affecting the scale of the measured distribution, while the outer gray band shows the full systematic uncertainty, i.e., affecting both the scale and the slope.
png pdf	Figure 31-b: The $ (\mathrm{d}N_{\text{ch}}/\mathrm{d}\eta)/(N_\text{part}/2) $ in 2.76 TeV PbPb (Figure adapted from Ref. [106].) (left) and 5.44 TeV XeXe collisions (figure from Ref. [221]) (middle), and $ \mathrm{d}E_{\mathrm{T}}/\mathrm{d}\eta $ in 2.76 TeV PbPb collisions (figure from Ref. [222]) (right) distributions as functions of $ \eta $ in various centrality bins. The inner green band in the left panel shows the measurement uncertainties affecting the scale of the measured distribution, while the outer gray band shows the full systematic uncertainty, i.e., affecting both the scale and the slope.
png pdf	Figure 31-c: The $ (\mathrm{d}N_{\text{ch}}/\mathrm{d}\eta)/(N_\text{part}/2) $ in 2.76 TeV PbPb (Figure adapted from Ref. [106].) (left) and 5.44 TeV XeXe collisions (figure from Ref. [221]) (middle), and $ \mathrm{d}E_{\mathrm{T}}/\mathrm{d}\eta $ in 2.76 TeV PbPb collisions (figure from Ref. [222]) (right) distributions as functions of $ \eta $ in various centrality bins. The inner green band in the left panel shows the measurement uncertainties affecting the scale of the measured distribution, while the outer gray band shows the full systematic uncertainty, i.e., affecting both the scale and the slope.
png pdf	Figure 32: Average $ \mathrm{d}N_{\text{ch}}/\mathrm{d}\eta $\ at midrapidity normalised by $ \langle N_\text{part}\rangle $, shown as a function of $ \langle N_\text{part}\rangle $ (left) and $ \langle N_\text{part}\rangle/2A $ (right), where $ A $ is the mass number of the nuclei. (Figures adapted from Ref. [221].)
png pdf	Figure 32-a: Average $ \mathrm{d}N_{\text{ch}}/\mathrm{d}\eta $\ at midrapidity normalised by $ \langle N_\text{part}\rangle $, shown as a function of $ \langle N_\text{part}\rangle $ (left) and $ \langle N_\text{part}\rangle/2A $ (right), where $ A $ is the mass number of the nuclei. (Figures adapted from Ref. [221].)
png pdf	Figure 32-b: Average $ \mathrm{d}N_{\text{ch}}/\mathrm{d}\eta $\ at midrapidity normalised by $ \langle N_\text{part}\rangle $, shown as a function of $ \langle N_\text{part}\rangle $ (left) and $ \langle N_\text{part}\rangle/2A $ (right), where $ A $ is the mass number of the nuclei. (Figures adapted from Ref. [221].)
png pdf	Figure 33: Normalized charged-particle pseudorapidity (left, figure adapted from Ref. [106]) and transverse energy density (right, figure adapted from Ref. [222]) at $ \eta= $ 0 as functions of center-of-mass energy, from various experiments. The fits to power-law functions are shown by lines.
png pdf	Figure 33-a: Normalized charged-particle pseudorapidity (left, figure adapted from Ref. [106]) and transverse energy density (right, figure adapted from Ref. [222]) at $ \eta= $ 0 as functions of center-of-mass energy, from various experiments. The fits to power-law functions are shown by lines.
png pdf	Figure 33-b: Normalized charged-particle pseudorapidity (left, figure adapted from Ref. [106]) and transverse energy density (right, figure adapted from Ref. [222]) at $ \eta= $ 0 as functions of center-of-mass energy, from various experiments. The fits to power-law functions are shown by lines.
png pdf	Figure 34: The 2D (left) and 1D $ \Delta\phi $\ (right) two-particle correlation functions for 1 $ < p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 3 GeV in 0-0.2% central PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV. (Figures adapted from Ref. [233].)
png pdf	Figure 35: Left: the $ v_2 $ to $ v_6 $ values as functions of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ in 0-0.2% central PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV. Right: Comparison of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $-integrated (0.3-3.0 GeV) $ v_{n} $ data with VISH2+1D hydrodynamic calculations for Glauber initial condition with $ \eta/s= $ 0.08 (blue) and MC-KLN initial condition with $ \eta/s= $ 0.2 (green), in 0-0.2% central PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV. Error bars denote the statistical uncertainties, while the shaded color bands correspond to the systematic uncertainties. (Figures adapted from Ref. [233].)
png pdf	Figure 35-a: Left: the $ v_2 $ to $ v_6 $ values as functions of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ in 0-0.2% central PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV. Right: Comparison of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $-integrated (0.3-3.0 GeV) $ v_{n} $ data with VISH2+1D hydrodynamic calculations for Glauber initial condition with $ \eta/s= $ 0.08 (blue) and MC-KLN initial condition with $ \eta/s= $ 0.2 (green), in 0-0.2% central PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV. Error bars denote the statistical uncertainties, while the shaded color bands correspond to the systematic uncertainties. (Figures adapted from Ref. [233].)
png pdf	Figure 35-b: Left: the $ v_2 $ to $ v_6 $ values as functions of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ in 0-0.2% central PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV. Right: Comparison of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $-integrated (0.3-3.0 GeV) $ v_{n} $ data with VISH2+1D hydrodynamic calculations for Glauber initial condition with $ \eta/s= $ 0.08 (blue) and MC-KLN initial condition with $ \eta/s= $ 0.2 (green), in 0-0.2% central PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV. Error bars denote the statistical uncertainties, while the shaded color bands correspond to the systematic uncertainties. (Figures adapted from Ref. [233].)
png pdf	Figure 36: Representative final unfolded $ p(v_2) $ distributions (closed black circles) in three centrality bins (15-20%, 30-35%, and 55-60%). Respective observed $ p(v_2^\text{obs}) $ distributions (open black squares) are shown to illustrate the statistical resolution present in each centrality bin prior to unfolding. Distributions are fitted with Bessel-Gaussian and elliptic power functions to infer information on the underlying $ p(\varepsilon_2) $ distributions. (Figure adapted from Ref. [235].)
png pdf	Figure 37: Centrality dependence of the $ v_2 $, $ v_3 $, and $ v_4 $ harmonic coefficients from two-particle correlations method for 0.3 $ < p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 3.0 GeV for $ \mathrm{Xe}\mathrm{Xe} $ collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.44 TeV and PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV. The lower panels show the ratio of the results for the two systems. Theoretical predictions from Ref. [243] are compared to the data. The model calculation is done for the $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ range 0.2 $ < p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 5.0 GeV. (Figure adapted from Ref. [244].)
png pdf	Figure 38: The $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $-dependent factorization ratios, $ r_2 $ and $ r_3 $, as functions of event multiplicity in pPb and PbPb collisions. The lines represent different hydrodynamics calculations. (Figure adapted from Ref. [234].)
png pdf	Figure 39: The $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $-dependent factorization ratios, $ r_2(p_{\mathrm{T}}) $, in very central (0-0.2% centrality) PbPb collisions. The lines represent hydrodynamics calculations for different initial conditions and different values of $ \eta/s $. (Figure adapted from Ref. [234].)
png pdf	Figure 40: Left: illustration of flow event plane decorrelations as functions of rapidity in the wounded nucleon picture (or ``torqued QGP fireball'') [249] and 3D color glass condensate model [250]. Right: measurement of elliptic flow decorrelations as functions of pseudorapidity in 0-5% central PbPb collisions at 2.76 TeV from CMS [234], with comparison to theoretical calculations [249,250].
png pdf	Figure 41: The $ {F}^{{\eta}}_{\mathrm{n}} $ parameter as a function of event multiplicity in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 2.76 TeV for $ n= $ 2-4 and pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV for $ n= $ 2. (Figure adapted from Ref. [234].)
png pdf	Figure 42: Nonlinear-response coefficients, $ \chi_{422} $, $ \chi_{523} $, $ \chi_{6222} $, $ \chi_{633} $, and $ \chi_{7223} $ at 2.76 and 5.02 TeV, as functions of centrality. The results are compared with predictions from a hydrodynamics $ + $ hadronic cascade hybrid approach with the IP-Glasma initial conditions using $ \eta/s = $ 0.095 [257] at 5.02 TeV and from iEBE-VISHNU hydrodynamics with the KLN initial conditions using $ \eta/s = $ 0, 0.08, and 0.2 [252] at 2.76 TeV. (Figure adapted from Ref. [258].)
png pdf	Figure 43: Left: Illustration of a typical BEC as functions of $ q_\text{inv} $, for pp collisions at 13 TeV, for opposite-sign pairs (no BEC), used to estimate the background contribution, and for same-sign pairs, together with the fits to both cases. (Figure adapted from Ref. [268].) Middle: Results for femtoscopic correlations of unidentified charged hadrons from pp collisions at various LHC energies and in different multiplicity ranges. (Figures adapted from Refs. [266,267,268].) Right: The plot shows results for identified pions (filled markers) and kaons (open markers) for different colliding systems and at several LHC energies. The error bars correspond to the statistical uncertainties, the colored boxes to the systematic uncertainties. The lines are cubic spline interpolations, added to guide the eye. (Figure adapted from Ref. [267].)
png pdf	Figure 43-a: Left: Illustration of a typical BEC as functions of $ q_\text{inv} $, for pp collisions at 13 TeV, for opposite-sign pairs (no BEC), used to estimate the background contribution, and for same-sign pairs, together with the fits to both cases. (Figure adapted from Ref. [268].) Middle: Results for femtoscopic correlations of unidentified charged hadrons from pp collisions at various LHC energies and in different multiplicity ranges. (Figures adapted from Refs. [266,267,268].) Right: The plot shows results for identified pions (filled markers) and kaons (open markers) for different colliding systems and at several LHC energies. The error bars correspond to the statistical uncertainties, the colored boxes to the systematic uncertainties. The lines are cubic spline interpolations, added to guide the eye. (Figure adapted from Ref. [267].)
png pdf	Figure 43-b: Left: Illustration of a typical BEC as functions of $ q_\text{inv} $, for pp collisions at 13 TeV, for opposite-sign pairs (no BEC), used to estimate the background contribution, and for same-sign pairs, together with the fits to both cases. (Figure adapted from Ref. [268].) Middle: Results for femtoscopic correlations of unidentified charged hadrons from pp collisions at various LHC energies and in different multiplicity ranges. (Figures adapted from Refs. [266,267,268].) Right: The plot shows results for identified pions (filled markers) and kaons (open markers) for different colliding systems and at several LHC energies. The error bars correspond to the statistical uncertainties, the colored boxes to the systematic uncertainties. The lines are cubic spline interpolations, added to guide the eye. (Figure adapted from Ref. [267].)
png pdf	Figure 43-c: Left: Illustration of a typical BEC as functions of $ q_\text{inv} $, for pp collisions at 13 TeV, for opposite-sign pairs (no BEC), used to estimate the background contribution, and for same-sign pairs, together with the fits to both cases. (Figure adapted from Ref. [268].) Middle: Results for femtoscopic correlations of unidentified charged hadrons from pp collisions at various LHC energies and in different multiplicity ranges. (Figures adapted from Refs. [266,267,268].) Right: The plot shows results for identified pions (filled markers) and kaons (open markers) for different colliding systems and at several LHC energies. The error bars correspond to the statistical uncertainties, the colored boxes to the systematic uncertainties. The lines are cubic spline interpolations, added to guide the eye. (Figure adapted from Ref. [267].)
png pdf	Figure 44: Left: Results for $ R_\text{inv} $ are shown as a function of $ k_{\mathrm{T}} $ for pp collisions at different energies and multiplicity ranges. (Figures adapted from Refs. [267,268].) Right: Similarly, $ R_\text{inv} $ values versus $ k_{\mathrm{T}} $ are shown for pPb collisions at 5.02 TeV. The error bars correspond to the statistical uncertainties, the colored boxes to the systematic uncertainties. The lines are cubic spline interpolations, added to guide the eye. (Figure adapted from Ref. [267].)
png pdf	Figure 44-a: Left: Results for $ R_\text{inv} $ are shown as a function of $ k_{\mathrm{T}} $ for pp collisions at different energies and multiplicity ranges. (Figures adapted from Refs. [267,268].) Right: Similarly, $ R_\text{inv} $ values versus $ k_{\mathrm{T}} $ are shown for pPb collisions at 5.02 TeV. The error bars correspond to the statistical uncertainties, the colored boxes to the systematic uncertainties. The lines are cubic spline interpolations, added to guide the eye. (Figure adapted from Ref. [267].)
png pdf	Figure 44-b: Left: Results for $ R_\text{inv} $ are shown as a function of $ k_{\mathrm{T}} $ for pp collisions at different energies and multiplicity ranges. (Figures adapted from Refs. [267,268].) Right: Similarly, $ R_\text{inv} $ values versus $ k_{\mathrm{T}} $ are shown for pPb collisions at 5.02 TeV. The error bars correspond to the statistical uncertainties, the colored boxes to the systematic uncertainties. The lines are cubic spline interpolations, added to guide the eye. (Figure adapted from Ref. [267].)
png pdf	Figure 45: Left: The femtoscopic Bertsch-Pratt radius components in different directions, ($ R_\text{S} $, $ R_\text{L} $, $ R_\text{O} $), are shown as functions of multiplicity for charged hadrons from pp collisions at 7 TeV. Middle: The three variables are shown for pions from the pPb and PbPb systems at 2.76 TeV and 5.02 TeV, respectively. The lines are cubic spline interpolations, added to guide the eye. A similar tendency of increasing radius parameters with multiplicity is seen in each of the three directions, for all cases. Right: The variation of these components with $ k_{\mathrm{T}} $ is also shown for charged hadrons from pp collisions at 7 TeV. (All three figures were adapted from Ref. [267]).
png pdf	Figure 45-a: Left: The femtoscopic Bertsch-Pratt radius components in different directions, ($ R_\text{S} $, $ R_\text{L} $, $ R_\text{O} $), are shown as functions of multiplicity for charged hadrons from pp collisions at 7 TeV. Middle: The three variables are shown for pions from the pPb and PbPb systems at 2.76 TeV and 5.02 TeV, respectively. The lines are cubic spline interpolations, added to guide the eye. A similar tendency of increasing radius parameters with multiplicity is seen in each of the three directions, for all cases. Right: The variation of these components with $ k_{\mathrm{T}} $ is also shown for charged hadrons from pp collisions at 7 TeV. (All three figures were adapted from Ref. [267]).
png pdf	Figure 45-b: Left: The femtoscopic Bertsch-Pratt radius components in different directions, ($ R_\text{S} $, $ R_\text{L} $, $ R_\text{O} $), are shown as functions of multiplicity for charged hadrons from pp collisions at 7 TeV. Middle: The three variables are shown for pions from the pPb and PbPb systems at 2.76 TeV and 5.02 TeV, respectively. The lines are cubic spline interpolations, added to guide the eye. A similar tendency of increasing radius parameters with multiplicity is seen in each of the three directions, for all cases. Right: The variation of these components with $ k_{\mathrm{T}} $ is also shown for charged hadrons from pp collisions at 7 TeV. (All three figures were adapted from Ref. [267]).
png pdf	Figure 45-c: Left: The femtoscopic Bertsch-Pratt radius components in different directions, ($ R_\text{S} $, $ R_\text{L} $, $ R_\text{O} $), are shown as functions of multiplicity for charged hadrons from pp collisions at 7 TeV. Middle: The three variables are shown for pions from the pPb and PbPb systems at 2.76 TeV and 5.02 TeV, respectively. The lines are cubic spline interpolations, added to guide the eye. A similar tendency of increasing radius parameters with multiplicity is seen in each of the three directions, for all cases. Right: The variation of these components with $ k_{\mathrm{T}} $ is also shown for charged hadrons from pp collisions at 7 TeV. (All three figures were adapted from Ref. [267]).
png pdf	Figure 46: Left: Event geometry of one peripheral PbPb and one central pPb event using MC Glauber simulation at at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}\ = $ 5.02 TeV. The red and black arrows point in the direction of the reaction and participant plane angle, respectively. Right: The cosine of the relative angle between the reaction plane and the participant plane. (Figures adapted from Ref. [299].)
png pdf	Figure 47: Left: the difference of the opposite sign (OS) and same sign (SS) three-particle correlators as a function of $ N_\text{trk}^\text{offline} $ in pPb and PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV. (Figure adapted from Ref. [299].) Right: ratio of $ \Delta\gamma_{112} $ and $ \Delta\gamma_{123} $ to the product of $ v_{n} $ and $ \delta $ in pPb collisions for the Pb-going direction at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 8.16 TeV and PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV. (Figure adapted from Ref. [301].)
png pdf	Figure 47-a: Left: the difference of the opposite sign (OS) and same sign (SS) three-particle correlators as a function of $ N_\text{trk}^\text{offline} $ in pPb and PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV. (Figure adapted from Ref. [299].) Right: ratio of $ \Delta\gamma_{112} $ and $ \Delta\gamma_{123} $ to the product of $ v_{n} $ and $ \delta $ in pPb collisions for the Pb-going direction at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 8.16 TeV and PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV. (Figure adapted from Ref. [301].)
png pdf	Figure 47-b: Left: the difference of the opposite sign (OS) and same sign (SS) three-particle correlators as a function of $ N_\text{trk}^\text{offline} $ in pPb and PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV. (Figure adapted from Ref. [299].) Right: ratio of $ \Delta\gamma_{112} $ and $ \Delta\gamma_{123} $ to the product of $ v_{n} $ and $ \delta $ in pPb collisions for the Pb-going direction at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 8.16 TeV and PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV. (Figure adapted from Ref. [301].)
png pdf	Figure 48: Upper limits of the fraction of $ v_2 $-independent $ \gamma_{112} $ correlator component as a function of $ N_\text{trk}^\text{offline} $ in pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 8.16 TeV and PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV. (Figure adapted from Ref. [301].)
png pdf	Figure 49: Left: The normalized difference in $ v_{n} $, $ (v^{-}_{n} - v^{+}_{n})/(v^{-}_{n} + v^{+}_{n}) $, for $ n= $ 2 and 3, as a function of true event charge asymmetry for the 30-40% centrality class in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV. Right: The linear slope parameters, $ {r}^{\text{norm}}_2 $ and $ {r}^{\text{norm}}_3 $, as functions of the centrality class in PbPb collisions. (Figures adapted from Ref. [308].)
png pdf	Figure 49-a: Left: The normalized difference in $ v_{n} $, $ (v^{-}_{n} - v^{+}_{n})/(v^{-}_{n} + v^{+}_{n}) $, for $ n= $ 2 and 3, as a function of true event charge asymmetry for the 30-40% centrality class in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV. Right: The linear slope parameters, $ {r}^{\text{norm}}_2 $ and $ {r}^{\text{norm}}_3 $, as functions of the centrality class in PbPb collisions. (Figures adapted from Ref. [308].)
png pdf	Figure 49-b: Left: The normalized difference in $ v_{n} $, $ (v^{-}_{n} - v^{+}_{n})/(v^{-}_{n} + v^{+}_{n}) $, for $ n= $ 2 and 3, as a function of true event charge asymmetry for the 30-40% centrality class in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV. Right: The linear slope parameters, $ {r}^{\text{norm}}_2 $ and $ {r}^{\text{norm}}_3 $, as functions of the centrality class in PbPb collisions. (Figures adapted from Ref. [308].)
png pdf	Figure 50: Difference of $ v_2 $ between $ \mathrm{D^0} $ and $ \overline{\mathrm{D}}^{0} $ mesons as a function of rapidity. The average value ($ \Delta v_2^{\text{Avg}} $) is extracted by fitting the data considering the statistical uncertainties only. The systematic uncertainty of the $ \Delta v_2^{\text{Avg}} $ is estimated by shifting the each point up and down by its systematic uncertainty. (Figure adapted from Ref. [142].)
png pdf	Figure 51: An ``unrolled'' calorimeter display of energy deposition in an event containing an unbalanced dijet pair in a $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 2.76 TeV PbPb collision, as recorded by the CMS detector in 2010. The tower-by-tower transverse energy sum combining the measurement in electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters is plotted as a function of $ \eta $ and $ \phi $. The fully corrected transverse momenta of the unbalanced dijet pair are labeled and their position in $ \eta$-$\phi $ indicated with the red-highlighted constituent towers. (Figure adapted from Ref. [103].)
png pdf	Figure 52: The $ A_{\mathrm{J}} $ distributions for jet pairs with a leading jet of $ p_{\mathrm{T,1}} > $ 120 GeV and subleading jet of $ p_{\mathrm{T,2}} > $ 30 GeV, presented for different event centrality classes. The dijet pair is required to fulfill a back-to-back requirement in azimuthal angle of $ \Delta\phi_{\mathrm{1,2}} > 2\pi/ $ 3. Black filled points represent the PbPb data, while the red hatched histogram shows the PYTHIAHYDJET simulation results. The open blue circles in the upper left panel are the results from $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 2.76 TeV pp collisions, acting as an unquenched reference in conjunction with the simulations. Vertical bars represent statistical uncertainties only. (Figure adapted from Ref. [319].)
png pdf	Figure 53: The $ \langle p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\shortparallel}\hspace{-1.02em}/\kern 0.5em\rangle $ values as a function of $ A_{\mathrm{J}} $ for tracks with $ p_{\mathrm{T}} > $ 0.5 GeV. Dijets are selected with $ p_{\mathrm{T,1}} > $ 120 GeV, $ p_{\mathrm{T,2}} > $ 50 GeV, and $ \Delta\phi_{\mathrm{1,2}} > 2\pi/ $ 3. The left panels are for peripheral, 30-100% centrality events, and the right panels are for central, 0-30% events. The upper row shows the results in PYTHIAHYDJET simulation (lacking quenching) while the lower row shows the result in PbPb data. Both data and simulation are for $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV. Solid circles show the total average $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\shortparallel}\hspace{-1.02em}/\kern 0.5em $ while individual color-filled histograms show contributions from particles of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ ranging from 0.5-1.0 GeV to larger than 8.0 GeV. Vertical bars represent statistical uncertainties while the horizontal bars surrounding the solid black circles represent systematic uncertainties. (Figure adapted from Ref. [103].)
png pdf	Figure 54: Inclusive jet $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ plotted as a function of the jet $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ for $ |\eta| < $ 2.0. Each panel corresponds to a different centrality class (upper left) 70-90%, (upper middle) 50-70%, (upper right) 30-50%, (lower left) 10-30%, (lower middle) 5-10%, and (lower right) 0-5%. Results for three jet distance parameters, $ R = $ 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4, are overlaid as red stars, black diamonds, and blue crosses, respectively. Vertical bars (typically smaller than the markers) represent the statistical uncertainty, while horizontal bars around each point are the nonglobal systematic uncertainties. Finally, the combined global systematic uncertainty coming from $ T_{\mathrm{AA}} $ and the integrated luminosity measurement is plotted as a shaded green bar on the horizontal black-dashed unity line. (Figure adapted from Ref. [322].)
png pdf	Figure 55: Jet $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ in the 0-10% centrality class as a function of jet $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ for jets with $ |\eta| < $ 2.0. Each panel corresponds to a different distance parameter $ R $, as indicated. Filled red circle markers represent the data, with vertical red lines representing statistical uncertainties and horizontal red lines representing bin widths. The shaded red boxes around the points represent systematic uncertainties. Integrated luminosity (for pp collisions) and $ \langle T_{\mathrm{AA}} \rangle $ (for PbPb collisions) global uncertainties are shown as shaded boxes around the dashed horizontal line for $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} = $ 1. Predictions for the HYBRID [325,326], MARTINI [327], LBT [328], and CCNU [329,330,331] models are plotted for comparison. (Figure adapted from Ref. [139].)
png pdf	Figure 56: Measurements of $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ in central heavy ion collisions at four different center-of-mass energies, for neutral pions (SPS, RHIC), charged hadrons ($ h^{\pm} $) (SPS, RHIC), and charged particles (LHC). Data are taken from Refs. [332,333,334,335,336,337,338,339,340]. Predictions of six models for $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.02 TeV PbPb collisions are shown [341,325,342,343,38,344]. The error bars represent the statistical uncertainties and the yellow boxes around the 5.02 TeV CMS data show systematic uncertainties. The $ T_{\mathrm{AA}} $ uncertainties, which are small, are not shown. (Figure adapted from Ref. [340].)
png pdf	Figure 57: The charged-particle $ R_{\mathrm{AA}}^{*} $ for $ \mathrm{Xe}\mathrm{Xe} $ collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.44 TeV [122] and $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ for PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV [340]. The asterisk in $ R_{\mathrm{AA}}^{*} $ indicates that the 5.44 TeV pp reference has been calculated by extrapolating a measured 5.02 TeV pp spectrum. The solid pink and open blue boxes represent the systematic uncertainties of the $ \mathrm{Xe}\mathrm{Xe} $ and PbPb data, respectively. The left panel shows the result as a function of particle $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ for a 0-5% centrality selection. In the right panel, the results for the 6.4 $ < p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 7.2 GeV range are plotted as functions of average $ N_\text{part} $. (Figures adapted from Refs. [340,122].)
png pdf	Figure 57-a: The charged-particle $ R_{\mathrm{AA}}^{*} $ for $ \mathrm{Xe}\mathrm{Xe} $ collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.44 TeV [122] and $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ for PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV [340]. The asterisk in $ R_{\mathrm{AA}}^{*} $ indicates that the 5.44 TeV pp reference has been calculated by extrapolating a measured 5.02 TeV pp spectrum. The solid pink and open blue boxes represent the systematic uncertainties of the $ \mathrm{Xe}\mathrm{Xe} $ and PbPb data, respectively. The left panel shows the result as a function of particle $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ for a 0-5% centrality selection. In the right panel, the results for the 6.4 $ < p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 7.2 GeV range are plotted as functions of average $ N_\text{part} $. (Figures adapted from Refs. [340,122].)
png pdf	Figure 57-b: The charged-particle $ R_{\mathrm{AA}}^{*} $ for $ \mathrm{Xe}\mathrm{Xe} $ collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.44 TeV [122] and $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ for PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV [340]. The asterisk in $ R_{\mathrm{AA}}^{*} $ indicates that the 5.44 TeV pp reference has been calculated by extrapolating a measured 5.02 TeV pp spectrum. The solid pink and open blue boxes represent the systematic uncertainties of the $ \mathrm{Xe}\mathrm{Xe} $ and PbPb data, respectively. The left panel shows the result as a function of particle $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ for a 0-5% centrality selection. In the right panel, the results for the 6.4 $ < p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 7.2 GeV range are plotted as functions of average $ N_\text{part} $. (Figures adapted from Refs. [340,122].)
png pdf	Figure 58: Comparison between charged-hadron $ v_2 $ results from various methods as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ in six centrality selections from 0-5% to 50-60%. The vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties, while the shaded boxes represent systematic uncertainties. (Figure adapted from Ref. [349].)
png pdf	Figure 59: The dijet $ v_2 $ (left), $ v_3 $ (middle), and $ v_4 $ (right) measured as functions of collision centrality in 5.02 TeV PbPb collisions. The dijet $ v_2 $ results are compared to CMS high-$ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ hadron $ v_2 $ results. The shaded boxes represent systematic uncertainties, while the vertical bars show statistical uncertainties. (Figure adapted from Ref. [351].)
png pdf	Figure 60: Feynman diagrams depicting two leading-order processes producing a photon or a Z boson with a jet balancing the transverse momentum in the final state. The first diagram shows the outgoing jet to be initiated by a quark, while the other shows the outgoing jet to be initiated by a gluon. These rare hard scatterings have been used to study jet quenching in a number of CMS analyses [352].
png pdf	Figure 61: The $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ balancing observable $ x_{\mathrm{J}}\gamma $ for $ \gamma+\text{jet} $ pairs is plotted as a function of centrality class panel-by-panel, with the leftmost panel corresponding to the 50-100% peripheral selection, progressing to the 0-10% central selection in the rightmost panel. The distribution is normalized by the number of photons in a pp reference (open markers) and PbPb (full markers) data, per centrality class. Vertical lines display the statistical uncertainties while the shaded bars around the points (red for PbPb, green for pp) show the systematic uncertainties. The statistical uncertainties of the pp data are smaller than the markers for many data points. (Figure adapted from Ref. [352].)
png pdf	Figure 62: Relative contributions of fragmentation (red), photon+quark jet (grey), and photon+gluon jet (blue) processes to the production of isolated photons in PYTHIA8 events. The requirement of an isolated photon in the event increases the fraction of quark-initiated jets relative to an inclusive jet sample. (Figure adapted from Ref. [352].)
png pdf	Figure 63: Results for the gluon-like jet fractions in pp and PbPb data shown for different track $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ threshold values and event centrality selections in PbPb collisions. The systematic and statistical uncertainties are represented by the shaded regions and vertical bars, respectively. The predictions for the gluon jet fractions from PYTHIA 6 are shown in dashed red lines. (Figure adapted from Ref. [354].)
png pdf	Figure 64: Dijet imbalance for inclusive (left) dijets and b dijets (center) in pp collisions and for different centrality selections of 5.02 TeV PbPb collisions. The right panel shows the difference in the $ \langle x_{\mathrm{J}} \rangle $ values between PbPb and the smeared pp reference. Systematic uncertainties are shown as shaded boxes and statistical uncertainties are displayed as vertical lines. (Figure adapted from Ref. [320].)
png pdf	Figure 65: Left: Observed and postfit predicted BDT discriminator distributions in the $ \mathrm{e}^\pm\mu^\mp $ final state separately in the 0b-, 1b-, and 2b-tagged jet multiplicity categories. The data are shown with markers, and the signal and background processes with filled histograms. The vertical bars on the markers represent the statistical uncertainties in data. The hatched regions show the uncertainties in the sum of $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ signal and backgrounds. The lower panel displays the ratio between the data and the predictions, including the $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ signal, with bands representing the uncertainties in the postfit predictions. Right: Inclusive $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ cross sections measured with two methods in the combined $ \mathrm{e}^\pm\mu^\mp $, $ \mu^{+}\mu^{-} $, and $ \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $ final states in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.02 TeV, and pp results at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}}= $ 5.02 TeV (scaled by $ A^2 $). The measurements are compared with theoretical predictions at NNLO+NNLL accuracy in QCD. The inner (outer) experimental uncertainty bars include statistical (statistical and systematic, added in quadrature) uncertainties. The inner (outer) theoretical uncertainty bands correspond to nPDF or PDF (PDF and scale, added in quadrature) uncertainties. (Figures adapted from Ref. [146].)
png pdf	Figure 65-a: Left: Observed and postfit predicted BDT discriminator distributions in the $ \mathrm{e}^\pm\mu^\mp $ final state separately in the 0b-, 1b-, and 2b-tagged jet multiplicity categories. The data are shown with markers, and the signal and background processes with filled histograms. The vertical bars on the markers represent the statistical uncertainties in data. The hatched regions show the uncertainties in the sum of $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ signal and backgrounds. The lower panel displays the ratio between the data and the predictions, including the $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ signal, with bands representing the uncertainties in the postfit predictions. Right: Inclusive $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ cross sections measured with two methods in the combined $ \mathrm{e}^\pm\mu^\mp $, $ \mu^{+}\mu^{-} $, and $ \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $ final states in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.02 TeV, and pp results at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}}= $ 5.02 TeV (scaled by $ A^2 $). The measurements are compared with theoretical predictions at NNLO+NNLL accuracy in QCD. The inner (outer) experimental uncertainty bars include statistical (statistical and systematic, added in quadrature) uncertainties. The inner (outer) theoretical uncertainty bands correspond to nPDF or PDF (PDF and scale, added in quadrature) uncertainties. (Figures adapted from Ref. [146].)
png	Figure 65-b: Left: Observed and postfit predicted BDT discriminator distributions in the $ \mathrm{e}^\pm\mu^\mp $ final state separately in the 0b-, 1b-, and 2b-tagged jet multiplicity categories. The data are shown with markers, and the signal and background processes with filled histograms. The vertical bars on the markers represent the statistical uncertainties in data. The hatched regions show the uncertainties in the sum of $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ signal and backgrounds. The lower panel displays the ratio between the data and the predictions, including the $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ signal, with bands representing the uncertainties in the postfit predictions. Right: Inclusive $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ cross sections measured with two methods in the combined $ \mathrm{e}^\pm\mu^\mp $, $ \mu^{+}\mu^{-} $, and $ \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $ final states in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.02 TeV, and pp results at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}}= $ 5.02 TeV (scaled by $ A^2 $). The measurements are compared with theoretical predictions at NNLO+NNLL accuracy in QCD. The inner (outer) experimental uncertainty bars include statistical (statistical and systematic, added in quadrature) uncertainties. The inner (outer) theoretical uncertainty bands correspond to nPDF or PDF (PDF and scale, added in quadrature) uncertainties. (Figures adapted from Ref. [146].)
png pdf	Figure 66: Upper: Fragmentation functions as a function of $ \xi $ in bins of PbPb centrality (left-to-right: 50-100%, 30-50%, 10-30%, and 0-10%) with the result from pp reference data overlaid. Lower: Ratios of the PbPb fragmentation functions over those for the pp reference. Jets are selected in the $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ range 150 to 300 GeV and tracks with $ p_{\mathrm{T}} > $ 1 GeV. Vertical bars and shaded boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. (Figure adapted from Ref. [366].)
png pdf	Figure 67: Comparison of $ \gamma $-tagged fragmentation functions in centrality bins 10-30% (left) and 0-10% (right) as a function of the observables $ \xi^{\text{jet}} $ (upper), defined in Eq. (21), and $ \xi^{\gamma}_{\mathrm{T}} $ (lower), defined in Eq. (22). For comparison, curves from the theoretical models SCETG [341], CoLBT-hydro [367,368,369], and HYBRID [370] are overlaid. The widths of the bands represent variations of the coupling strength in the SCETG case and of the dimensionless parameter $ \kappa $ in the HYBRID case. Vertical bars and shaded boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. (Figures adapted from Ref. [371].)
png pdf	Figure 67-a: Comparison of $ \gamma $-tagged fragmentation functions in centrality bins 10-30% (left) and 0-10% (right) as a function of the observables $ \xi^{\text{jet}} $ (upper), defined in Eq. (21), and $ \xi^{\gamma}_{\mathrm{T}} $ (lower), defined in Eq. (22). For comparison, curves from the theoretical models SCETG [341], CoLBT-hydro [367,368,369], and HYBRID [370] are overlaid. The widths of the bands represent variations of the coupling strength in the SCETG case and of the dimensionless parameter $ \kappa $ in the HYBRID case. Vertical bars and shaded boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. (Figures adapted from Ref. [371].)
png pdf	Figure 67-b: Comparison of $ \gamma $-tagged fragmentation functions in centrality bins 10-30% (left) and 0-10% (right) as a function of the observables $ \xi^{\text{jet}} $ (upper), defined in Eq. (21), and $ \xi^{\gamma}_{\mathrm{T}} $ (lower), defined in Eq. (22). For comparison, curves from the theoretical models SCETG [341], CoLBT-hydro [367,368,369], and HYBRID [370] are overlaid. The widths of the bands represent variations of the coupling strength in the SCETG case and of the dimensionless parameter $ \kappa $ in the HYBRID case. Vertical bars and shaded boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. (Figures adapted from Ref. [371].)
png pdf	Figure 68: The angular jet momentum distribution $ P(\Delta r) $ of jets in pp (upper) and PbPb (middle) collisions. The PbPb results are shown for different centrality regions. The lower row shows the ratio between PbPb and pp data for the indicated intervals of $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{trk}} $. The shaded bands show the total systematic uncertainties. (Figure adapted from Ref. [380].)
png pdf	Figure 69: Ratio of the differential jet shape for jets associated with an isolated photon for 5.02 TeV 0-10% PbPb collisions and pp reference data. The measurement is performed using jets having $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{jet} > $ 30 GeV and tracks with $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{trk}} > $ 1 GeV. (Figure adapted from Ref. [385].)
png pdf	Figure 70: Distribution of the ratio of the groomed jet splitting fraction in central PbPb data compared to a pp reference. Each panel corresponds to a different jet $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ range and the different colored lines and bands are predictions from MC models. Statistical and systematic uncertainties in the data are shown by vertical bars and shaded boxes, respectively. (Figure adapted from Ref. [390].)
png pdf	Figure 71: Distribution of the ratio of the groomed jet mass, $ M_{\mathrm{g}} $, in central PbPb data compared to the pp reference for two different grooming criteria in four ranges of jet $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. The left panel shows more stringent grooming criteria, while the right panel shows the same measurement for the default grooming requirements. The different lines represent MC predictions; they show deviations from the data at larger masses. Statistical and systematic uncertainties in the data are shown by vertical bars and shaded boxes, respectively. (Figures adapted from Ref. [391].)
png pdf	Figure 71-a: Distribution of the ratio of the groomed jet mass, $ M_{\mathrm{g}} $, in central PbPb data compared to the pp reference for two different grooming criteria in four ranges of jet $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. The left panel shows more stringent grooming criteria, while the right panel shows the same measurement for the default grooming requirements. The different lines represent MC predictions; they show deviations from the data at larger masses. Statistical and systematic uncertainties in the data are shown by vertical bars and shaded boxes, respectively. (Figures adapted from Ref. [391].)
png pdf	Figure 71-b: Distribution of the ratio of the groomed jet mass, $ M_{\mathrm{g}} $, in central PbPb data compared to the pp reference for two different grooming criteria in four ranges of jet $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. The left panel shows more stringent grooming criteria, while the right panel shows the same measurement for the default grooming requirements. The different lines represent MC predictions; they show deviations from the data at larger masses. Statistical and systematic uncertainties in the data are shown by vertical bars and shaded boxes, respectively. (Figures adapted from Ref. [391].)
png pdf	Figure 72: Nuclear modification factors of inclusive charged particles, prompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $ and $ {\mathrm{B}^{+}} $, and nonprompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $ and $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ mesons, as a function of their $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ in PbPb collisions. (Figures adapted from Refs. [340,392, 393,394,395].)
png pdf	Figure 73: (Left) Azimuthal anisotropy coefficient $ v_2 $ of inclusive charged particles, prompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $, and nonprompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $ and $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ mesons as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ in PbPb collisions. (Figures adapted from Refs. [349,142,144,397].) (Right) Prompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $ meson $v_2\{2\}$, $v_2\{4\}$ and their ratio as functions of centrality. (Figure adapted from Ref. [143].)
png pdf	Figure 73-a: (Left) Azimuthal anisotropy coefficient $ v_2 $ of inclusive charged particles, prompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $, and nonprompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $ and $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ mesons as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ in PbPb collisions. (Figures adapted from Refs. [349,142,144,397].) (Right) Prompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $ meson $v_2\{2\}$, $v_2\{4\}$ and their ratio as functions of centrality. (Figure adapted from Ref. [143].)
png pdf	Figure 73-b: (Left) Azimuthal anisotropy coefficient $ v_2 $ of inclusive charged particles, prompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $, and nonprompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $ and $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ mesons as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ in PbPb collisions. (Figures adapted from Refs. [349,142,144,397].) (Right) Prompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $ meson $v_2\{2\}$, $v_2\{4\}$ and their ratio as functions of centrality. (Figure adapted from Ref. [143].)
png pdf	Figure 74: Distributions of $ \mathrm{D^0} $ mesons in jets, as a function of the distance from the jet axis. The ratios of the $ \mathrm{D^0} $ meson radial distributions in PbPb and pp data are shown in the middle panel, whereas in the lower panel the ratios of the $ \mathrm{D^0} $ meson radial distributions of pp over the two MC event generators are presented. (Figure adapted from Ref. [404].)
png pdf	Figure 75: The ratio of the production cross sections of prompt $ \Lambda_{c}^{+} $ to prompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $ versus $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ from pp collisions. The data are compared to various models (left) and to similar measurements in PbPb collisions (right). (Figure adapted from Ref. [409].)
png pdf	Figure 75-a: The ratio of the production cross sections of prompt $ \Lambda_{c}^{+} $ to prompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $ versus $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ from pp collisions. The data are compared to various models (left) and to similar measurements in PbPb collisions (right). (Figure adapted from Ref. [409].)
png pdf	Figure 75-b: The ratio of the production cross sections of prompt $ \Lambda_{c}^{+} $ to prompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $ versus $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ from pp collisions. The data are compared to various models (left) and to similar measurements in PbPb collisions (right). (Figure adapted from Ref. [409].)
png pdf	Figure 76: The $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $-differential cross sections for prompt $ \Lambda_{c}^{+} $ baryon production in pp collisions, together with model calculations. (Figure adapted from Ref. [409].)
png pdf	Figure 77: Left: The ratio of $ \mathrm{B}_{s}^{0} $ and $ {\mathrm{B}^{+}} $ production yields as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ in pp and PbPb collisions, together with model calculations. Right: The nuclear modification factor of $ \mathrm{B}_{c}^{+} $ and other hadrons in PbPb collisions. (Figures adapted from Refs. [410,411].)
png pdf	Figure 77-a: Left: The ratio of $ \mathrm{B}_{s}^{0} $ and $ {\mathrm{B}^{+}} $ production yields as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ in pp and PbPb collisions, together with model calculations. Right: The nuclear modification factor of $ \mathrm{B}_{c}^{+} $ and other hadrons in PbPb collisions. (Figures adapted from Refs. [410,411].)
png	Figure 77-b: Left: The ratio of $ \mathrm{B}_{s}^{0} $ and $ {\mathrm{B}^{+}} $ production yields as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ in pp and PbPb collisions, together with model calculations. Right: The nuclear modification factor of $ \mathrm{B}_{c}^{+} $ and other hadrons in PbPb collisions. (Figures adapted from Refs. [410,411].)
png pdf	Figure 79: Upper: Nuclear modification factors, as a function of the mean number of participants, for the promptly-produced $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ and $\psi(2\mathrm{S})$ mesons (left), as well as for the $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(1S)}} $, $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(2S)}} $, and $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(3S)}} $ (right), as measured from pp and PbPb data at 5.02 TeV. Lower: Corresponding $\psi(2\mathrm{S})$/ $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ (left) and $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(3S)}} $/$ \Upsilon{\textrm{(2S)}} $ (right) double-ratios. (Figures adapted from Refs. [395,452,453].)
png pdf	Figure 80: The dimuon invariant mass distribution measured in PbPb collisions when integrating over the full kinematic range of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV and $ |y| < $ 2.4. The solid curves show the fit results, and the orange dashed and blue dash-dotted curves display the three $ \Upsilon $ states and the background, respectively. The inset shows the region around the $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(3S)}} $ meson mass. (Figures adapted from Refs. [452].)
png pdf	Figure 81: Normalized $ z $ distribution of $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ mesons in jets measured in pp collisions at 5.02 TeV, compared to prompt and nonprompt $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ in PYTHIA8. (Figure adapted from Ref. [455].)
png pdf	Figure 82: Nuclear modification factors $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ for the promptly-produced $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $, as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $, compared with $ \mathrm{D^0} $ mesons (left) and as a function of $ z $ (right), as measured from pp and PbPb data at 5.02 TeV. (Figures adapted from Refs. [392,395,455].)
png pdf	Figure 82-a: Nuclear modification factors $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ for the promptly-produced $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $, as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $, compared with $ \mathrm{D^0} $ mesons (left) and as a function of $ z $ (right), as measured from pp and PbPb data at 5.02 TeV. (Figures adapted from Refs. [392,395,455].)
png pdf	Figure 82-b: Nuclear modification factors $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ for the promptly-produced $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $, as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $, compared with $ \mathrm{D^0} $ mesons (left) and as a function of $ z $ (right), as measured from pp and PbPb data at 5.02 TeV. (Figures adapted from Refs. [392,395,455].)
png pdf	Figure 83: The prompt $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ $ v_2 $ as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (left) and $ N_\text{part} $ (right), in PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV. (Figure adapted from Ref. [397].)
png pdf	Figure 84: Left: Pseudorapidity density of charged hadrons in the range $ |\eta_{\mathrm{lab}}| < $ 2.4 in pPb collisions at 8.16 TeV. The results are compared to predictions from the MC event generators EPOS LHC [461,118] (v3400), HIJING [119] (versions 1.3 [462] and 2.1 [463]), and DPMJET-III [464], as well as from the KLN model [465]. The shaded boxes around the data points indicate their systematic uncertainties. The proton beam goes in the positive $ \eta_{\mathrm{lab}} $ direction. Right: Comparison of the measured density at midrapidity, scaled by $ N_\text{part} $ in pPb [466,467], $ \mathrm{p}\mathrm{Au} $ [468], $ \text{dAu} $ [469,470,471] and central heavy ion collisions [224,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,106,470,482,483], as well as NSD [229,484,228,483,485,226,225] and inelastic [486,228,227,224,487] pp collisions. The dashed curves, included to guide the eye, are from Refs. [227,480].
png pdf	Figure 84-a: Left: Pseudorapidity density of charged hadrons in the range $ |\eta_{\mathrm{lab}}| < $ 2.4 in pPb collisions at 8.16 TeV. The results are compared to predictions from the MC event generators EPOS LHC [461,118] (v3400), HIJING [119] (versions 1.3 [462] and 2.1 [463]), and DPMJET-III [464], as well as from the KLN model [465]. The shaded boxes around the data points indicate their systematic uncertainties. The proton beam goes in the positive $ \eta_{\mathrm{lab}} $ direction. Right: Comparison of the measured density at midrapidity, scaled by $ N_\text{part} $ in pPb [466,467], $ \mathrm{p}\mathrm{Au} $ [468], $ \text{dAu} $ [469,470,471] and central heavy ion collisions [224,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,106,470,482,483], as well as NSD [229,484,228,483,485,226,225] and inelastic [486,228,227,224,487] pp collisions. The dashed curves, included to guide the eye, are from Refs. [227,480].
png pdf	Figure 84-b: Left: Pseudorapidity density of charged hadrons in the range $ |\eta_{\mathrm{lab}}| < $ 2.4 in pPb collisions at 8.16 TeV. The results are compared to predictions from the MC event generators EPOS LHC [461,118] (v3400), HIJING [119] (versions 1.3 [462] and 2.1 [463]), and DPMJET-III [464], as well as from the KLN model [465]. The shaded boxes around the data points indicate their systematic uncertainties. The proton beam goes in the positive $ \eta_{\mathrm{lab}} $ direction. Right: Comparison of the measured density at midrapidity, scaled by $ N_\text{part} $ in pPb [466,467], $ \mathrm{p}\mathrm{Au} $ [468], $ \text{dAu} $ [469,470,471] and central heavy ion collisions [224,472,473,474,475,476,477,478,479,480,481,106,470,482,483], as well as NSD [229,484,228,483,485,226,225] and inelastic [486,228,227,224,487] pp collisions. The dashed curves, included to guide the eye, are from Refs. [227,480].
png pdf	Figure 85: Average transverse momentum of identified charged hadrons in the range $ |y| < $ 1 as a function of the corrected track multiplicity for $ |\eta| < $ 2.4, for pp collisions (open symbols) at several energies [488] and for pPb collisions (filled symbols) at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV. Left: Results compared to predictions from event generators. Right: Comparison of pp, pPb, and PbPb data. The ranges of $ \langle p_{\mathrm{T}}\rangle $ values measured by ALICE in various centrality PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 2.76 TeV [489] are indicated with horizontal bands.
png pdf	Figure 85-a: Average transverse momentum of identified charged hadrons in the range $ |y| < $ 1 as a function of the corrected track multiplicity for $ |\eta| < $ 2.4, for pp collisions (open symbols) at several energies [488] and for pPb collisions (filled symbols) at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV. Left: Results compared to predictions from event generators. Right: Comparison of pp, pPb, and PbPb data. The ranges of $ \langle p_{\mathrm{T}}\rangle $ values measured by ALICE in various centrality PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 2.76 TeV [489] are indicated with horizontal bands.
png pdf	Figure 85-b: Average transverse momentum of identified charged hadrons in the range $ |y| < $ 1 as a function of the corrected track multiplicity for $ |\eta| < $ 2.4, for pp collisions (open symbols) at several energies [488] and for pPb collisions (filled symbols) at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV. Left: Results compared to predictions from event generators. Right: Comparison of pp, pPb, and PbPb data. The ranges of $ \langle p_{\mathrm{T}}\rangle $ values measured by ALICE in various centrality PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 2.76 TeV [489] are indicated with horizontal bands.
png pdf	Figure 86: Ratios of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ spectra for $ \Lambda/2\mathrm{K^0_S} $ in the center-of-mass rapidity range $ |y_\mathrm{cm}| < $ 1.0 for pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 7 TeV (left), pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 5.02 TeV (middle), and PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV (right). Two (for pp) or three (for pPb and PbPb) representative multiplicity intervals are presented. (Figure adapted from Ref. [491].)
png pdf	Figure 87: Panels (a), (b), and (c) show the 2D two-particle correlation functions for pairs of charged particles with 1 $ < p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 3 GeV for high multiplicity events in pp at 7 TeV and pPb at 5.02 TeV, as well as peripheral PbPb collisions at 2.76 TeV. Panel (d) displays the ridge yield as a function of multiplicity in pp, pPb, and PbPb collisions. The vertical bars and shaded boxes denote the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. (Figures adapted from Refs. [293,296,105,294].)
png pdf	Figure 88: Left: The $ v_2\{2, |\Delta\eta| > 2\} $, $ v_2^\text{sub}\{2, |\Delta\eta| > 2\} $, $ v_2\{4\} $, and $ v_2\{6\} $ values as functions of $ N_\text{trk}^\text{offline} $ for charged particles, averaged over 0.3 $ < p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 3.0 GeV and $ |\eta| < $ 2.4, in pp collisions at 13 TeV. Middle: The $ v_2{2, |\Delta\eta| > 2} $, $ v_2^\text{sub}\{2, |\Delta\eta| > 2\} $, $ v_2\{4\} $, $ v_2\{6\} $, $ v_2\{8\} $, and $ v_2{\mathrm{LYZ}} $ values in pPb collisions at 5 TeV. Right: The $ v_2{2, |\Delta\eta| > 2} $, $ v_2^\text{sub}\{2, |\Delta\eta| > 2\} $, $ v_2\{4\} $, $ v_2\{6\} $, $ v_2\{8\} $, and $ v_2{\mathrm{LYZ}} $ values in PbPb collisions at 2.76 TeV. The vertical bars and shaded boxes for $ v_2^\text{sub}\{2, |\Delta\eta| > 2\} $ and $ v_2\{4\} $ denote the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively, with the former generally being smaller than the symbols. For $ v_2\{6\} $, $ v_2\{8\} $, and $ v_2\{\mathrm{LYZ}\} $, vertical bars show statistical uncertainties and systematic uncertainties are shown by green, red, and gray shaded bands, respectively. (Figure adapted from Ref. [295].)
png pdf	Figure 89: Cumulant ratios $v_2\{6\}/v_2\{4\}$ (upper) and $v_2\{8\}/v_2\{6\}$ (lower) as functions of $ v_2\{4\}/v^{\text{sub}}_2\{2\} $ in pPb collisions at 5.02 and 8.16 TeV. The solid curves show the expected behavior based on a hydrodynamics-motivated study of the role of initial-state fluctuations [494]. (Figure adapted from Ref. [495].)
png pdf	Figure 90: The \SCnm23 (left panel) and \SCnm24 (right panel) distributions as functions of $ N_\text{trk}^\text{offline} $ from methods using no (open black circles), 2 (full blue circles), 3 (red squares), and 4 (green crosses) subevents for pPb at 8.16 TeV. Statistical and systematic uncertainties are shown by vertical bars and shaded boxes, respectively. (Figure adapted from Ref. [496].)
png pdf	Figure 91: Upper: The $ v_2^{\text{sub}} $ values for prompt $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $\ mesons at forward rapidities ($ -2.86 < y_{\text{cm}} < - $ 1.86 or 0.94 $ < y_{\text{cm}} < $ 1.94), as well as for $ \mathrm{K^0_S} $\ and $ \Lambda $ hadrons, and prompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $\ mesons at midrapidity ($ -1.46 < y_{\text{cm}} < $ 0.54), as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $\ for pPb\ collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 8.16 TeV with 185 $ \leq N_\text{trk}^\text{offline} < $ 250. Lower: The $ n_\mathrm{q} $-normalized $ v_2^{\text{sub}} $ results. The vertical bars correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the shaded boxes denote the systematic uncertainties. (Figure adapted from Ref. [510].)
png pdf	Figure 92: Results of $ v_2^{\text{sub}} $ for prompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $ mesons, as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ for $ |y_{\text{lab}}| < $ 1, with $ N_\text{trk}^\text{offline} \geq $ 100 in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 13 TeV. The results for charged particles, $ \mathrm{K^0_S} $ mesons, and $ \Lambda $ baryons are shown for comparison. Vertical bars correspond to the statistical uncertainties, while the shaded boxes denote the systematic uncertainties. The horizontal bars represent the width of the $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ bins for prompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $ mesons. (Figure adapted from Ref. [511].)
png pdf	Figure 93: Results of $ v_2^{\text{sub}} $ for prompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $ mesons, as a function of event multiplicity for three different $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ ranges, with $ |y_{\text{lab}}| < $ 1 in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 13 TeV, and pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 8.16 TeV. The vertical bars correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the shaded boxes denote the systematic uncertainties. Vertical bars extending beyond the y-axis are symmetric with respect to the central values. The horizontal bars represent the width of the $ N_\text{trk}^\text{offline} $ bins. The right-most points with right-hand arrows correspond to $ N_\text{trk}^\text{offline}\geq $ 100 for pp collisions and $ N_\text{trk}^\text{offline}\geq $ 250 for pPb collisions. (Figure adapted from Ref. [511].)
png pdf	Figure 94: Results of $ v_2^{\text{sub}} $ for prompt and nonprompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $ mesons, as well as $ \mathrm{K^0_S} $ mesons, $ \Lambda $ baryons for $ |y_{\text{lab}}| < $ 1, and prompt $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $\ mesons for 1.2 $ < |y_{\text{lab}}| < $ 2.4, as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ with 185 $ \leq N_\text{trk}^\text{offline} < $ 250 in pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 8.16 TeV. The vertical bars correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the shaded boxes denote the systematic uncertainties. The horizontal bars represent the width of the nonprompt $ \mathrm{D^0} p_{\mathrm{T}} $ bins. The red dashed, blue dash-dotted, and green solid lines show the theoretical calculations for prompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $, $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $, and nonprompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $ mesons, respectively, within the CGC framework [518,519]. (Figure adapted from Ref. [511].)
png pdf	Figure 95: The $ N_\text{trk}^\text{offline} $ spectra for $ {\gamma\mathrm{p}} $ and minimum bias pPb samples. The simulated $ N_\text{trk}^\text{offline} $ distribution for $ {\gamma\mathrm{p}} $ events has been normalized to the same event yield as the $ {\gamma\mathrm{p}} $-enhanced data sample.
png pdf	Figure 96: Single-particle azimuthal anisotropy $ v_2 $ versus $ N_\text{trk}^\text{offline} $ for $ {\gamma\mathrm{p}} $-enhanced and pPb samples in two $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ regions. The systematic uncertainties are shown by the shaded bars in the two panels. Predictions from the PYTHIA8 and HIJING generators are shown for the $ {\gamma\mathrm{p}} $ and MB pPb samples respectively. For the $ {\gamma\mathrm{p}} $ events, the same $ N_\text{trk}^\text{offline} $ bin arrangement as in Fig. 95 is kept, while for pPb the bins $ [2, 5) $, $ [5, 10) $, $ [10, 15) $, and $ [15, 20) $ are used.
png pdf	Figure 97: Left: Rapidity dependence of $ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{b}} $ for prompt $\psi(2\mathrm{S})$ meson in the $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ range 6.5 $ < p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 10 GeV. For comparison, the prompt $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ meson nuclear modification factor is also shown. (Figures adapted from Refs. [527,528].) Right: Nuclear modification factor of $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(1S)}} $ (red dots), $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(2S)}} $ (blue squares), and $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(3S)}} $ (green diamonds) at forward and backward rapidity [528]. For both panels, statistical and systematic uncertainties are represented with vertical bars and boxes, respectively. The fully correlated global uncertainty of 4.2%, affecting both charmonia equally, is displayed as the gray box around $ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{b}}= $ 1.
png pdf	Figure 97-a: Left: Rapidity dependence of $ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{b}} $ for prompt $\psi(2\mathrm{S})$ meson in the $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ range 6.5 $ < p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 10 GeV. For comparison, the prompt $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ meson nuclear modification factor is also shown. (Figures adapted from Refs. [527,528].) Right: Nuclear modification factor of $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(1S)}} $ (red dots), $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(2S)}} $ (blue squares), and $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(3S)}} $ (green diamonds) at forward and backward rapidity [528]. For both panels, statistical and systematic uncertainties are represented with vertical bars and boxes, respectively. The fully correlated global uncertainty of 4.2%, affecting both charmonia equally, is displayed as the gray box around $ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{b}}= $ 1.
png pdf	Figure 97-b: Left: Rapidity dependence of $ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{b}} $ for prompt $\psi(2\mathrm{S})$ meson in the $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ range 6.5 $ < p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 10 GeV. For comparison, the prompt $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ meson nuclear modification factor is also shown. (Figures adapted from Refs. [527,528].) Right: Nuclear modification factor of $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(1S)}} $ (red dots), $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(2S)}} $ (blue squares), and $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(3S)}} $ (green diamonds) at forward and backward rapidity [528]. For both panels, statistical and systematic uncertainties are represented with vertical bars and boxes, respectively. The fully correlated global uncertainty of 4.2%, affecting both charmonia equally, is displayed as the gray box around $ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{b}}= $ 1.
png pdf	Figure 98: Nuclear modification factors versus $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ for an inclusive centrality selection for both PbPb and pPb collisions. The green and orange boxes show the systematic uncertainties for $ R_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{A}} $ and $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $, respectively, while the $ T_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{A}} $, $ T_{\mathrm{AA}} $, and pp integrated luminosity uncertainties are shown as grey boxes around unity at low $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. Statistical uncertainties are shown as vertical bars. (Figure adapted from Ref. [340].)
png pdf jpg	Figure 99: Average ratios of jet transverse momenta as a function of $ E_{\mathrm{T}}^{4 < |\eta| < 5.2} $. The inclusive HF activity results for pPb and PYTHIA+HIJING are shown as blue solid and black empty squares, respectively. The systematic (statistical) uncertainties are indicated by the yellow, grey, and blue boxes (vertical bars). Various theoretical calculations are shown by the open square and circles and the grey band at about 0.7. (Figure adapted from Ref. [120].)
png pdf	Figure 100: Event display of a candidate $ \gamma\gamma\to\tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ event measured in a PbPb UPC at CMS. The event is reconstructed as corresponding to a leptonic $ \tau $ decay (red), $ \tau\to\mu\overline{\nu}_{\!\mu}\nu_{\!\tau} $, and a hadronic $ \tau $ decay (yellow), $ \tau\to\pi^{\pm}\pi^{\mp}\pi^{\pm}\nu_{\!\tau} $. (Figure adapted from Ref. [536].)
png pdf	Figure 101: Neutron multiplicity dependence of acoplanarity distributions from $ \gamma\gamma\to\mu^{+}\mu^{-} $ in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV. The $ \alpha $ distributions are normalized to unit integral over their measured range. The dot-dot-dashed and dotted lines indicate the core and tail contributions, respectively. The vertical lines on data points depict the statistical uncertainties, while the systematic uncertainties and horizontal bin widths are shown as gray boxes. (Figure adapted from Ref. [208].)
png pdf	Figure 102: Neutron multiplicity dependence of the (upper) average acoplanarity $ \langle \alpha^\text{core} \rangle $ and (lower) average invariant mass $ \langle m_{\mu\mu} \rangle $ of $ \mu^{+}\mu^{-} $ pairs in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV. The vertical lines on data points depict the statistical uncertainties while the systematic uncertainties of the data are shown as shaded areas. The dot-dashed line shows the STARLIGHT MC prediction and the dashed line corresponds to the LO QED calculation of Ref. [558]. The calculation incorporating Sudakov radiative corrections is also compared to data in Ref. [208], leading to an overall better agreement. (Figure adapted from Ref. [208].)
png pdf	Figure 103: Schematic diagrams of light-by-light scattering ($ \gamma\gamma \to \gamma\gamma $, left), QED dielectron ($ \gamma\gamma \to \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $, center), and central exclusive diphoton ($ \mathrm{g}\mathrm{g} \to \gamma\gamma $, right) production in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions. The ``($ \ast $)'' superscript indicates a potential electromagnetic excitation of the outgoing ions. (Figure adapted from Ref. [535].)
png pdf	Figure 104: Acoplanarity distribution of exclusive $ \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $ events measured in data (circles), compared to the expected QED $ \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $ spectrum in a LO MC simulation (histogram). The curve shows a $ \chi^2 $ fit to the sum of two exponential distributions, corresponding to exclusive $ \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $ plus any residual (nonacoplanar) background pairs. The error bars represent statistical uncertainties while the hashed bands around the histogram represent the systematic and MC statistical uncertainties added in quadrature. The horizontal bars indicate the bin size. (Figure adapted from Ref. [535].)
png pdf	Figure 105: Comparison of data (circles) and MC expectation (histogram) for the exclusive $ \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $ events passing the selection criteria, as a function of dielectron acoplanarity (upper left), mass (upper right), $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (lower left), and rapidity $ y $ (lower right). The error bars around the data points represent statistical uncertainties, while the hashed bands around the histograms represent the systematic and MC statistical uncertainties added in quadrature. The horizontal bars indicate the bin size. The ratio of the data to the MC expectation is shown in the lower panels. (Figures adapted from Ref. [535].)
png pdf	Figure 105-a: Comparison of data (circles) and MC expectation (histogram) for the exclusive $ \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $ events passing the selection criteria, as a function of dielectron acoplanarity (upper left), mass (upper right), $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (lower left), and rapidity $ y $ (lower right). The error bars around the data points represent statistical uncertainties, while the hashed bands around the histograms represent the systematic and MC statistical uncertainties added in quadrature. The horizontal bars indicate the bin size. The ratio of the data to the MC expectation is shown in the lower panels. (Figures adapted from Ref. [535].)
png pdf	Figure 105-b: Comparison of data (circles) and MC expectation (histogram) for the exclusive $ \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $ events passing the selection criteria, as a function of dielectron acoplanarity (upper left), mass (upper right), $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (lower left), and rapidity $ y $ (lower right). The error bars around the data points represent statistical uncertainties, while the hashed bands around the histograms represent the systematic and MC statistical uncertainties added in quadrature. The horizontal bars indicate the bin size. The ratio of the data to the MC expectation is shown in the lower panels. (Figures adapted from Ref. [535].)
png pdf	Figure 105-c: Comparison of data (circles) and MC expectation (histogram) for the exclusive $ \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $ events passing the selection criteria, as a function of dielectron acoplanarity (upper left), mass (upper right), $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (lower left), and rapidity $ y $ (lower right). The error bars around the data points represent statistical uncertainties, while the hashed bands around the histograms represent the systematic and MC statistical uncertainties added in quadrature. The horizontal bars indicate the bin size. The ratio of the data to the MC expectation is shown in the lower panels. (Figures adapted from Ref. [535].)
png pdf	Figure 105-d: Comparison of data (circles) and MC expectation (histogram) for the exclusive $ \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $ events passing the selection criteria, as a function of dielectron acoplanarity (upper left), mass (upper right), $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (lower left), and rapidity $ y $ (lower right). The error bars around the data points represent statistical uncertainties, while the hashed bands around the histograms represent the systematic and MC statistical uncertainties added in quadrature. The horizontal bars indicate the bin size. The ratio of the data to the MC expectation is shown in the lower panels. (Figures adapted from Ref. [535].)
png pdf	Figure 106: Distributions of the single photon $ E_{\mathrm{T}} $ (upper left) and $ \eta $ (upper right), as well as diphoton invariant mass (lower left) and $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (lower right), measured for the exclusive events passing the selection criteria (squares), compared to the expectations of LbL scattering signal (orange), QED $ \mathrm{e}^+ \mathrm{e}^- $ MC generator predictions (yellow), and the CEP background (light blue). The error bars indicate statistical uncertainties. (Figures adapted from Ref. [535].)
png pdf	Figure 106-a: Distributions of the single photon $ E_{\mathrm{T}} $ (upper left) and $ \eta $ (upper right), as well as diphoton invariant mass (lower left) and $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (lower right), measured for the exclusive events passing the selection criteria (squares), compared to the expectations of LbL scattering signal (orange), QED $ \mathrm{e}^+ \mathrm{e}^- $ MC generator predictions (yellow), and the CEP background (light blue). The error bars indicate statistical uncertainties. (Figures adapted from Ref. [535].)
png pdf	Figure 106-b: Distributions of the single photon $ E_{\mathrm{T}} $ (upper left) and $ \eta $ (upper right), as well as diphoton invariant mass (lower left) and $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (lower right), measured for the exclusive events passing the selection criteria (squares), compared to the expectations of LbL scattering signal (orange), QED $ \mathrm{e}^+ \mathrm{e}^- $ MC generator predictions (yellow), and the CEP background (light blue). The error bars indicate statistical uncertainties. (Figures adapted from Ref. [535].)
png pdf	Figure 106-c: Distributions of the single photon $ E_{\mathrm{T}} $ (upper left) and $ \eta $ (upper right), as well as diphoton invariant mass (lower left) and $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (lower right), measured for the exclusive events passing the selection criteria (squares), compared to the expectations of LbL scattering signal (orange), QED $ \mathrm{e}^+ \mathrm{e}^- $ MC generator predictions (yellow), and the CEP background (light blue). The error bars indicate statistical uncertainties. (Figures adapted from Ref. [535].)
png pdf	Figure 106-d: Distributions of the single photon $ E_{\mathrm{T}} $ (upper left) and $ \eta $ (upper right), as well as diphoton invariant mass (lower left) and $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (lower right), measured for the exclusive events passing the selection criteria (squares), compared to the expectations of LbL scattering signal (orange), QED $ \mathrm{e}^+ \mathrm{e}^- $ MC generator predictions (yellow), and the CEP background (light blue). The error bars indicate statistical uncertainties. (Figures adapted from Ref. [535].)
png pdf	Figure 107: Transverse momentum of the muon originating from the $ \tau_{\mu} $ candidate (upper left). Invariant mass of the three pions forming the $ \tau_{\text{3prong}} $ candidate (upper right). Invariant mass of the $ \tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ system (lower left). The $ \Delta\phi(\tau_{\mu},\tau_{\text{3prong}}) $ azimuthal difference (lower right). In all plots, the signal component (magenta histogram) is stacked on top of the background component (green histogram). The sum of signal and background is displayed by a blue line and the shaded area shows the statistical uncertainty. The data are represented with black points and the uncertainty is statistical only. The lower panels show the ratios of data to the signal-plus-background prediction and the shaded bands represent the statistical uncertainty in the prefit expectation. (Figures adapted from Ref. [536].)
png pdf	Figure 107-a: Transverse momentum of the muon originating from the $ \tau_{\mu} $ candidate (upper left). Invariant mass of the three pions forming the $ \tau_{\text{3prong}} $ candidate (upper right). Invariant mass of the $ \tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ system (lower left). The $ \Delta\phi(\tau_{\mu},\tau_{\text{3prong}}) $ azimuthal difference (lower right). In all plots, the signal component (magenta histogram) is stacked on top of the background component (green histogram). The sum of signal and background is displayed by a blue line and the shaded area shows the statistical uncertainty. The data are represented with black points and the uncertainty is statistical only. The lower panels show the ratios of data to the signal-plus-background prediction and the shaded bands represent the statistical uncertainty in the prefit expectation. (Figures adapted from Ref. [536].)
png pdf	Figure 107-b: Transverse momentum of the muon originating from the $ \tau_{\mu} $ candidate (upper left). Invariant mass of the three pions forming the $ \tau_{\text{3prong}} $ candidate (upper right). Invariant mass of the $ \tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ system (lower left). The $ \Delta\phi(\tau_{\mu},\tau_{\text{3prong}}) $ azimuthal difference (lower right). In all plots, the signal component (magenta histogram) is stacked on top of the background component (green histogram). The sum of signal and background is displayed by a blue line and the shaded area shows the statistical uncertainty. The data are represented with black points and the uncertainty is statistical only. The lower panels show the ratios of data to the signal-plus-background prediction and the shaded bands represent the statistical uncertainty in the prefit expectation. (Figures adapted from Ref. [536].)
png pdf	Figure 107-c: Transverse momentum of the muon originating from the $ \tau_{\mu} $ candidate (upper left). Invariant mass of the three pions forming the $ \tau_{\text{3prong}} $ candidate (upper right). Invariant mass of the $ \tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ system (lower left). The $ \Delta\phi(\tau_{\mu},\tau_{\text{3prong}}) $ azimuthal difference (lower right). In all plots, the signal component (magenta histogram) is stacked on top of the background component (green histogram). The sum of signal and background is displayed by a blue line and the shaded area shows the statistical uncertainty. The data are represented with black points and the uncertainty is statistical only. The lower panels show the ratios of data to the signal-plus-background prediction and the shaded bands represent the statistical uncertainty in the prefit expectation. (Figures adapted from Ref. [536].)
png pdf	Figure 107-d: Transverse momentum of the muon originating from the $ \tau_{\mu} $ candidate (upper left). Invariant mass of the three pions forming the $ \tau_{\text{3prong}} $ candidate (upper right). Invariant mass of the $ \tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ system (lower left). The $ \Delta\phi(\tau_{\mu},\tau_{\text{3prong}}) $ azimuthal difference (lower right). In all plots, the signal component (magenta histogram) is stacked on top of the background component (green histogram). The sum of signal and background is displayed by a blue line and the shaded area shows the statistical uncertainty. The data are represented with black points and the uncertainty is statistical only. The lower panels show the ratios of data to the signal-plus-background prediction and the shaded bands represent the statistical uncertainty in the prefit expectation. (Figures adapted from Ref. [536].)
png pdf	Figure 108: The $ \sigma(\gamma\gamma\to\tau^{+}\tau^{-}) $ cross section, measured in a fiducial phase space region at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV. The theoretical predictions [568,569] are computed with leading order accuracy in QED and are represented by the vertical solid lines, which can be compared with the vertical dotted line representing this measurement. The outer blue (inner red) error bars represent the total (statistical) uncertainties, whereas the green hatched bands correspond to the uncertainty in the theoretical predictions, as described in the text. The potential electromagnetic excitation of the outgoing Pb ions is denoted by $ (^{\ast}) $. (Figure adapted from Ref. [536].)
png pdf	Figure 109: Comparison of the constraints on $ a_{\tau} $ at 68% CL from the analysis in Ref. [536] and the DELPHI experiment at LEP [572]. The projection to the integrated PbPb luminosity expected from the high-luminosity LHC program is included. (Figure adapted from Ref. [536].)
png pdf	Figure 110: Exclusion limits at 95% CL in the ALP-photon coupling $ g_{\mathrm{a}\gamma} $ vs. ALP mass $ m_\mathrm{a} $ plane, for the operators $ \mathrm{a} F\widetilde{F}/4\Lambda $ assuming ALP coupling to photons only, derived in Refs. [574,580] from measurements at beam dumps [581], in $ \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $ collisions at LEP 1 [580] and LEP 2 [582], and in pp collisions at the LHC [561,583,584], and compared to the limits obtained from Ref. [535]. (Figure adapted from Ref. [535].)

Tables
png pdf	Table 1: Summary of HI data-taking periods during Runs 1 and 2.
png pdf	Table 2: Summary of reference pp data-taking periods during Runs 1 and 2. To compare with the nucleon-nucleon-equivalent luminosities from Table 1, it is important to note that the listed integrated luminosities should be divided by factors of either $ \mathrm{A}^2 $ (for the PbPb case) or A (for the pPb case), where $ \mathrm{A}= $ 208 is the Pb mass number.
png pdf	Table 3: Summary of low-PU pp data-taking periods during Runs 1 and 2.
png pdf	Table 5: Geometric quantities and their systematic uncertainties averaged over centrality ranges in PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV.
png pdf	Table 6: Fraction of MB triggered events after event selections in each multiplicity bin, and the average multiplicity of reconstructed tracks per bin with $ |\eta| < $ 2.4 and $ p_{\mathrm{T}} > $ 0.4 GeV, before ($ N_\text{trk}^\text{offline} $) and after ($ N_\text{trk}^\text{corrected} $) acceptance and efficiency corrections, for pPb and PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV and 2.76 TeV, respectively [105].

Summary

Discoveries and insights from high-density QCD studies This review presents the first comprehensive summary of studies conducted by the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in the realm of heavy ion (HI) collisions during the years spanned by Runs 1 (2010-2013) and 2 (2015-2018). The measured processes have shed light on multiple aspects of the physics of high-density quantum chromodynamics (QCD), precision quantum electrodynamics (QED), and even novel searches of phenomena beyond the standard model (BSM). Relative to what was initially envisioned as a compelling HI physics program in CMS, a series of observations and extensions have been achieved, on top of benchmark measurements, that have helped resolve puzzles raised by preceding experimental programs. After successfully addressing experimental challenges (Section 2), measurements in ultrarelativistic HI collisions at the LHC have entered a high-precision era, with major progress in the areas of online event selection and offline physics object reconstruction. The initial state of the nucleons and nuclei before a HI collision strongly influences the subsequent evolution of the created medium. The density of quarks and gluons within a nucleon, as a function of the fraction of the nucleon momentum ($ x $) carried by each parton and the squared transverse momentum transfer ($ Q^2 $), is parameterized in terms of parton distribution functions (PDFs). When the nucleon is embedded in a nucleus, this density is expressed as nuclear PDFs (nPDFs). Proton-lead (pPb) collision data have been used to constrain the quark and gluon nPDFs through measurements of the cross section of electroweak gauge bosons, dijets, and top quark pairs (Section 3). Some of these results have been used as input to the latest nPDF fits, leading to a significant improvement in the precision across an extended phase space region. For studying the small-$ x $ region, which is primarily driven by the evolution of the gluon density, the measurements of forward inclusive jet cross sections in pPb collisions and the cross sections for exclusive vector meson production in pPb and lead-lead (PbPb) collisions have been used. As part of these studies, a technique has been developed to use forward neutron multiplicities in order to unfold the cross sections for exclusive vector meson production in the photon-nucleus frame, giving unprecedented access to the small-$ x $ regime. As expected, the LHC collaborations find a significant increase in the charged particle density and average transverse energy per charged particle compared to those found at RHIC energies, indicating a denser and hotter medium formed at the LHC. The CMS Collaboration has an extensive program for studying such bulk properties of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) in ultrarelativistic nuclear collisions and searching for novel phenomena (Section 4). Taking advantage of the wide pseudorapidity ($ \eta $) coverage of the CMS apparatus, long-range collective particle correlations (``flow'') are observed with unprecedented high precision. At the same time, factorization breaking in flow harmonics ($ v_n $) has been observed and studied for the first time by the CMS Collaboration and has been shown to have a strong sensitivity to the granularity of initial-state fluctuations. The observation of an $ \eta $-dependent factorization breaking has provided sensitivity to the longitudinal dynamics of the QGP. In addition, the shape and size of the systems produced in different colliding systems and at various LHC energies were also investigated via femtoscopic correlation measurements. In relativistic HI collisions leading to QGP formation, the resulting medium may experience intense magnetic fields produced by the colliding ions. If net chiral (left- or right-handed) quarks are present, a localized current can be generated, leading to a charge separation known as the chiral magnetic effect (CME) and, as a separate process, a long-wavelength collective excitation known as a chiral magnetic wave (CMW). In searching for CME and CMW effects, CMS has unambiguously demonstrated that the signals are too small at LHC energies for either of these two phenomena to be observed. The experimental use of hard probes as a way to study the short-wavelength structure of the QGP has greatly advanced during the LHC Runs 1 and 2 (Section 5). With the initial studies, the depletion of particles with high transverse momentum ($ p_{\mathrm{T}} $) observed in two-particle correlations, at BNL RHIC was confirmed to be the result of jet quenching with LHC measurements of dijet asymmetries using fully reconstructed jets. Further evidence comes from the suppression of jet and hadron yields in HI collisions compared to those expected by scaling up the results from pp collisions. The yield suppression is generally expressed in terms of the nuclear modification factor ($ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $) and can be associated with parton energy loss. Subsequent detailed studies of hadrons and jets have provided information regarding the path-length dependence of parton energy loss. The associated production of jets with electroweak bosons has made possible the determination of the absolute magnitude of the jet energy loss and these studies are now applied to test the survivor bias in inclusive jet samples. A multitude of measurements, including those of jet fragmentation functions and jet shapes, have established a qualitative picture in which quenching redistributes jet energy from the high-$ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ jet constituents to softer particles, and from small to large angles relative to the jet axis. Novel background subtraction algorithms and jet grooming techniques (which remove wide-angle soft radiation from a jet) allow the investigation of the early stages (early vacuum) of a parton shower in the QGP, well before its later medium-modified stage. These studies suggest that jet modifications can be sensitive to the earliest splittings in the evolution of the parton shower. However, further investigations are needed to properly account for a bias when selecting broader early-vacuum structures, and hence more heavily quenched jet momenta. The CMS Collaboration has also performed systematic studies (Section 5) of the mass dependence of quark energy loss by comparing the $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ and $ v_2 $ results for fully reconstructed light- and heavy-flavor (charm and beauty) hadrons over an unprecedentedly large $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ range. These studies led to unique measurements of $ {\mathrm{B}} $ mesons in heavy ion collisions. The hadronization of heavy-flavor particles has also been examined in detail using various ratios of their yields, including, for the first time, details of the internal structure of exotic hadrons in the presence of the QGP. With five quarkonium states at hand ($ \mathrm{J}/\psi $, $\psi(2\mathrm{S})$, and $ \Upsilon{{(n\mathrm{S})}} $, $ n= $ 1-3 ), measurements of the modification of their production in pPb and PbPb collisions provide detailed data to improve models aiming to describe the interaction of heavy-quark bound states in strongly interacting matter. The study of the collectivity of charged hadrons in high-multiplicity pp and pPb collisions (Section 6) has provided the first observations of long-range correlations similar to those seen in HI collisions. The CMS Collaboration has offered further evidence of collectivity through multiparticle correlation and heavy-flavor meson analyses. The study of multiparticle correlations has been extended to smaller collision systems using ultraperipheral collisions (UPCs), where the separation of the ions in the transverse plane strongly reduces the role of interactions mediated by quarks and gluons. One of the motivations for the small collision system studies was to search for evidence of jet quenching in these systems, to compare to the results obtained in collisions involving two heavy ions. Jet quenching effects have not been observed in pPb collisions at high $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. In addition to nuclear hadronic interactions, electromagnetic interactions can also be studied in UPCs (Section 7) since heavy ions with energies of several TeV per nucleon can interact through very intense electromagnetic fields. The Lorentz factor of the Pb beam at the LHC determines the maximum quasireal photon energy of approximately 80 GeV, leading to photon-photon collisions of center-of-mass energies up to 160 GeV, i.e.,, similar to those reached at LEP 2 but with $ Z^4 $ enhanced production cross sections. A broad range of precision SM and BSM processes has been studied in these photon-induced interactions, including exclusive high-mass dilepton ($ m_{\ell^{+}\ell^{-}}\gtrsim $ 5 GeV) production as well as the rare processes of light-by-light (LbL ) scattering and $ \tau $ lepton production. Future physics opportunities at CMS for high-density QCD measurements The QCD theory, a cornerstone of the standard model (SM), remains a crucial aspect in our understanding of the strong interaction, albeit with lingering questions. The large values of strong coupling ($ \alpha_\mathrm{S} $) at low $ Q^2 $ render the traditional small-$ \alpha_\mathrm{S} $ perturbation theory inapplicable, such that collective phenomena in nuclei are nonperturbative. However, a coordinated application of the QCD parton model for conventional hadrons, an effort to grasp the exotic hadron spectroscopy, and advances from lattice QCD calculations hold promise of a fundamentally improved understanding of the characteristics of nuclei and their interactions and how deconfinement arises. Many unresolved questions remain regarding the precise nature of the initial state from which thermal QCD matter potentially emerges. How the parton density varies across the broad nuclear $ (x, Q^2) $ phase space is still only partially known and, in particular, no unambiguous evidence has yet been found to mark the onset of parton saturation. Additionally, it is not yet quantitatively understood how the collective properties of the quark-gluon plasma emerge at a microscopic level from the interactions among the individual quarks and gluons that make up this medium. Therefore, a crucial aspect of nuclear studies is the exploitation of future opportunities for high-density QCD studies with ion and proton beams. This will allow for the study of cold nuclear matter effects, the onset of nuclear saturation, and the emergence of long-range correlations. Examination of high-$ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ hadrons, fully reconstructed jets, heavy quarkonia, open heavy-flavor particles, as well as novel tools [585] to investigate more detailed aspects [586] of jet quenching, will provide additional information about the strongly coupled QGP, complementing the bulk and collective observables of the soft sector. Long-term initiatives, such as the use of top quarks to unravel the intricacies of jet quenching at different time scales of the QGP evolution, are in their early stages and are projected to rapidly progress with the increased luminosity anticipated in the LHC Run 3 (2022-2025) and beyond. A pilot run of oxygen-oxygen and proton-oxygen collisions will help answer the key prerequisite conditions for the onset of hot-medium effects [587]. It is also important to understand the level at which these effects could be phenomenologically limited by knowledge of nPDFs. At present, there is a lack of experimental oxygen data for comprehensive global nPDF fitting, underscoring the importance of proton-oxygen collisions in ensuring the accuracy of nPDFs for lighter ions. This also has far-reaching implications for modeling ultrahigh-energy (cosmic ray) phenomena, and is crucial for addressing significant unresolved questions in this field [588]. In addition to the larger luminosity, the detector upgrades planned for the CMS experiment in the LHC Run 4 (starting in year 2029) will significantly benefit the HI program. In particular, the increased $ \eta $ acceptance for charged particles resulting from tracker upgrades [589] will be very beneficial for bulk particle measurements. The upgraded Zero Degree Calorimeters [590] will further improve the existing triggering and identification of UPCs. The addition of time-of-flight particle identification capability, enabled by the Minimum Ionizing Particle Timing Detector [591], will allow identification between low-momentum charged hadrons, such as pions, kaons, and protons, which will improve the measurements of heavy-flavored particles and neutral strange hadrons, while improving the prospects for identified jet substructure measurements [592]. Proton-nucleus collisions have been an integral part of the LHC program since the 2011 and 2012 pilot runs. Within collinear factorization, constraints on our knowledge of the nuclear wave functions were extended at high $ Q^2 $ using dijet, heavy gauge boson, and top quark production processes available for the first time in nuclear collisions. Further insights have been gained at lower $ Q^2 $ with heavy-flavor production based on the assumption that the nuclear modification of their yields can be accurately incorporated in global analyses of nPDFs. In Run 2, the increased luminosity and detector improvements allowed for increased statistical precision, expanding the kinematic reach to encompass a broader range of accessible processes. Following the discoveries of collective-like effects in small collision systems, an order of magnitude higher integrated luminosity target for pPb collisions is set for Runs 3 and 4, including a large sample of pp collisions at the highest LHC energy, but with moderate pileup to reach the largest possible multiplicities over a full range of hadronic colliding systems. The large PbPb integrated luminosity in Runs 3 and 4, coupled with high-accuracy theoretical QED calculations and several detector upgrades, will maximize the potential of UPC measurements. Collectively, these factors will broaden the phase space region and overall scope of physics exploration in the studies of low-mass resonances, the continuum, and heavy-flavor mesons in UPC events. The primary goal will be to cover a much wider range of masses: the expected spectrum obtainable by CMS for a 13 nb$^{-1}$ integrated luminosity run can extend to masses up to about 200 GeV, bridging the gap for BSM searches between PbPb and pp collisions (in the latter case, by employing the forward proton tagging technique) and overall extending the physics reach not only for (pseudo)scalar but also for tensor resonances [575]. Interestingly, these high-mass pairs correspond to two-photon interactions in, or in close proximity to the two nuclei, enhancing the effects owing to interactions with the medium and magnetic fields associated with the QGP. Lower masses should be accessible with looser requirements for track and electron $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ and their overall identification quality [593]. Exclusive dimuon production can offer a precision measurement of photon fluxes associated with ion beams, and as such can be used to constrain predictions for all other UPC processes. Additional LbL scattering data will also be crucial in determining the nature of newly discovered resonant structures, such as the X(6900) state [594]. Continuing the LHC HI physics program into the HL-LHC era [595,596] offers the opportunity to collide intermediate-mass nuclei (e.g., oxygen and argon), facilitating the study of the initial stage of ion collisions, small-$ x $ physics, and the determination of nPDFs. Furthermore, higher luminosities will allow vastly improved access to rare probes of the QGP. At the same time, it complements other key research efforts in the nuclear physics QCD community (e.g., ongoing efforts at RHIC [597] and the upcoming Electron-Ion Collider [598]), as well as technical developments in the high-energy and cosmic-ray [546] physics communities. Collectively, these initiatives will be pivotal in deepening our understanding of both QCD and QED, illuminating the intricate nature of matter in the early microseconds of the universe.

References
1	CMS Collaboration	The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC	JINST 3 (2008) S08004
2	CMS Collaboration	The Compact Muon Solenoid: Letter of intent for a general purpose detector at the LHC	1992 CDS
3	G. Baur et al.	Heavy ion physics programme in CMS	Eur. Phys. J. 32S2 (2004) 69
4	CMS Collaboration	CMS physics technical design report: Addendum on high density QCD with heavy ions	JPG 34 (2007) 2307
5	R. Pasechnik and M. Šumbera	Phenomenological review on quark-gluon plasma: Concepts vs. observations	Universe 3 (2017) 7	1611.01533
6	W. Busza, K. Rajagopal, and W. van der Schee	Heavy ion collisions: The big picture, and the big questions	Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 68 (2018) 339	1802.04801
7	ALICE Collaboration	The ALICE experiment - A journey through QCD	Submitted to EPJC, 2022	2211.04384
8	ATLAS Collaboration	The ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider	JINST 3 (2008) S08003
9	LHCb Collaboration	The LHCb detector at the LHC	JINST 3 (2008) S08005
10	C. A. Salgado et al.	Proton-nucleus collisions at the LHC: Scientific opportunities and requirements	JPG 39 (2012) 015010	1105.3919
11	J. C. Collins and M. J. Perry	Superdense matter: Neutrons or asymptotically free quarks?	PRL 34 (1975) 1353
12	N. Cabibbo and G. Parisi	Exponential hadronic spectrum and quark liberation	PLB 59 (1975) 67
13	J. Engels, F. Karsch, H. Satz, and I. Montvay	High temperature SU(2) gluon matter on the lattice	PLB 101 (1981) 89
14	E. V. Shuryak	Theory of hadronic plasma	Sov. Phys. JETP 47 (1978) 212
15	HotQCD Collaboration	Chiral crossover in QCD at zero and non-zero chemical potentials	PLB 795 (2019) 15	1812.08235
16	S. Borsanyi et al.	QCD crossover at finite chemical potential from lattice simulations	PRL 125 (2020) 052001	2002.02821
17	F. Gross et al.	50 years of Quantum Chromodynamics	EPJC 83 (2023) 1125	2212.11107
18	H. R. Schmidt and J. Schukraft	The physics of ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions	JPG 19 (1993) 1705
19	U. W. Heinz and M. Jacob	Evidence for a new state of matter: An assessment of the results from the CERN lead beam program		nucl-th/0002042
20	B. Muller and J. L. Nagle	Results from the relativistic heavy ion collider	Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 56 (2006) 93	nucl-th/0602029
21	B. Muller, J. Schukraft, and B. Wyslouch	First results from Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC	Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 62 (2012) 361	1202.3233
22	U. W. Heinz	Concepts of heavy ion physics	in 2nd CERN-CLAF school of high energy physics, 2004	hep-ph/0407360
23	P. Braun-Munzinger and J. Stachel	The quest for the quark-gluon plasma	Nature 448 (2007) 302
24	J. W. Harris and B. Müller	''QGP Signatures'' Revisited		2308.05743
25	C. Gale, S. Jeon, and B. Schenke	Hydrodynamic modeling of heavy-ion collisions	Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 28 (2013) 1340011	1301.5893
26	U. Heinz and R. Snellings	Collective flow and viscosity in relativistic heavy-ion collisions	Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 63 (2013) 123	1301.2826
27	J. E. Bernhard, J. S. Moreland, and S. A. Bass	Bayesian estimation of the specific shear and bulk viscosity of quark-gluon plasma	Nature Phys. 15 (2019) 1113
28	N. Herrmann, J. P. Wessels, and T. Wienold	Collective flow in heavy ion collisions	Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 49 (1999) 581
29	BRAHMS Collaboration	Quark gluon plasma and color glass condensate at RHIC? The perspective from the BRAHMS experiment	Nucl. Phys. A 757 (2005) 1	nucl-ex/0410020
30	PHENIX Collaboration	Formation of dense partonic matter in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions at RHIC: Experimental evaluation by the PHENIX collaboration	Nucl. Phys. A 757 (2005) 184	nucl-ex/0410003
31	PHOBOS Collaboration	The PHOBOS perspective on discoveries at RHIC	Nucl. Phys. A 757 (2005) 28	nucl-ex/0410022
32	STAR Collaboration	Experimental and theoretical challenges in the search for the quark gluon plasma: The STAR Collaboration's critical assessment of the evidence from RHIC collisions	Nucl. Phys. A 757 (2005) 102	nucl-ex/0501009
33	H. Song, Y. Zhou, and K. Gajdosova	Collective flow and hydrodynamics in large and small systems at the LHC	Nucl. Sci. Tech. 28 (2017) 99	1703.00670
34	K. Dusling, W. Li, and B. Schenke	Novel collective phenomena in high-energy proton-proton and proton-nucleus collisions	Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 25 (2016) 1630002	1509.07939
35	J. L. Nagle and W. A. Zajc	Small system collectivity in relativistic hadronic and nuclear collisions	Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 68 (2018) 211	1801.03477
36	A. Accardi et al.	Hard probes in heavy ion collisions at the LHC: Jet physics		hep-ph/0310274
37	L. Apolinàrio, Y.-J. Lee, and M. Winn	Heavy quarks and jets as probes of the QGP	Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 127 (2022) 103990	2203.16352
38	C. Andrés et al.	Energy versus centrality dependence of the jet quenching parameter $ \hat{q} $ at RHIC and LHC: a new puzzle?	EPJC 76 (2016) 475	1606.04837
39	J. M. Jowett and M. Schaumann	Overview of heavy ions in LHC Run 2	in 9th LHC Operations Evian Workshop, 2019
40	J. M. Jowett et al.	First run of the LHC as a heavy ion collider	in Proceedings of the 2nd International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC 2011), C. Petit-Jean-Genaz, ed IPAC (2011) 1837
41	J. M. Jowett et al.	Heavy ions in 2012 and the program up to 2022	in Chamonix 2012 Workshop on LHC Performance, CERN Yellow Reports: Conference Proceedings, CERN, 2012 CERN-2012-006.200
42	J. Jowett et al.	Proton-nucleus collisions in the LHC	in Proc. 4th International Particle Accelerator Conference, 2013 MOODB201
43	J. Jowett et al.	The 2015 heavy-ion run of the LHC	in Proc. 7th International Particle Accelerator Conference, 2016 TUPMW027
44	J. Jowett et al.	The 2016 proton-nucleus run of the LHC	in Proc. 8th International Particle Accelerator Conference, 2017 link
45	CMS Collaboration	CMS luminosity measurement using nucleus-nucleus collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.02 TeV in 2018	CMS Physics Analysis Summary, 2022 CMS-PAS-LUM-18-001	CMS-PAS-LUM-18-001
46	CMS Collaboration	CMS luminosity measurement using 2016 proton-nucleus collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 8.16 TeV	CMS Physics Analysis Summary, 2018 CMS-PAS-LUM-17-002	CMS-PAS-LUM-17-002
47	J. Jowett et al.	The 2018 heavy-ion run of the LHC	in Proc. 10th International Particle Accelerator Conference, 2019 WEYYPLM2
48	D. G. d'Enterria	Experimental tests of small-$ x $ QCD	in Proceedings of the 9th Workshop on Non-Perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics, 42th Rencontres de Moriond, B. Mueller, M. A. Rotondo, and C.-I. Tan, eds, 2007 link	0706.4182
49	E. Iancu and R. Venugopalan	The color glass condensate and high-energy scattering in QCD	in Quark-gluon plasma 4, R. C. Hwa and X.-N. Wang, eds, 2003 link	hep-ph/0303204
50	S. Abreu et al.	Heavy ion collisions at the lhc: Last call for predictions	in Proc. Workshop on heavy ion collisions at the LHC: Last call for predictions, 2008 link	0711.0974
51	N. Armesto	Predictions for the heavy ion program at the Large Hadron Collider	in Quark-gluon plasma 4, R. C. Hwa and X.-N. Wang, eds, 2010 link	0903.1330
52	D. G. d'Enterria	High-$ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ leading hadron suppression in nuclear collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 20-200 GeV: Data versus parton energy loss models	EPJC 43 (2005) 295	nucl-ex/0504001
53	M. Djordjevic and M. Gyulassy	Where is the charm quark energy loss at RHIC?	PLB 560 (2003) 37	nucl-th/0302069
54	C. Lourenço	Open questions in quarkonium and electromagnetic probes	Nucl. Phys. A 783 (2007) 451	nucl-ex/0612014
55	PHENIX Collaboration	$ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ suppression at forward rapidity in AuAu collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 200 GeV	PRC 84 (2011) 054912	1103.6269
56	M. Grabiak et al.	Electroweak physics at ultrarelativistic heavy ion colliders	JPG 15 (1989) 25
57	K. Hencken, D. Trautmann, and G. Baur	Photon-photon luminosities in relativistic heavy ion collisions at LHC energies	Z. Phys. C 68 (1995) 473	nucl-th/9503004
58	C. A. Bertulani and G. Baur	Electromagnetic processes in relativistic heavy ion collisions	Phys. Rept. 163 (1988) 299
59	F. Krauss, M. Greiner, and G. Soff	Photon and gluon induced processes in relativistic heavy ion collisions	Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 39 (1997) 503
60	G. Baur, K. Hencken, and D. Trautmann	Photon-photon physics in very peripheral collisions of relativistic heavy ions	JPG 24 (1998) 1657	hep-ph/9804348
61	G. Baur	Physics opportunities in ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions at LHC	in Proc. Workshop on Electromagnetic Probes of Fundamental Physics, 2001	hep-ph/0112239
62	C. A. Bertulani, S. R. Klein, and J. Nystrand	Physics of ultraperipheral nuclear collisions	Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 55 (2005) 271	nucl-ex/0502005
63	A. J. Baltz	The physics of ultraperipheral collisions at the LHC	Phys. Rept. 458 (2008) 1	0706.3356
64	G. Baur et al.	Coherent gamma-gamma and gamma-A interactions in very peripheral collisions at relativistic ion colliders	Phys. Rept. 364 (2002) 359	hep-ph/0112211
65	A. A. Natale	Resonance production in peripheral heavy ion collisions	Mod. Phys. Lett. A 9 (1994) 2075
66	A. J. Baltz, S. R. Klein, and J. Nystrand	Coherent vector meson photoproduction with nuclear breakup in relativistic heavy ion collisions	PRL 89 (2002) 012301	nucl-th/0205031
67	S. R. Klein and J. Nystrand	Photoproduction of quarkonium in proton-proton and nucleus-nucleus collisions	PRL 92 (2004) 142003	hep-ph/0311164
68	K. J. Abraham, R. Laterveer, J. A. M. Vermaseren, and D. Zeppenfeld	Higgs production by heavy ion scattering	PLB 251 (1990) 186
69	D. d'Enterria and J.-P. Lansberg	Study of Higgs boson production and its $ \mathrm{b} \overline{\mathrm{b}} $ decay in gamma-gamma processes in proton-nucleus collisions at the LHC	PRD 81 (2010) 014004	0909.3047
70	S. R. Klein, J. Nystrand, and R. Vogt	Photoproduction of top in peripheral heavy ion collisions	EPJC 21 (2001) 563	hep-ph/0005157
71	S. C. Ahern, J. W. Norbury, and W. J. Poyser	Graviton production in relativistic heavy ion collisions	PRD 62 (2000) 116001	gr-qc/0009059
72	A. A. Natale	Glueballs in peripheral heavy ion collisions	PLB 362 (1995) 177	hep-ph/9509280
73	J. Rau, B. Muller, W. Greiner, and G. Soff	Production of supersymmetric particles in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions	JPG 16 (1990) 211
74	L. D. Almeida, A. A. Natale, S. F. Novaes, and O. J. P. Eboli	Nonstandard gamma gamma $ \to $ lepton+ lepton- processes in relativistic heavy ion collisions	PRD 44 (1991) 118
75	M. Greiner, M. Vidovic, and G. Soff	Electromagnetic production of Higgs bosons, SUSY particles, glueballs and mesons in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions	PRC 47 (1993) 2288
76	CMS Collaboration	Event displays of PbPb collision events in the CMS detector at the end of 2018	2018 CDS
77	CMS Collaboration	Strategies and performance of the CMS silicon tracker alignment during LHC Run 2	NIM A 1037 (2022) 166795	CMS-TRK-20-001 2111.08757
78	CMS Collaboration	Description and performance of track and primary-vertex reconstruction with the CMS tracker	JINST 9 (2014) P10009	CMS-TRK-11-001 1405.6569
79	Tracker Group of the CMS Collaboration	The CMS Phase-1 pixel detector upgrade	JINST 16 (2021) P02027	2012.14304
80	CMS Collaboration	Track impact parameter resolution for the full pseudo rapidity coverage in the 2017 dataset with the CMS Phase-1 pixel detector	CMS Detector Performance Summary CMS-DP-2020-049, 2020 CDS
81	CMS Collaboration	Performance of CMS muon reconstruction in pp collision events at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}}= $ 7 TeV	JINST 7 (2012) P10002	CMS-MUO-10-004 1206.4071
82	CMS Collaboration	Performance of the CMS muon detector and muon reconstruction with proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}}= $ 13 TeV	JINST 13 (2018) P06015	CMS-MUO-16-001 1804.04528
83	CMS Collaboration	Particle-flow reconstruction and global event description with the CMS detector	JINST 12 (2017) P10003	CMS-PRF-14-001 1706.04965
84	CMS Collaboration	Performance of photon reconstruction and identification with the CMS detector in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 8 TeV	JINST 10 (2015) P08010	CMS-EGM-14-001 1502.02702
85	CMS Collaboration	Electron and photon reconstruction and identification with the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC	JINST 16 (2021) P05014	CMS-EGM-17-001 2012.06888
86	CMS Collaboration	ECAL 2016 refined calibration and Run 2 summary plots	CMS detector performance summary, 2020 CDS
87	M. Cacciari, G. P. Salam, and G. Soyez	The anti-$ k_{\mathrm{T}} $ jet clustering algorithm	JHEP 04 (2008) 063	0802.1189
88	M. Cacciari, G. P. Salam, and G. Soyez	FastJet user manual	EPJC 72 (2012) 1896	1111.6097
89	A. Giammanco	The fast simulation of the CMS experiment	J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 513 (2014) 022012
90	S. Abdullin et al.	The fast simulation of the CMS detector at LHC	J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 331 (2011) 032049
91	CMS Collaboration	Jet energy scale and resolution in the CMS experiment in pp collisions at 8 TeV	JINST 12 (2017) P02014	CMS-JME-13-004 1607.03663
92	CMS Collaboration	Precision luminosity measurement in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}}= $ 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016 at CMS	EPJC 81 (2021) 800	CMS-LUM-17-003 2104.01927
93	CMS Collaboration	CMS luminosity calibration for the pp reference run at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}}= $ 5.02 TeV	CMS Physics Analysis Summary, 2016 CMS-PAS-LUM-16-001	CMS-PAS-LUM-16-001
94	CMS Collaboration	Luminosity measurement in proton-proton collisions at 5.02 TeV in 2017 at CMS	CMS Physics Analysis Summary, 2021 CMS-PAS-LUM-19-001	CMS-PAS-LUM-19-001
95	CMS Collaboration	CMS: The TriDAS project. Technical design report, Vol. 1: The trigger systems	2000 CDS
96	CMS Collaboration	Performance of the CMS Level-1 trigger in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV	JINST 15 (2020) P10017	CMS-TRG-17-001 2006.10165
97	CMS Collaboration	CMS: The TriDAS project. Technical design report, Vol. 2: Data acquisition and high-level trigger	2002 CDS
98	CMS Collaboration	CMS technical design report for the level-1 trigger upgrade	2013 CDS
99	Trigger and DAQ Groups of the CMS Collaboration	The CMS high level trigger	EPJC 46 (2006) 605	hep-ex/0512077
100	CMS Collaboration	CMS high level trigger	technical report, CERN, 2007 CDS
101	CMS Collaboration	Performance of the high-level trigger system at CMS in LHC run-2	IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 68 (2021) 2035
102	M. Hasan	Enhancing hadron jet reconstruction in the CMS Level-1 trigger using machine learning.	PhD thesis, Baylor U, 2022
103	CMS Collaboration	Observation and studies of jet quenching in PbPb collisions at nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV	PRC 84 (2011) 024906	CMS-HIN-10-004 1102.1957
104	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of isolated photon production in pp and PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 2.76 TeV	PLB 710 (2012) 256	CMS-HIN-11-002 1201.3093
105	CMS Collaboration	Multiplicity and transverse momentum dependence of two- and four-particle correlations in pPb and PbPb collisions	PLB 724 (2013) 213	CMS-HIN-13-002 1305.0609
106	CMS Collaboration	Dependence on pseudorapidity and on centrality of charged hadron production in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV	JHEP 08 (2011) 141	CMS-HIN-10-001 1107.4800
107	CMS Collaboration	The beam scintillation counter trigger system for CMS	CMS Detector Performance Summary, 2010 link
108	Z.-W. Lin et al.	A multi-phase transport model for relativistic heavy ion collisions	PRC 72 (2005) 064901	nucl-th/0411110
109	I. P. Lokhtin and A. M. Snigirev	A model of jet quenching in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions and high-$ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ hadron spectra at RHIC	EPJC 45 (2006) 211	hep-ph/0506189
110	S. R. Klein et al.	\textscSTARlight: A Monte Carlo simulation program for ultra-peripheral collisions of relativistic ions	Comput. Phys. Commun. 212 (2017) 258	1607.03838
111	S. Roesler, R. Engel, and J. Ranft	Photoproduction off nuclei and point-like photon interactions. Part 2: Particle production		hep-ph/9611379
112	T. Sjöstrand et al.	An introduction to PYTHIA8.2	Comput. Phys. Commun. 191 (2015) 159	1410.3012
113	GEANT4 Collaboration	GEANT 4--a simulation toolkit	NIM A 506 (2003) 250
114	M. L. Miller, K. Reygers, S. J. Sanders, and P. Steinberg	Glauber modeling in high energy nuclear collisions	Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 57 (2007) 205	nucl-ex/0701025
115	C. Loizides, J. Kamin, and D. d'Enterria	Improved Monte Carlo Glauber predictions at present and future nuclear colliders	PRC 97 (2018) 054910	1710.07098
116	ALICE Collaboration	Centrality dependence of the charged-particle multiplicity density at midrapidity in Pb-Pb collisions at $ {\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV	PRL 106 (2011) 032301	1012.1657
117	PHOBOS Collaboration	Importance of correlations and fluctuations on the initial source eccentricity in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions	PRC 77 (2008) 014906	0711.3724
118	T. Pierog et al.	EPOS LHC: Test of collective hadronization with data measured at the CERN Large Hadron Collider	PRC 92 (2015) 034906	1306.0121
119	X.-N. Wang and M. Gyulassy	HIJING: A Monte Carlo model for multiple jet production in pp, pA and AA collisions	PRD 44 (1991) 3501
120	CMS Collaboration	Studies of dijet transverse momentum balance and pseudorapidity distributions in pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	EPJC 74 (2014) 2951	CMS-HIN-13-001 1401.4433
121	CMS Collaboration	Tracking and L1 trigger performance in 2018 and 2022 PbPb conditions	CMS detector performance summary, CMS-DP-2023-011, 2023 CDS
122	CMS Collaboration	Charged-particle nuclear modification factors in XeXe collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.44 TeV	JHEP 10 (2018) 138	CMS-HIN-18-004 1809.00201
123	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of the elliptic anisotropy of charged particles produced in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 2.76 TeV	PRC 87 (2013) 014902	CMS-HIN-10-002 1204.1409
124	CMS Collaboration	Performance of the CMS muon trigger system in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV	JINST 16 (2021) P07001	CMS-MUO-19-001 2102.04790
125	CMS Collaboration	Performance of CMS muon reconstruction in heavy ion collisions	CMS Physics Analysis Summary, 2023 CMS-PAS-MUO-21-001	CMS-PAS-MUO-21-001
126	W. Adam, R. Frühwirth, A. Strandlie and T. Todorov	Reconstruction of electrons with the Gaussian-sum filter in the CMS tracker at the LHC	JPG 31 (2005) N9
127	CMS Collaboration	Energy calibration and resolution of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}}= $ 7 TeV	JINST 8 (2013) P09009	CMS-EGM-11-001 1306.2016
128	CMS Collaboration	Study of Z production in PbPb and pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 2.76 TeV in the dimuon and dielectron decay channels	JHEP 03 (2015) 022	CMS-HIN-13-004 1410.4825
129	CMS Collaboration	Performance of electron reconstruction and selection with the CMS detector in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}}= $ 8 TeV	JINST 10 (2015) P06005	CMS-EGM-13-001 1502.02701
130	H. Voss, A. Höcker, J. Stelzer, and F. Tegenfeldt	TMVA, the toolkit for multivariate data analysis with ROOT	in Proc. XIth International Workshop on Advanced Computing and Analysis Techniques in Physics Research (ACAT), 2007 link	physics/0703039
131	CMS Collaboration	The production of isolated photons in PbPb and pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	JHEP 07 (2020) 116	CMS-HIN-18-016 2003.12797
132	M. Cacciari	FastJet: A code for fast $k_{\mathrm{T}}$ clustering, and more	in Proc. Deep inelastic scattering, 14th International Workshop, DIS 2006, 2006	hep-ph/0607071
133	CMS Collaboration	Pileup mitigation at CMS in 13 TeV data	JINST 15 (2020) P09018	CMS-JME-18-001 2003.00503
134	CMS Collaboration	Updates to constituent subtraction in heavy ions at CMS	CMS detector performance summary, CMS-DP-2018-024, 2018 CDS
135	O. Kodolova, I. Vardanian, A. Nikitenko, and A. Oulianov	The performance of the jet identification and reconstruction in heavy ions collisions with CMS detector	EPJC 50 (2007) 117
136	ALICE Collaboration	Azimuthal anisotropy of charged jet production in $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV Pb-Pb collisions	PLB 753 (2016) 511	1509.07334
137	P. Berta, M. Spousta, D. W. Miller, and R. Leitner	Particle-level pileup subtraction for jets and jet shapes	JHEP 06 (2014) 092	1403.3108
138	P. Berta, L. Masetti, D. W. Miller, and M. Spousta	Pileup and underlying event mitigation with iterative constituent subtraction	JHEP 08 (2019) 175	1905.03470
139	CMS Collaboration	First measurement of large area jet transverse momentum spectra in heavy-ion collisions	JHEP 05 (2021) 284	CMS-HIN-18-014 2102.13080
140	D. d'Enterria and J. Rojo	Quantitative constraints on the gluon distribution function in the proton from collider isolated-photon data	NPB 860 (2012) 311	1202.1762
141	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of prompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $ meson azimuthal anisotropy in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.02 TeV	PRL 120 (2018) 202301	CMS-HIN-16-007 1708.03497
142	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of prompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $ and $ \overline{\mathrm{D}}^{0} $ meson azimuthal anisotropy and search for strong electric fields in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PLB 816 (2021) 136253	CMS-HIN-19-008 2009.12628
143	CMS Collaboration	Probing charm quark dynamics via multiparticle correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PRL 129 (2022) 022001	CMS-HIN-20-001 2112.12236
144	CMS Collaboration	Measurements of azimuthal anisotropy of nonprompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $ mesons in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PLB 850 (2024) 138389	CMS-HIN-21-003 2212.01636
145	CMS Collaboration	Identification of heavy-flavour jets with the CMS detector in pp collisions at 13 TeV	JINST 13 (2018) P05011	CMS-BTV-16-002 1712.07158
146	CMS Collaboration	Evidence for top quark production in nucleus-nucleus collisions	PRL 125 (2020) 222001	CMS-HIN-19-001 2006.11110
147	G. Altarelli and G. Parisi	Asymptotic freedom in parton language	NPB 126 (1977) 298
148	Y. L. Dokshitzer	Calculation of the structure functions for deep inelastic scattering and $ \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $ annihilation by perturbation theory in quantum chromodynamics.	Sov. Phys. JETP 46 (1977) 641
149	V. N. Gribov and L. N. Lipatov	Deep inelastic e p scattering in perturbation theory	Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 15 (1972) 438
150	CMS Collaboration	Observation of nuclear modifications in $ \mathrm{W}^{\pm} $ boson production in pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 8.16 TeV	PLB 800 (2020) 135048	CMS-HIN-17-007 1905.01486
151	R. Boughezal et al.	Color singlet production at NNLO in MCFM	EPJC 77 (2017) 7	1605.08011
152	S. Dulat et al.	New parton distribution functions from a global analysis of quantum chromodynamics	PRD 93 (2016) 033006	1506.07443
153	K. J. Eskola, P. Paakkinen, H. Paukkunen, and C. A. Salgado	EPPS16: Nuclear parton distributions with LHC data	EPJC 77 (2017) 163	1612.05741
154	K. Kovarik et al.	nCTEQ15 - Global analysis of nuclear parton distributions with uncertainties in the CTEQ framework	PRD 93 (2016) 085037	1509.00792
155	N. Armesto	Nuclear shadowing	JPG 32 (2006) R367	hep-ph/0604108
156	CMS Collaboration	Study of W boson production in pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PLB 750 (2015) 565	CMS-HIN-13-007 1503.05825
157	K. J. Eskola, P. Paakkinen, H. Paukkunen, and C. A. Salgado	EPPS21: a global QCD analysis of nuclear PDFs	EPJC 82 (2022) 413	2112.12462
158	A. Kusina et al.	Impact of LHC vector boson production in heavy ion collisions on strange PDFs	EPJC 80 (2020) 968	2007.09100
159	R. Abdul Khalek et al.	nNNPDF3.0: evidence for a modified partonic structure in heavy nuclei	EPJC 82 (2022) 507	2201.12363
160	I. Helenius, M. Walt, and W. Vogelsang	NNLO nuclear parton distribution functions with electroweak-boson production data from the LHC	PRD 105 (2022) 094031	2112.11904
161	CMS Collaboration	Study of Drell-Yan dimuon production in proton-lead collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 8.16 TeV	JHEP 05 (2021) 182	CMS-HIN-18-003 2102.13648
162	S. Alioli, P. Nason, C. Oleari, and E. Re	A general framework for implementing NLO calculations in shower Monte Carlo programs: the POWHEG BOX	JHEP 06 (2010) 043	1002.2581
163	S. Alioli, P. Nason, C. Oleari, and E. Re	NLO vector-boson production matched with shower in POWHEG	JHEP 07 (2008) 060	0805.4802
164	CMS Collaboration	Study of Z boson production in pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PLB 759 (2016) 36	CMS-HIN-15-002 1512.06461
165	D. d'Enterria, K. Krajczàr, and H. Paukkunen	Top quark production in proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at LHC energies and beyond	PLB 746 (2015) 64	1501.05879
166	CMS Collaboration	Observation of top quark production in proton-nucleus collisions	PRL 119 (2017) 242001	CMS-HIN-17-002 1709.07411
167	M. Czakon, P. Fiedler, and A. Mitov	Total top quark pair production cross section at hadron colliders through $ O(\alpha_\mathrm{S}^4) $	PRL 110 (2013) 252004	1303.6254
168	J. M. Campbell and R. K. Ellis	MCFM for the Tevatron and the LHC	NPB Proc. Suppl. 205-206 (2010) 10	1007.3492
169	J. L. Albacete et al.	Predictions for cold nuclear matter effects in pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 8.16 TeV	Nucl. Phys. A 972 (2018) 18	1707.09973
170	D. de Florian, R. Sassot, P. Zurita, and M. Stratmann	Global analysis of nuclear parton distributions	PRD 85 (2012) 074028	1112.6324
171	K. J. Eskola, H. Paukkunen, and C. A. Salgado	EPS09: A new generation of NLO and LO nuclear parton distribution functions	JHEP 04 (2009) 065	0902.4154
172	CMS Collaboration	Constraining gluon distributions in nuclei using dijets in proton-proton and proton-lead collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PRL 121 (2018) 062002	CMS-HIN-16-003 1805.04736
173	European Muon Collaboration	The ratio of the nucleon structure functions $ F2_n $ for iron and deuterium	PLB 123 (1983) 275
174	B. Alver, M. Baker, C. Loizides, and P. Steinberg	The PHOBOS Glauber Monte Carlo		0805.4411
175	D. d'Enterria and C. Loizides	Progress in the Glauber model at collider energies	Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 71 (2021) 315	2011.14909
176	P. Aurenche et al.	A new critical study of photon production in hadronic collisions	PRD 73 (2006) 094007	hep-ph/0602133
177	CMS Collaboration	Study of W boson production in PbPb and pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV	PLB 715 (2012) 66	CMS-HIN-11-008 1205.6334
178	CMS Collaboration	Study of Z boson production in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV	PRL 106 (2011) 212301	CMS-HIN-10-003 1102.5435
179	CMS Collaboration	Constraints on the initial state of Pb-Pb collisions via measurements of Z-boson yields and azimuthal anisotropy at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PRL 127 (2021) 102002	CMS-HIN-19-003 2103.14089
180	C. Loizides and A. Morsch	Absence of jet quenching in peripheral nucleus-nucleus collisions	PLB 773 (2017) 408	1705.08856
181	ATLAS Collaboration	Z boson production in Pb+Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.02 TeV measured by the ATLAS experiment	PLB 802 (2020) 135262	1910.13396
182	ALICE Collaboration	$ \mathrm{W}^{\pm} $-boson production in p-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 8.16 TeV and PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	JHEP 05 (2023) 036	2204.10640
183	K. J. Eskola, I. Helenius, M. Kuha, and H. Paukkunen	Shadowing in inelastic nucleon-nucleon cross section?	PRL 125 (2020) 212301	2003.11856
184	E. A. Kuraev, L. N. Lipatov, and V. S. Fadin	The Pomeranchuk singularity in nonabelian gauge theories	Sov. Phys. JETP 45 (1977) 199
185	I. I. Balitsky and L. N. Lipatov	The Pomeranchuk singularity in quantum chromodynamics	Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 28 (1978) 822
186	L. N. Lipatov	The bare pomeron in quantum chromodynamics	Sov. Phys. JETP 63 (1986) 904
187	V. S. Fadin and L. N. Lipatov	BFKL pomeron in the next-to-leading approximation	PLB 429 (1998) 127	hep-ph/9802290
188	M. van de Klundert	Search for gluon saturation in proton-lead collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.02 TeV with the very forward CASTOR calorimeter at the CMS experiment	PhD thesis, University of Antwerp, CERN-THESIS-2018-087, 2018 link
189	S. Ostapchenko	QGSJET-II: Towards reliable description of very high energy hadronic interactions	NPB Proc. Suppl. 151 (2006) 143	hep-ph/0412332
190	A. van Hameren	KaTie: For parton-level event generation with $ k_{\mathrm{T}} $-dependent initial states	Comput. Phys. Commun. 224 (2018) 371	1611.00680
191	J. L. Albacete, P. Guerrero Rodriguez, and Y. Nara	Ultraforward particle production from color glass condensate and Lund fragmentation	PRD 94 (2016) 054004	1605.08334
192	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of inclusive very forward jet cross sections in proton-lead collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	JHEP 05 (2019) 043	CMS-FSQ-17-001 1812.01691
193	H. Mäntysaari and H. Paukkunen	Saturation and forward jets in proton-lead collisions at the LHC	PRD 100 (2019) 114029	1910.13116
194	C. F. von Weizsacker	Radiation emitted in collisions of very fast electrons	Z. Phys. 88 (1934) 612
195	E. J. Williams	Nature of the high-energy particles of penetrating radiation and status of ionization and radiation formulae	PR 45 (1934) 729
196	S. J. Brodsky et al.	Diffractive leptoproduction of vector mesons in QCD	PRD 50 (1994) 3134	hep-ph/9402283
197	A. D. Martin, C. Nockles, M. G. Ryskin, and T. Teubner	Small $ x $ gluon from exclusive J/psi production	PLB 662 (2008) 252	0709.4406
198	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of exclusive $ \Upsilon $ photoproduction from protons in pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.02 TeV	EPJC 79 (2019) 277	CMS-FSQ-13-009 1809.11080
199	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of exclusive $ \rho(770)^0 $ photoproduction in ultraperipheral pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	EPJC 79 (2019) 702	CMS-FSQ-16-007 1902.01339
200	C. A. Flett et al.	How to include exclusive $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ production data in global PDF analyses	PRD 101 (2020) 094011	1908.08398
201	ALICE Collaboration	Coherent $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ photoproduction in ultra-peripheral Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV	PLB 718 (2013) 1273	1209.3715
202	ALICE Collaboration	Charmonium and $ \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $ pair photoproduction at midrapidity in ultra-peripheral Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV	EPJC 73 (2013) 2617	1305.1467
203	CMS Collaboration	Coherent $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ photoproduction in ultra-peripheral PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV with the CMS experiment	PLB 772 (2017) 489	CMS-HIN-12-009 1605.06966
204	V. Guzey, M. Strikman, and M. Zhalov	Disentangling coherent and incoherent quasielastic $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ photoproduction on nuclei by neutron tagging in ultraperipheral ion collisions at the LHC	EPJC 74 (2014) 2942	1312.6486
205	V. Guzey, E. Kryshen, M. Strikman, and M. Zhalov	Evidence for nuclear gluon shadowing from the ALICE measurements of PbPb ultraperipheral exclusive $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ production	PLB 726 (2013) 290	1305.1724
206	V. Guzey, E. Kryshen, and M. Zhalov	Coherent photoproduction of vector mesons in ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions: Update for Run 2 at the CERN Large Hadron Collider	PRC 93 (2016) 055206	1602.01456
207	B. L. Berman and S. C. Fultz	Measurements of the giant dipole resonance with monoenergetic photons	Rev. Mod. Phys. 47 (1975) 713
208	CMS Collaboration	Observation of forward neutron multiplicity dependence of dimuon acoplanarity in ultraperipheral PbPb Collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.02 TeV	PRL 127 (2021) 122001	CMS-HIN-19-014 2011.05239
209	O. Surànyi et al.	Performance of the CMS zero degree calorimeters in pPb collisions at the LHC	JINST 16 (2021) P05008	2102.06640
210	CMS Collaboration	Probing small Bjorken-$ x $ nuclear gluonic structure via coherent $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ photoproduction in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PRL 131 (2023) 262301	CMS-HIN-22-002 2303.16984
211	A. Łuszczak and W. Schäfer	Coherent photoproduction of $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ in nucleus-nucleus collisions in the color dipole approach	PRC 99 (2019) 044905	1901.07989
212	ALICE Collaboration	Coherent $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ photoproduction at forward rapidity in ultra-peripheral Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PLB 798 (2019) 134926	1904.06272
213	H. Mäntysaari and B. Schenke	Probing subnucleon scale fluctuations in ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions	PLB 772 (2017) 832	1703.09256
214	J. Cepila, J. G. Contreras, and M. Krelina	Coherent and incoherent $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ photonuclear production in an energy-dependent hot-spot model	PRC 97 (2018) 024901	1711.01855
215	D. Bendova, J. Cepila, J. G. Contreras, and M. Matas	Photonuclear $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ production at the LHC: proton-based versus nuclear dipole scattering amplitudes	PLB 817 (2021) 136306	2006.12980
216	K. J. Eskola et al.	Exclusive $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ photoproduction in ultraperipheral Pb+Pb collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider calculated at next-to-leading order perturbative QCD	PRC 106 (2022) 035202	2203.11613
217	H. Mäntysaari and J. Penttala	Complete calculation of exclusive heavy vector meson production at next-to-leading order in the dipole picture	JHEP 08 (2022) 247	2204.14031
218	K. J. Eskola et al.	Next-to-leading order perturbative QCD predictions for exclusive $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ photoproduction in oxygen-oxygen and lead-lead collisions at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider	PRC 107 (2023) 044912	2210.16048
219	L. D. Landau	On the multiparticle production in high-energy collisions	Izv. Akad. Nauk Ser. Fiz. 17 (1953) 51
220	PHENIX Collaboration	Systematic studies of the centrality and $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} $ dependence of the $ \text{d} E_\text{T}/\text{d}\eta $ and $ \text{d}N^\text{ch}/\text{d}\eta $ in heavy ion collisions at midrapidity	PRC 71 (2005) 034908	nucl-ex/0409015
221	CMS Collaboration	Pseudorapidity distributions of charged hadrons in xenon-xenon collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.44 TeV	PLB 799 (2019) 135049	CMS-HIN-17-006 1902.03603
222	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of the pseudorapidity and centrality dependence of the transverse energy density in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV	PRL 109 (2012) 152303	CMS-HIN-11-003 1205.2488
223	PHOBOS Collaboration	System size, energy and centrality dependence of pseudorapidity distributions of charged particles in relativistic heavy ion collisions	PRL 102 (2009) 142301	0709.4008
224	PHOBOS Collaboration	Charged-particle multiplicity and pseudorapidity distributions measured with the PHOBOS detector in Au+Au, Cu+Cu, d+Au, and p+p collisions at ultrarelativistic energies	PRC 83 (2011) 024913	1011.1940
225	CMS Collaboration	Transverse-momentum and pseudorapidity distributions of charged hadrons in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 7 TeV	PRL 105 (2010) 022002	CMS-QCD-10-006 1005.3299
226	CMS Collaboration	Transverse-momentum and pseudorapidity distributions of charged hadrons in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 0.9 and 2.36 TeV	JHEP 02 (2010) 041	CMS-QCD-09-010 1002.0621
227	ALICE Collaboration	Charged-particle multiplicity measurement in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}}= $ 0.9 and 2.36 TeV with ALICE at LHC	EPJC 68 (2010) 89	1004.3034
228	UA5 Collaboration	Scaling of pseudorapidity distributions at c.m. energies up to 0.9 TeV	Z. Phys. C 33 (1986) 1
229	UA1 Collaboration	A study of the general characteristics of proton-antiproton collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 0.2 to 0.9 TeV	NPB 335 (1990) 261
230	CMS Collaboration	Long-range and short-range dihadron angular correlations in central PbPb collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center of mass energy of 2.76 TeV	JHEP 07 (2011) 076	CMS-HIN-11-001 1105.2438
231	CMS Collaboration	Centrality dependence of dihadron correlations and azimuthal anisotropy harmonics in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 2.76 TeV	EPJC 72 (2012) 2012	CMS-HIN-11-006 1201.3158
232	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of higher-order harmonic azimuthal anisotropy in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV	PRC 89 (2014) 044906	CMS-HIN-11-005 1310.8651
233	CMS Collaboration	Studies of azimuthal dihadron correlations in ultra-central PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV	JHEP 02 (2014) 088	CMS-HIN-12-011 1312.1845
234	CMS Collaboration	Evidence for transverse momentum and pseudorapidity dependent event plane fluctuations in PbPb and pPb collisions	PRC 92 (2015) 034911	CMS-HIN-14-012 1503.01692
235	CMS Collaboration	Non-Gaussian elliptic-flow fluctuations in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PLB 789 (2019) 643	CMS-HIN-16-019 1711.05594
236	ALICE Collaboration	Harmonic decomposition of two-particle angular correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV	PLB 708 (2012) 249	1109.2501
237	C. Shen, Z. Qiu, and U. Heinz	Shape and flow fluctuations in ultracentral PbPb collisions at the energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider	PRC 92 (2015) 014901	1502.04636
238	G. Nijs and W. van der Schee	Predictions and postdictions for relativistic lead and oxygen collisions with the computational simulation code Trajectum	PRC 106 (2022) 044903	2110.13153
239	D. T. Son and A. O. Starinets	Viscosity, black holes, and quantum field theory	Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 57 (2007) 95	0704.0240
240	L. Yan, J.-Y. Ollitrault, and A. M. Poskanzer	Azimuthal anisotropy distributions in high-energy collisions	PLB 742 (2015) 290	1408.0921
241	R. S. Bhalerao, M. Luzum, and J.-Y. Ollitrault	Understanding anisotropy generated by fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions	PRC 84 (2011) 054901	1107.5485
242	P. Romatschke and U. Romatschke	Viscosity information from relativistic nuclear collisions: How perfect is the fluid observed at RHIC?	PRL 99 (2007) 172301	0706.1522
243	G. Giacalone, J. Noronha-Hostler, and J.-Y. Ollitrault	Relative flow fluctuations as a probe of initial state fluctuations	PRC 95 (2017) 054910	1702.01730
244	CMS Collaboration	Charged-particle angular correlations in XeXe collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.44 TeV	PRC 100 (2019) 044902	CMS-HIN-18-001 1901.07997
245	J. S. Moreland, J. E. Bernhard, and S. A. Bass	Alternative ansatz to wounded nucleon and binary collision scaling in high-energy nuclear collisions	PRC 92 (2015) 011901	1412.4708
246	F. G. Gardim, F. Grassi, M. Luzum, and J.-Y. Ollitrault	Breaking of factorization of two-particle correlations in hydrodynamics	PRC 87 (2013) 031901	1211.0989
247	U. Heinz, Z. Qiu, and C. Shen	Fluctuating flow angles and anisotropic flow measurements	PRC 87 (2013) 034913	1302.3535
248	CMS Collaboration	Principal-component analysis of two-particle azimuthal correlations in PbPb and pPb collisions at CMS	PRC 96 (2017) 064902	CMS-HIN-15-010 1708.07113
249	P. Bozek, W. Broniowski, and J. Moreira	Torqued fireballs in relativistic heavy-ion collisions	PRC 83 (2011) 034911	1011.3354
250	B. Schenke and S. Schlichting	3D glasma initial state for relativistic heavy ion collisions	PRC 94 (2016) 044907	1605.07158
251	L. Yan and J.-Y. Ollitrault	$ \nu_4, \nu_5, \nu_6, \nu_7 $: nonlinear hydrodynamic response versus LHC data	PLB 744 (2015) 82	1502.02502
252	J. Qian, U. W. Heinz, and J. Liu	Mode-coupling effects in anisotropic flow in heavy-ion collisions	PRC 93 (2016) 064901	1602.02813
253	D. Teaney and L. Yan	Nonlinearities in the harmonic spectrum of heavy ion collisions with ideal and viscous hydrodynamics	PRC 86 (2012) 044908	1206.1905
254	J. Qian, U. Heinz, R. He, and L. Huo	Differential flow correlations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions	PRC 95 (2017) 054908	1703.04077
255	G. Giacalone, L. Yan, and J.-Y. Ollitrault	Nonlinear coupling of flow harmonics: Hexagonal flow and beyond	PRC 97 (2018) 054905	1803.00253
256	W. Zhao, H.-J. Xu, and H. Song	Collective flow in 2.76 A TeV and 5.02 A TeV Pb+Pb collisions	EPJC 77 (2017) 645	1703.10792
257	S. McDonald et al.	Hydrodynamic predictions for Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV	PRC 95 (2017) 064913	1609.02958
258	CMS Collaboration	Mixed higher-order anisotropic flow and nonlinear response coefficients of charged particles in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 and 5.02 TeV	EPJC 80 (2020) 534	CMS-HIN-17-005 1910.08789
259	M. A. Lisa, S. Pratt, R. Soltz, and U. Wiedemann	Femtoscopy in relativistic heavy ion collisions	Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 55 (2005) 357	nucl-ex/0505014
260	R. Hanbury-Brown and R. Q. Twiss	A new type of interferometer for use in radio astronomy	Phil. Magazine 45 (1954) 663
261	R. Hanbury-Brown and R. Q. Twiss	Correlation between photons in two coherent beams of light	Nature 177 (1956) 27
262	R. Hanbury-Brown and R. Q. Twiss	A test of a new type of stellar interferometer on Sirius	Nature 178 (1956) 1046
263	G. Goldhaber et al.	Influence of Bose-Einstein statistics on the anti-proton proton annihilation process	PR 120 (1960) 300
264	J. D. Bjorken	Highly relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions: The central rapidity region	PRD 27 (1983) 140
265	CMS Collaboration	First measurement of Bose-Einstein correlations in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 0.9 and 2.36 TeV at the LHC	PRL 105 (2010) 032001	CMS-QCD-10-003 1005.3294
266	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of Bose-Einstein correlations in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 0.9 and 7 TeV	JHEP 05 (2011) 029	CMS-QCD-10-023 1101.3518
267	CMS Collaboration	Bose-Einstein correlations in pp, pPb, and PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 0.9-7 TeV	PRC 97 (2018) 064912	CMS-FSQ-14-002 1712.07198
268	CMS Collaboration	Bose-Einstein correlations of charged hadrons in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 13 TeV	JHEP 03 (2020) 014	CMS-FSQ-15-009 1910.08815
269	CMS Collaboration	Two-particle Bose-Einstein correlations and their Lévy parameters in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PRC 109 (2024) 024914	CMS-HIN-21-011 2306.11574
270	T. Csorgo et al.	Bose-Einstein correlations for Levy stable source distributions	EPJC 36 (2004) 67	nucl-th/0310042
271	CMS Collaboration	Observation of correlated azimuthal anisotropy Fourier harmonics in pp and pPb collisions at the LHC	PRL 120 (2018) 092301	CMS-HIN-16-022 1709.09189
272	A. Bzdak, B. Schenke, P. Tribedy, and R. Venugopalan	Initial state geometry and the role of hydrodynamics in proton-proton, proton-nucleus and deuteron-nucleus collisions	PRC 87 (2013) 064906
273	L. McLerran, M. Praszalowicz, and B. Schenke	Transverse momentum of protons, pions and kaons in high multiplicity pp and pA collisions: Evidence for the color glass condensate?	Nucl. Phys. A 916 (2013) 210
274	T. Csorgo and J. Zimanyi	Pion interferometry for strongly correlated space-time and momentum space	Nucl. Phys. A 517 (1990) 588
275	L3 Collaboration	Test of the $ \tau $-model of Bose-Einstein correlations and reconstruction of the source function in hadronic Z-boson decay at LEP	EPJC 71 (2011) 1648	1105.4788
276	M. Chojnacki, W. Florkowski, and T. Csörgö	Formation of hubble-like flow in little bangs	PRC 71 (2005) 044902	nucl-th/0410036
277	PHENIX Collaboration	Bose-Einstein correlations of charged pion pairs in Au+Au collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 200 GeV	PRL 93 (2004) 152302	nucl-ex/0401003
278	STAR Collaboration	Pion interferometry in Au+Au collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 200 GeV	PRC 71 (2005) 044906	nucl-ex/0411036
279	STAR Collaboration	Pion interferometry in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 62.4 and 200 GeV	PRC 80 (2009) 024905	0903.1296
280	PHENIX Collaboration	Systematic study of charged-pion and kaon femtoscopy in Au+Au collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 200 GeV	PRC 92 (2015) 034914	1504.05168
281	M. Csanàd, S. Lökös, and M. Nagy	Expanded empirical formula for Coulomb final state interaction in the presence of Lévy sources	Phys. Part. Nucl. 51 (2020) 238	1910.02231
282	PHENIX Collaboration	Lévy-stable two-pion Bose-Einstein correlations in $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 200 GeV Au+Au collisions	PRC 97 (2018) 064911	1709.05649
283	R. L. Jaffe	Perhaps a stable dihyperon	PRL 38 (1977) 195
284	D. B. Kaplan and A. E. Nelson	Kaon condensation in dense matter	Nucl. Phys. A 479 (1988) 273c
285	J. Schaffner-Bielich, M. Hanauske, H. Stoecker, and W. Greiner	Phase transition to hyperon matter in neutron stars	PRL 89 (2002) 171101	astro-ph/0005490
286	K. Morita, T. Furumoto, and A. Ohnishi	$ \Lambda\Lambda $ interaction from relativistic heavy-ion collisions	PRC 91 (2015) 024916	1408.6682
287	CMS Collaboration	$ \mathrm{K^0_S} $ and $ \Lambda(\overline{\Lambda}) $ two-particle femtoscopic correlations in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	Submitted to PLB, 2023	CMS-HIN-21-006 2301.05290
288	D. Kharzeev	Parity violation in hot QCD: Why it can happen, and how to look for it	PLB 633 (2006) 260	hep-ph/0406125
289	D. E. Kharzeev, L. D. McLerran, and H. J. Warringa	The effects of topological charge change in heavy ion collisions: 'event by event P and CP violation'	Nucl. Phys. A 803 (2008) 227	0711.0950
290	W. Li and G. Wang	Chiral magnetic effects in nuclear collisions	Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 70 (2020) 293	2002.10397
291	S. A. Voloshin	Parity violation in hot QCD: How to detect it	PRC 70 (2004) 057901	hep-ph/0406311
292	STAR Collaboration	Observation of charge-dependent azimuthal correlations and possible local strong parity violation in heavy ion collisions	PRC 81 (2010) 054908	0909.1717
293	CMS Collaboration	Observation of long-range near-side angular correlations in proton-proton collisions at the LHC	JHEP 09 (2010) 091	CMS-QCD-10-002 1009.4122
294	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of long-range near-side two-particle angular correlations in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 13 TeV	PRL 116 (2016) 172302	CMS-FSQ-15-002 1510.03068
295	CMS Collaboration	Evidence for collectivity in pp collisions at the LHC	PLB 765 (2017) 193	CMS-HIN-16-010 1606.06198
296	CMS Collaboration	Observation of long-range near-side angular correlations in proton-lead collisions at the LHC	PLB 718 (2013) 795	CMS-HIN-12-015 1210.5482
297	CMS Collaboration	Long-range two-particle correlations of strange hadrons with charged particles in pPb and PbPb collisions at LHC energies	PLB 742 (2015) 200	CMS-HIN-14-002 1409.3392
298	CMS Collaboration	Evidence for collective multiparticle correlations in p-Pb collisions	PRL 115 (2015) 012301	CMS-HIN-14-006 1502.05382
299	CMS Collaboration	Observation of charge-dependent azimuthal correlations in $ \mathrm{p} $-Pb collisions and its implication for the search for the chiral magnetic effect	PRL 118 (2017) 122301	CMS-HIN-16-009 1610.00263
300	ALICE Collaboration	Charge separation relative to the reaction plane in Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 2.76 TeV	PRL 110 (2013) 012301	1207.0900
301	CMS Collaboration	Constraints on the chiral magnetic effect using charge-dependent azimuthal correlations in pPb and PbPb collisions at the CERN large hadron collider	PRC 97 (2018) 044912	CMS-HIN-17-001 1708.01602
302	B. Alver and G. Roland	Collision geometry fluctuations and triangular flow in heavy-ion collisions	PRC 81 (2010) 054905	1003.0194
303	ATLAS Collaboration	Measurement of event-plane correlations in $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 2.76 TeV lead-lead collisions with the ATLAS detector	PRC 90 (2014) 024905	1403.0489
304	J. Schukraft, A. Timmins, and S. A. Voloshin	Ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions: event shape engineering	PLB 719 (2013) 394	1208.4563
305	Y. Burnier, D. E. Kharzeev, J. Liao, and H.-U. Yee	Chiral magnetic wave at finite baryon density and the electric quadrupole moment of quark-gluon plasma in heavy ion collisions	PRL 107 (2011) 052303	1103.1307
306	D. E. Kharzeev and H.-U. Yee	Chiral magnetic wave	PRD 83 (2011) 085007	1012.6026
307	D. E. Kharzeev, J. Liao, S. A. Voloshin, and G. Wang	Chiral magnetic and vortical effects in high-energy nuclear collisions--A status report	Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 88 (2016) 1	1511.04050
308	CMS Collaboration	Probing the chiral magnetic wave in pPb and PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV using charge-dependent azimuthal anisotropies	PRC 100 (2019) 064908	CMS-HIN-16-017 1708.08901
309	A. Bzdak and P. Bozek	Contributions to the event-by-event charge asymmetry dependence for the elliptic flow of $ \pi^{+} $ and $ \pi^{-} $ in heavy-ion collisions	PLB 726 (2013) 239	1303.1138
310	U. Gürsoy et al.	Charge-dependent flow induced by magnetic and electric fields in heavy ion collisions	PRC 98 (2018) 055201	1806.05288
311	A. Dubla, U. Gürsoy, and R. Snellings	Charge-dependent flow as evidence of strong electromagnetic fields in heavy-ion collisions	Mod. Phys. Lett. A 35 (2020) 2050324	2009.09727
312	P. Braun-Munzinger	Quarkonium production in ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions: Suppression versus enhancement	JPG 34 (2007) S471	nucl-th/0701093
313	F.-M. Liu and S.-X. Liu	Quark-gluon plasma formation time and direct photons from heavy ion collisions	PRC 89 (2014) 034906	1212.6587
314	S. K. Das et al.	Directed flow of charm quarks as a witness of the initial strong magnetic field in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions	PLB 768 (2017) 260	1608.02231
315	PHENIX Collaboration	Suppression of hadrons with large transverse momentum in central Au+Au collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 130 GeV	PRL 88 (2002) 022301	nucl-ex/0109003
316	STAR Collaboration	Centrality dependence of high $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ hadron suppression in Au+Au collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 130 GeV	PRL 89 (2002) 202301	nucl-ex/0206011
317	ATLAS Collaboration	Observation of a centrality-dependent dijet asymmetry in lead-lead collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC	PRL 105 (2010) 252303	1011.6182
318	CMS Collaboration	Determination of jet energy calibration and transverse momentum resolution in CMS	JINST 6 (2011) P11002	CMS-JME-10-011 1107.4277
319	CMS Collaboration	Jet momentum dependence of jet quenching in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV	PLB 712 (2012) 176	CMS-HIN-11-013 1202.5022
320	CMS Collaboration	Comparing transverse momentum balance of b jet pairs in pp and PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.02 TeV	JHEP 03 (2018) 181	CMS-HIN-16-005 1802.00707
321	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of transverse momentum relative to dijet systems in PbPb and pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 2.76 TeV	JHEP 01 (2016) 006	CMS-HIN-14-010 1509.09029
322	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of inclusive jet cross sections in pp and PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 2.76 TeV	PRC 96 (2017) 015202	CMS-HIN-13-005 1609.05383
323	K. C. Zapp	JEWEL 2.0.0: directions for use	EPJC 74 (2014) 2762	1311.0048
324	R. Kunnawalkam Elayavalli and K. C. Zapp	Medium response in JEWEL and its impact on jet shape observables in heavy ion collisions	JHEP 07 (2017) 141	1707.01539
325	J. Casalderrey-Solana et al.	A hybrid strong/weak coupling approach to jet quenching	JHEP 10 (2014) 019	1405.3864
326	D. Pablos	Jet suppression from a small to intermediate to large radius	PRL 124 (2020) 052301	1907.12301
327	B. Schenke, C. Gale, and S. Jeon	MARTINI: An event generator for relativistic heavy-ion collisions	PRC 80 (2009) 054913	0909.2037
328	Y. He et al.	Interplaying mechanisms behind single inclusive jet suppression in heavy-ion collisions	PRC 99 (2019) 054911	1809.02525
329	Y. Tachibana, N.-B. Chang, and G.-Y. Qin	Full jet in quark-gluon plasma with hydrodynamic medium response	PRC 95 (2017) 044909	1701.07951
330	N.-B. Chang and G.-Y. Qin	Full jet evolution in quark-gluon plasma and nuclear modification of jet production and jet shape in Pb+Pb collisions at 2.76ATeV at the CERN Large Hadron Collider	PRC 94 (2016) 024902	1603.01920
331	N.-B. Chang, Y. Tachibana, and G.-Y. Qin	Nuclear modification of jet shape for inclusive jets and $ \gamma $-jets at the LHC energies	PLB 801 (2020) 135181	1906.09562
332	WA98 Collaboration	Transverse mass distributions of neutral pions from Pb-208 induced reactions at 158-A-GeV	EPJC 23 (2002) 225	nucl-ex/0108006
333	D. G. d'Enterria	Indications of suppressed high-$ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ hadron production in nucleus-nucleus collisions at CERN-SPS	PLB 596 (2004) 32	nucl-ex/0403055
334	PHENIX Collaboration	Neutral pion production with respect to centrality and reaction plane in Au$ + $Au collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 200 GeV	PRC 87 (2013) 034911	1208.2254
335	STAR Collaboration	Transverse momentum and collision energy dependence of high $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ hadron suppression in Au+Au collisions at ultrarelativistic energies	PRL 91 (2003) 172302	nucl-ex/0305015
336	NA49 Collaboration	High transverse momentum hadron spectra at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 17.3 GeV, in Pb+Pb and p+p collisions, measured by CERN-NA49	PRC 77 (2008) 034906	0711.0547
337	ALICE Collaboration	Centrality dependence of charged particle production at large transverse momentum in Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV	PLB 720 (2013) 52	1208.2711
338	ATLAS Collaboration	Measurement of charged-particle spectra in Pb+Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC	JHEP 09 (2015) 050	1504.04337
339	CMS Collaboration	Study of high-$ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ charged particle suppression in PbPb compared to pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 2.76 TeV	EPJC 72 (2012) 1945	CMS-HIN-10-005 1202.2554
340	CMS Collaboration	Charged-particle nuclear modification factors in PbPb and pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	JHEP 04 (2017) 039	CMS-HIN-15-015 1611.01664
341	Y.-T. Chien et al.	Jet quenching from QCD evolution	PRD 93 (2016) 074030	1509.02936
342	E. Bianchi et al.	The $ x $ and $ Q^2 $ dependence of $ \hat{q} $, quasi-particles and the JET puzzle		1702.00481
343	J. Xu, J. Liao, and M. Gyulassy	Bridging soft-hard transport properties of quark-gluon plasmas with CUJET3.0	JHEP 02 (2016) 169	1508.00552
344	J. Noronha-Hostler, B. Betz, J. Noronha, and M. Gyulassy	Event-by-event hydrodynamics+jet energy loss: A solution to the $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} \otimes v_2 $ puzzle	PRL 116 (2016) 252301	1602.03788
345	M. Gyulassy and X.-n. Wang	Multiple collisions and induced gluon Bremsstrahlung in QCD	NPB 420 (1994) 583	nucl-th/9306003
346	E. Braaten and M. H. Thoma	Energy loss of a heavy quark in the quark-gluon plasma	PRD 44 (1991) R2625
347	C. Loizides, J. Nagle, and P. Steinberg	Improved version of the PHOBOS Glauber Monte Carlo	SoftwareX 1-2 (2015) 13	1408.2549
348	F. Arleo and G. Falmagne	Quenching of hadron spectra in XeXe and PbPb collisions at the LHC	PoS HardProbes2018 (2019) 075	1902.05032
349	CMS Collaboration	Azimuthal anisotropy of charged particles with transverse momentum up to 100 GeV/$c$ in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PLB 776 (2018) 195	CMS-HIN-15-014 1702.00630
350	CMS Collaboration	Azimuthal anisotropy of charged particles at high transverse momenta in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 2.76 TeV	PRL 109 (2012) 022301	CMS-HIN-11-012 1204.1850
351	CMS Collaboration	Azimuthal anisotropy of dijet events in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	JHEP 07 (2023) 139	CMS-HIN-21-002 2210.08325
352	CMS Collaboration	Study of jet quenching with isolated-photon+jet correlations in PbPb and pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PLB 785 (2018) 14	CMS-HIN-16-002 1711.09738
353	CMS Collaboration	Study of jet quenching with $ \mathrm{Z}+ $jet correlations in Pb-Pb and pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.02 TeV	PRL 119 (2017) 082301	CMS-HIN-15-013 1702.01060
354	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of quark- and gluon-like jet fractions using jet charge in PbPb and pp collisions at 5.02 TeV	JHEP 07 (2020) 115	CMS-HIN-18-018 2004.00602
355	R. D. Field and R. P. Feynman	A parametrization of the properties of quark jets	NPB 136 (1978) 1
356	Fermilab-Serpukhov-Moscow-Michigan Collaboration	Net charge in deep inelastic antineutrino - nucleon scattering	PLB 91 (1980) 311
357	J. P. Berge et al.	Quark jets from antineutrino interactions 1: Net charge and factorization in the quark jets	NPB 184 (1981) 13
358	Aachen-Bonn-CERN-Munich-Oxford Collaboration	Multiplicity distributions in neutrino - hydrogen interactions	NPB 181 (1981) 385
359	Aachen-Bonn-CERN-Munich-Oxford Collaboration	Charge properties of the hadronic system in $ \nu\mathrm{p} $ and $ \overline{\nu}\mathrm{p} $ interactions	PLB 112 (1982) 88
360	European Muon Collaboration	Quark charge retention in final state hadrons from deep inelastic muon scattering	PLB 144 (1984) 302
361	Amsterdam-Bologna-Padua-Pisa-Saclay-Turin Collaboration	Charged hadron multiplicities in high-energy anti-muon neutrino $ \mathrm{n} $ and anti-muon neutrino $ \mathrm{p} $ interactions	Z. Phys. C 11 (1982) 283
362	R. Erickson et al.	Charge retention in deep inelastic electroproduction	PRL 42 (1979) 822
363	H. T. Li and I. Vitev	Jet charge modification in dense QCD matter	PRD 101 (2020) 076020	1908.06979
364	CMS Collaboration	Evidence of b-jet quenching in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 2.76 TeV	PRL 113 (2014) 132301	CMS-HIN-12-003 1312.4198
365	L. Apolinàrio, J. G. Milhano, G. P. Salam, and C. A. Salgado	Probing the time structure of the quark-gluon plasma with top quarks	PRL 120 (2018) 232301	1711.03105
366	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of jet fragmentation in PbPb and pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV	PRC 90 (2014) 024908	CMS-HIN-12-013 1406.0932
367	X.-N. Wang, Z. Huang, and I. Sarcevic	Jet quenching in the opposite direction of a tagged photon in high-energy heavy ion collisions	PRL 77 (1996) 231	hep-ph/9605213
368	X.-N. Wang and Z. Huang	Study medium induced parton energy loss in gamma+jet events of high-energy heavy ion collisions	PRC 55 (1997) 3047	hep-ph/9701227
369	X.-N. Wang and Y. Zhu	Medium modification of $ \gamma $-jets in high-energy heavy-ion collisions	PRL 111 (2013) 062301	1302.5874
370	J. Casalderrey-Solana et al.	Predictions for boson-jet observables and fragmentation function ratios from a hybrid strong/weak coupling model for jet quenching	JHEP 03 (2016) 053	1508.00815
371	CMS Collaboration	Observation of medium-induced modifications of jet fragmentation in Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV using isolated photon-tagged jets	PRL 121 (2018) 242301	CMS-HIN-16-014 1801.04895
372	ZEUS Collaboration	Measurement of jet shapes in high $ Q^{2} $ deep inelastic scattering at HERA	EPJC 8 (1999) 367	hep-ex/9804001
373	H1 Collaboration	Jets and energy flow in photon - proton collisions at HERA	Z. Phys. C 70 (1996) 17	hep-ex/9511012
374	D0 Collaboration	Transverse energy distributions within jets in $ \mathrm{p}\overline{\mathrm{p}} $ collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 1.8 TeV	PLB 357 (1995) 500
375	CDF Collaboration	A measurement of jet shapes in $ \mathrm{p}\overline{\mathrm{p}} $ collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 1.8 TeV	PRL 70 (1993) 713
376	ATLAS Collaboration	Study of jet shapes in inclusive jet production in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}}= $ 7 TeV using the ATLAS detector	PRD 83 (2011) 052003	1101.0070
377	CMS Collaboration	Modification of jet shapes in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV	PLB 730 (2014) 243	CMS-HIN-12-002 1310.0878
378	CMS Collaboration	Correlations between jets and charged particles in PbPb and pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 2.76 TeV	JHEP 02 (2016) 156	CMS-HIN-14-016 1601.00079
379	CMS Collaboration	Decomposing transverse momentum balance contributions for quenched jets in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV	JHEP 11 (2016) 055	CMS-HIN-15-011 1609.02466
380	CMS Collaboration	Jet properties in PbPb and pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	JHEP 05 (2018) 006	CMS-HIN-16-020 1803.00042
381	CMS Collaboration	In-medium modification of dijets in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	Submitted to JHEP, 2021 JHEP 05 (2021) 116	CMS-HIN-19-013 2101.04720
382	Y.-T. Chien and I. Vitev	Towards the understanding of jet shapes and cross sections in heavy ion collisions using soft-collinear effective theory	JHEP 05 (2016) 023	1509.07257
383	J. Brewer, K. Rajagopal, A. Sadofyev, and W. Van Der Schee	Evolution of the mean jet shape and dijet asymmetry distribution of an ensemble of holographic jets in strongly coupled plasma	JHEP 02 (2018) 015	1710.03237
384	J. Casalderrey-Solana et al.	Angular structure of jet quenching within a hybrid strong/weak coupling model	JHEP 03 (2017) 135	1609.05842
385	CMS Collaboration	Jet shapes of isolated photon-tagged jets in Pb-Pb and pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PRL 122 (2019) 152001	CMS-HIN-18-006 1809.08602
386	CMS Collaboration	Using Z boson events to study parton-medium interactions in Pb-Pb collisions	PRL 128 (2022) 122301	CMS-HIN-19-006 2103.04377
387	J. G. Milhano and K. C. Zapp	Origins of the di-jet asymmetry in heavy ion collisions	EPJC 76 (2016) 288	1512.08107
388	J. Brewer, A. Sadofyev, and W. van der Schee	Jet shape modifications in holographic dijet systems	PLB 820 (2021) 136492	1809.10695
389	A. J. Larkoski, S. Marzani, G. Soyez, and J. Thaler	Soft Drop	JHEP 05 (2014) 146	1402.2657
390	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of the splitting function in pp and Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PRL 120 (2018) 142302	CMS-HIN-16-006 1708.09429
391	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of the groomed jet mass in PbPb and pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	JHEP 10 (2018) 161	CMS-HIN-16-024 1805.05145
392	CMS Collaboration	Nuclear modification factor of $ \mathrm{D^0} $ mesons in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PLB 782 (2018) 474	CMS-HIN-16-001 1708.04962
393	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of the $ {\mathrm{B}^{\pm}} $ meson nuclear modification factor in Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.02 TeV	PRL 119 (2017) 152301	CMS-HIN-16-011 1705.04727
394	CMS Collaboration	Studies of beauty suppression via nonprompt $ \mathrm{D^0} $ mesons in Pb-Pb collisions at $ Q^2 = $ 4 GeV$^2 $	PRL 123 (2019) 022001	CMS-HIN-16-016 1810.11102
395	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of prompt and nonprompt charmonium suppression in PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV	EPJC 78 (2018) 509	CMS-HIN-16-025 1712.08959
396	Y. L. Dokshitzer, V. A. Khoze, and S. I. Troian	On specific QCD properties of heavy quark fragmentation ('dead cone')	JPG 17 (1991) 1602
397	CMS Collaboration	Measurements of the azimuthal anisotropy of prompt and nonprompt charmonia in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	JHEP 10 (2023) 115	CMS-HIN-21-008 2305.16928
398	S. A. Voloshin, A. M. Poskanzer, A. Tang, and G. Wang	Elliptic flow in the Gaussian model of eccentricity fluctuations	PLB 659 (2008) 537	0708.0800
399	A. Bilandzic, R. Snellings, and S. Voloshin	Flow analysis with cumulants: Direct calculations	PRC 83 (2011) 044913	1010.0233
400	B. Betz et al.	Cumulants and nonlinear response of high $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ harmonic flow at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PRC 95 (2017) 044901	1609.05171
401	B. Svetitsky	Diffusion of charmed quarks in the quark-gluon plasma	PRD 37 (1988) 2484
402	M. He, H. van Hees, and R. Rapp	Heavy-quark diffusion in the quark-gluon plasma	Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 130 (2023) 104020	2204.09299
403	Y. Xu et al.	Data-driven analysis for the temperature and momentum dependence of the heavy-quark diffusion coefficient in relativistic heavy-ion collisions	PRC 97 (2018) 014907	1710.00807
404	CMS Collaboration	Studies of charm quark diffusion inside jets using PbPb and pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PRL 125 (2020) 102001	CMS-HIN-18-007 1911.01461
405	B. Andersson, G. Gustafson, G. Ingelman and T. Sjöstrand	Parton fragmentation and string dynamics	Phys. Rept. 97 (1983) 31
406	V. Greco, C. M. Ko, and P. Levai	Parton coalescence and anti-proton/pion anomaly at RHIC	PRL 90 (2003) 202302	nucl-th/0301093
407	R. J. Fries, V. Greco, and P. Sorensen	Coalescence models for hadron formation from quark gluon plasma	Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 58 (2008) 177	0807.4939
408	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of $ \mathrm{B}_{s}^{0} $ meson production in pp and PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PLB 796 (2019) 168	CMS-HIN-17-008 1810.03022
409	CMS Collaboration	Study of charm hadronization with prompt $ \Lambda_{c}^{+} $ baryons in proton-proton and lead-lead collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	JHEP 01 (2024) 128	CMS-HIN-21-004 2307.11186
410	CMS Collaboration	Observation of $ \mathrm{B}_{s}^{0} $ mesons and measurement of the $ \mathrm{B}_{s}^{0} $/$ {\mathrm{B}^{+}} $ yield ratio in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PLB 829 (2022) 137062	CMS-HIN-19-011 2109.01908
411	CMS Collaboration	Observation of the $ \mathrm{B}_{c}^{+} $ meson in PbPb and pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV and measurement of its nuclear modification factor	PRL 128 (2022) 252301	CMS-HIN-20-004 2201.02659
412	CMS Collaboration	Production of $ \Lambda_{c}^{+} $ baryons in proton-proton and lead-lead collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PLB 803 (2020) 135328	CMS-HIN-18-009 1906.03322
413	CMS Collaboration	Evidence for X(3872) in Pb-Pb collisions and studies of its prompt production at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PRL 128 (2022) 032001	CMS-HIN-19-005 2102.13048
414	J. R. Christiansen and P. Z. Skands	String formation beyond leading colour	JHEP 08 (2015) 003	1505.01681
415	V. Minissale, S. Plumari, and V. Greco	Charm hadrons in pp collisions at LHC energy within a coalescence plus fragmentation approach	PLB 821 (2021) 136622	2012.12001
416	M. He and R. Rapp	Charm-baryon production in proton-proton collisions	PLB 795 (2019) 117	1902.08889
417	M. He and R. Rapp	Hadronization and charm-hadron ratios in heavy-ion collisions	PRL 124 (2020) 042301	1905.09216
418	M. Benzke et al.	Prompt neutrinos from atmospheric charm in the general-mass variable-flavor-number scheme	JHEP 12 (2017) 021	1705.10386
419	B. Kniehl, G. Kramer, I. Schienbein, and H. Spiesberger	$ \Lambda_{c}^{+} $ production in pp collisions with a new fragmentation function	PRD 101 (2020) 114021	2004.04213
420	LHCb Collaboration	Measurement of $ f_s / f_u $ variation with proton-proton collision energy and B-meson kinematics	PRL 124 (2020) 122002	1910.09934
421	M. He, R. J. Fries, and R. Rapp	Heavy flavor at the large hadron collider in a strong coupling approach	PLB 735 (2014) 445	1401.3817
422	S. Cao et al.	Charmed hadron chemistry in relativistic heavy-ion collisions	PLB 807 (2020) 133561	1911.00456
423	J. Song, H.-h. Li, and F.-l. Shao	New feature of low $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ charm quark hadronization in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}}= $ 2.76 TeV	EPJC 78 (2018) 344	1801.09402
424	ExHIC Collaboration	Studying exotic hadrons in heavy ion collisions	PRC 84 (2011) 064910	1107.1302
425	H. Zhang et al.	Deciphering the nature of X(3872) in heavy ion collisions	PRL 126 (2021) 012301	2004.00024
426	B. Wu, X. Du, M. Sibila, and R. Rapp	$ X(3872) $ transport in heavy-ion collisions	Eur. Phys. J. A 57 (2021) 122	2006.09945
427	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of the X(3872) production cross section via decays to $ \mathrm{J}/\psi \pi^{+} \pi^{-} $ in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 7 TeV	JHEP 04 (2013) 154	CMS-BPH-11-011 1302.3968
428	ATLAS Collaboration	Measurements of $ \psi(2\mathrm{S}) $ and $ X(3872) \to \mathrm{J}/\psi\pi^{+}\pi^{-} $ production in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector	JHEP 01 (2017) 117	1610.09303
429	LHCb Collaboration	Determination of the X(3872) meson quantum numbers	PRL 110 (2013) 222001	1302.6269
430	T. Matsui and H. Satz	$ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ suppression by quark-gluon plasma formation	PLB 178 (1986) 416
431	S. Digal, P. Petreczky, and H. Satz	Quarkonium feed down and sequential suppression	PRD 64 (2001) 094015	hep-ph/0106017
432	F. Karsch, D. Kharzeev, and H. Satz	Sequential charmonium dissociation	PLB 637 (2006) 75	hep-ph/0512239
433	NA38 Collaboration	$ \mathrm{J}/\psi $, $ \psi(2\mathrm{S}) $ and Drell-Yan production in S-U interactions at 200 GeV per nucleon	PLB 449 (1999) 128
434	NA50 Collaboration	Evidence for deconfinement of quarks and gluons from the $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ suppression pattern measured in Pb+Pb collisions at the CERN SPS	PLB 477 (2000) 28
435	NA60 Collaboration	$ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ production in indium-indium collisions at 158 GeV/nucleon	PRL 99 (2007) 132302
436	NA50 Collaboration	$ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ and $ \psi(2\mathrm{S}) $ production and their normal nuclear absorption in proton-nucleus collisions at 400 GeV	EPJC 48 (2006) 329	nucl-ex/0612012
437	NA50 Collaboration	Charmonium production and nuclear absorption in p-A interactions at 450 GeV	EPJC 33 (2004) 31
438	E866/NuSea Collaboration	Measurement of $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ and $ \psi(2\mathrm{S}) $ suppression in p-A collisions at 800 GeV	PRL 84 (2000) 3256	nucl-ex/9909007
439	PHENIX Collaboration	Measurement of the relative yields of $ \psi(2\mathrm{S}) $ to $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ mesons produced at forward and backward rapidity in $ \mathrm{p}{+}\mathrm{p} $, $ \mathrm{p}+ $Al, $ \mathrm{p}+ $Au, and $ ^{3} $He$ + $Au collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 200 GeV	PRC 95 (2017) 034904	1609.06550
440	C. Lourenço , R. Vogt, and H. Wöhri	Energy dependence of $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ absorption in proton-nucleus collisions	JHEP 02 (2009) 014	0901.3054
441	PHENIX Collaboration	Measurement of $ \psi(2\mathrm{S}) $ nuclear modification at backward and forward rapidity in $ \mathrm{p}{+}\mathrm{p} $, $ \mathrm{p}+ $Al, and $ \mathrm{p}+ $Au collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 200 GeV	PRC 105 (2022) 064912	2202.03863
442	LHCb Collaboration	Charmonium production in $ \mathrm{p}\textrm{Ne} $ collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 68.5 GeV	EPJC 83 (2023) 625	2211.11645
443	LHCb Collaboration	Study of $ \chi _{{\mathrm {b}}} $ meson production in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}}= $ 7 and 8 TeV and observation of the decay $ \chi _{{\mathrm {b}}}\mathrm {(3P)} \to \Upsilon \mathrm {(3S)} {\gamma } $	EPJC 74 (2014) 3092	1407.7734
444	P. Faccioli, C. Lourenço , M. Araújo, and J. Seixas	Universal kinematic scaling as a probe of factorized long-distance effects in high-energy quarkonium production	EPJC 78 (2018) 118	1802.01102
445	J. Boyd, S. Thapa, and M. Strickland	Transverse momentum dependent feed-down fractions for bottomonium production	PRD 108 (2023) 094024	2307.03841
446	R. L. Workman et al.	Review of particle physics	PTEP 2022 (2022) 083C01
447	P. Faccioli, C. Lourenço , J. Seixas, and H. Wöhri	Study of $ \psi(2\mathrm{S}) $ and $ \chi_{c} $ decays as feed-down sources of $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ hadro-production	JHEP 10 (2008) 004	0809.2153
448	J.-P. Lansberg	New observables in inclusive production of quarkonia	Phys. Rept. 889 (2020) 1	1903.09185
449	R. L. Thews, M. Schroedter, and J. Rafelski	Enhanced $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ production in deconfined quark matter	PRC 63 (2001) 054905	hep-ph/0007323
450	P. Braun-Munzinger and J. Stachel	(Non)thermal aspects of charmonium production and a new look at $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ suppression	PLB 490 (2000) 196	nucl-th/0007059
451	P. Faccioli and C. Lourenço	The fate of quarkonia in heavy-ion collisions at LHC energies: a unified description of the sequential suppression patterns	EPJC 78 (2018) 731	1809.10488
452	CMS Collaboration	Observation of the $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(3S)}} $ meson and suppression of $ \Upsilon $ states in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	Submitted to PRL, 2023	CMS-HIN-21-007 2303.17026
453	CMS Collaboration	Relative modification of prompt $ \psi(2\mathrm{S}) $ and $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ yields from pp to PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PRL 118 (2017) 162301	CMS-HIN-16-004 1611.01438
454	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of nuclear modification factors of $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PLB 790 (2019) 270	CMS-HIN-16-023 1805.09215
455	CMS Collaboration	Fragmentation of jets containing a prompt $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ meson in PbPb and pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PLB 825 (2022) 136842	CMS-HIN-19-007 2106.13235
456	J. Brewer, J. G. Milhano, and J. Thaler	Sorting out quenched jets	PRL 122 (2019) 222301	1812.05111
457	Y.-L. Du, D. Pablos, and K. Tywoniuk	Deep learning jet modifications in heavy-ion collisions	JHEP 21 (2020) 206	2012.07797
458	J. Brewer, Q. Brodsky, and K. Rajagopal	Disentangling jet modification in jet simulations and in Z+jet data	JHEP 02 (2022) 175	2110.13159
459	D. d'Enterria et al.	Estimates of hadron azimuthal anisotropy from multiparton interactions in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 14 TeV	EPJC 66 (2010) 173	0910.3029
460	L. Cunqueiro, J. Dias de Deus, and C. Pajares	Nuclear like effects in proton-proton collisions at high energy	EPJC 65 (2010) 423	0806.0523
461	K. Werner, F.-M. Liu, and T. Pierog	Parton ladder splitting and the rapidity dependence of transverse momentum spectra in deuteron-gold collisions at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider	PRC 74 (2006) 044902	hep-ph/0506232
462	M. Gyulassy and X.-N. Wang	HIJING 1.0: A Monte Carlo program for parton and particle production in high energy hadronic and nuclear collisions	Comput. Phys. Commun. 83 (1994) 307	nucl-th/9502021
463	R. Xu, W.-T. Deng, and X.-N. Wang	Nuclear modification of high-$ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ hadron spectra in high-energy $ \mathrm{p}{+}\mathrm{A} $ collisions	PRC 86 (2012) 051901	1204.1998
464	S. Roesler, R. Engel, and J. Ranft	The Monte Carlo event generator DPMJET-III	in Proc. Advanced Monte Carlo for radiation physics, particle transport simulation and applications MC2000, Lisbon, Portugal (2000) link	hep-ph/0012252
465	A. Dumitru, D. E. Kharzeev, E. M. Levin, and Y. Nara	Gluon saturation in $ \mathrm{p}\mathrm{A} $ collisions at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider: Predictions for hadron multiplicities	PRC 85 (2012) 044920	1111.3031
466	ALICE Collaboration	Pseudorapidity density of charged particles in pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.02 TeV	PRL 110 (2013) 032301	1210.3615
467	E178 Collaboration	Experimental study of multiparticle production in hadron-nucleus interactions at high energy	PRD 22 (1980) 13
468	NA35 Collaboration	Charged particle production in proton, deuteron, oxygen and sulphur nucleus collisions at 200 GeV per nucleon	EPJC 2 (1998) 643	hep-ex/9711001
469	PHOBOS Collaboration	Pseudorapidity distribution of charged particles in $ \textrm{d} $+Au collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 200 GeV	PRL 93 (2004) 082301	nucl-ex/0311009
470	PHENIX Collaboration	Transverse energy production and charged-particle multiplicity at midrapidity in various systems from $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 7.7 to 200 GeV	PRC 93 (2016) 024901	1509.06727
471	PHENIX Collaboration	Measurements of azimuthal anisotropy and charged-particle multiplicity in $ \mathrm{d}+ $Au collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 200, 62.4, 39, and 19.6 GeV	PRC 96 (2017) 064905	1708.06983
472	NA50 Collaboration	Scaling of charged particle multiplicity in Pb-Pb collisions at SPS energies	PLB 530 (2002) 43
473	STAR Collaboration	Multiplicity distribution and spectra of negatively charged hadrons in Au+Au collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 130 GeV	PRL 87 (2001) 112303	nucl-ex/0106004
474	BRAHMS Collaboration	Charged particle densities from Au+Au collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 130 GeV	PLB 523 (2001) 227	nucl-ex/0108016
475	BRAHMS Collaboration	Pseudorapidity distributions of charged particles from Au+Au collisions at the maximum RHIC energy, $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 200 GeV	PRL 88 (2002) 202301	nucl-ex/0112001
476	PHENIX Collaboration	Centrality dependence of charged particle multiplicity in Au-Au collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 130 GeV	PRL 86 (2001) 3500	nucl-ex/0012008
477	PHOBOS Collaboration	Charged-particle multiplicity near midrapidity in central Au+Au collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 56 and 130 GeV	PRL 85 (2000) 3100	hep-ex/0007036
478	PHOBOS Collaboration	Charged-particle pseudorapidity density distributions from Au+Au collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 130 GeV	PRL 87 (2001) 102303	nucl-ex/0106006
479	PHOBOS Collaboration	Significance of the fragmentation region in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions	PRL 91 (2003) 052303	nucl-ex/0210015
480	ALICE Collaboration	Charged-particle multiplicity density at midrapidity in central Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV	PRL 105 (2010) 252301	1011.3916
481	ATLAS Collaboration	Measurement of the centrality dependence of the charged particle pseudorapidity distribution in lead-lead collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector	PLB 710 (2012) 363	1108.6027
482	STAR Collaboration	Identified particle production, azimuthal anisotropy, and interferometry measurements in Au+Au collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 9.2 GeV	PRC 81 (2010) 024911	0909.4131
483	STAR Collaboration	Systematic measurements of identified particle spectra in pp, d+Au, and Au+Au collisions at the STAR detector	PRC 79 (2009) 034909	0808.2041
484	UA5 Collaboration	Particle multiplicities in pp interactions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 540 GeV	PLB 121 (1983) 209
485	CDF Collaboration	Pseudorapidity distributions of charged particles produced in $ \overline{\mathrm{p}}\mathrm{p} $ interactions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 630 and 1800 GeV	PRD 41 (1990) 2330
486	Aachen-CERN-Heidelberg-Munich Collaboration	Charged particle multiplicity distributions in pp collisions at ISR energies	NPB 129 (1977) 365
487	CMS Collaboration	Pseudorapidity distribution of charged hadrons in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 13 TeV	PLB 751 (2015) 143	CMS-FSQ-15-001 1507.05915
488	CMS Collaboration	Study of the inclusive production of charged pions, kaons, and protons in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}}= $ 0.9, 2.76, and 7 TeV	EPJC 72 (2012) 2164	CMS-FSQ-12-014 1207.4724
489	ALICE Collaboration	Centrality dependence of $ \pi $, K, p production in Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV	PRC 88 (2013) 044910	1303.0737
490	CMS Collaboration	Centrality and pseudorapidity dependence of the transverse energy density in pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PRC 100 (2019) 024902	CMS-HIN-14-014 1810.05745
491	CMS Collaboration	Multiplicity and rapidity dependence of strange hadron production in pp, pPb, and PbPb collisions at the LHC	PLB 768 (2017) 103	CMS-HIN-15-006 1605.06699
492	S. A. Voloshin, A. M. Poskanzer, and R. Snellings	Collective phenomena in non-central nuclear collisions	Landolt-, 2010 Bornstein 23 (2010) 293	0809.2949
493	STAR Collaboration	Centrality dependence of charged hadron and strange hadron elliptic flow from $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 200 GeV $ \mathrm{Au}{+}\mathrm{Au} $ collisions	PRC 77 (2008) 054901	0801.3466
494	L. Yan and J.-Y. Ollitrault	Universal fluctuation-driven eccentricities in proton-proton, proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions	PRL 112 (2014) 082301	1312.6555
495	CMS Collaboration	Multiparticle correlation studies in pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 8.16 TeV	PRC 101 (2020) 014912	CMS-HIN-17-004 1904.11519
496	CMS Collaboration	Correlations of azimuthal anisotropy Fourier harmonics with subevent cumulants in pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 8.16 TeV	PRC 103 (2021) 014902	CMS-HIN-18-015 1905.09935
497	J. Jia, M. Zhou, and A. Trzupek	Revealing long-range multiparticle collectivity in small collision systems via subevent cumulants	PRC 96 (2017) 034906	1701.03830
498	ATLAS Collaboration	Measurement of the correlation between flow harmonics of different order in lead-lead collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector	PRC 92 (2015) 034903	1504.01289
499	ALICE Collaboration	Correlated event-by-event fluctuations of flow harmonics in Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 2.76 TeV	PRL 117 (2016) 182301	1604.07663
500	Z. Xu and C. Greiner	Shear viscosity in a gluon gas	PRL 100 (2008) 172301	0710.5719
501	A. Bzdak and G.-L. Ma	Elliptic and triangular flow in $ \mathrm{p} $+Pb and peripheral Pb+Pb collisions from parton scatterings	PRL 113 (2014) 252301	1406.2804
502	A. Dumitru et al.	The ridge in proton-proton collisions at the LHC	PLB 697 (2011) 21	1009.5295
503	K. Dusling and R. Venugopalan	Azimuthal collimation of long range rapidity correlations by strong color fields in high multiplicity hadron-hadron collisions	PRL 108 (2012) 262001	1201.2658
504	G. Giacalone, B. Schenke, and C. Shen	Observable signatures of initial state momentum anisotropies in nuclear collisions	PRL 125 (2020) 192301	2006.15721
505	A. Baty, P. Gardner, and W. Li	Novel observables for exploring QCD collective evolution and quantum entanglement within individual jets	PRC 107 (2023) 064908	2104.11735
506	STAR Collaboration	Measurement of $ \mathrm{D^0} $ azimuthal anisotropy at midrapidity in $ \mathrm{Au}{+}\mathrm{Au} $ collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 200 GeV	PRL 118 (2017) 212301	1701.06060
507	ALICE Collaboration	Azimuthal anisotropy of $ \mathrm{D} $ meson production in Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV	PRC 90 (2014) 034904	1405.2001
508	ALICE Collaboration	$ \mathrm{D} $-meson azimuthal anisotropy in midcentral Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.02 TeV	PRL 120 (2018) 102301	1707.01005
509	CMS Collaboration	Elliptic flow of charm and strange hadrons in high-multiplicity pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 8.16 TeV	PRL 121 (2018) 082301	CMS-HIN-17-003 1804.09767
510	CMS Collaboration	Observation of prompt $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ meson elliptic flow in high-multiplicity pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 8.16 TeV	PLB 791 (2019) 172	CMS-HIN-18-010 1810.01473
511	CMS Collaboration	Studies of charm and beauty hadron long-range correlations in pp and pPb collisions at LHC energies	PLB 813 (2021) 136036	CMS-HIN-19-009 2009.07065
512	X. Du and R. Rapp	In-medium charmonium production in proton-nucleus collisions	JHEP 03 (2019) 015	1808.10014
513	D. Molnar and S. A. Voloshin	Elliptic flow at large transverse momenta from quark coalescence	PRL 91 (2003) 092301	nucl-th/0302014
514	R. J. Fries, B. Muller, C. Nonaka, and S. A. Bass	Hadronization in heavy ion collisions: recombination and fragmentation of partons	PRL 90 (2003) 202303	nucl-th/0301087
515	STAR Collaboration	Particle type dependence of azimuthal anisotropy and nuclear modification of particle production in $ \mathrm{Au}{+}\mathrm{Au} $ collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 200 GeV	PRL 92 (2004) 052302	nucl-ex/0306007
516	STAR Collaboration	Mass, quark-number, and $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} $ dependence of the second and fourth flow harmonics in ultra-relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions	PRC 75 (2007) 054906	nucl-ex/0701010
517	PHENIX Collaboration	Scaling properties of azimuthal anisotropy in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 200 GeV	PRL 98 (2007) 162301	nucl-ex/0608033
518	C. Zhang et al.	Elliptic flow of heavy quarkonia in $ \mathrm{p}\mathrm{A} $ collisions	PRL 122 (2019) 172302	1901.10320
519	C. Zhang et al.	Collectivity of heavy mesons in proton-nucleus collisions	PRD 102 (2020) 034010	2002.09878
520	X. Dong, Y.-J. Lee, and R. Rapp	Open heavy-flavor production in heavy-ion collisions	Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 69 (2019) 417	1903.07709
521	A. Badea et al.	Measurements of two-particle correlations in $ \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $ collisions at 91 GeV with ALEPH archived data	PRL 123 (2019) 212002	1906.00489
522	Y.-C. Chen et al.	Long-range near-side correlation in $ \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $ collisions at 183-209 GeV with ALEPH archived data	Submitted to PRL, 2023	2312.05084
523	Belle Collaboration	Measurement of two-particle correlations of hadrons in $ \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $ collisions at Belle	PRL 128 (2022) 142005	2201.01694
524	Belle Collaboration	Two-particle angular correlations in $ \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $ collisions to hadronic final states in two reference coordinates at Belle	JHEP 03 (2023) 171	2206.09440
525	ZEUS Collaboration	Two-particle azimuthal correlations as a probe of collective behaviour in deep inelastic $ \mathrm{e}\mathrm{p} $ scattering at HERA	JHEP 04 (2020) 070	1912.07431
526	ZEUS Collaboration	Azimuthal correlations in photoproduction and deep inelastic $ \mathrm{e}\mathrm{p} $ scattering at HERA	JHEP 12 (2021) 102	2106.12377
527	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of prompt and nonprompt $ \mathrm{J}/{\psi } $ production in $ \mathrm {p}\mathrm {p} $ and $ \mathrm {p}\mathrm {Pb} $ collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	EPJC 77 (2017) 269	CMS-HIN-14-009 1702.01462
528	CMS Collaboration	Nuclear modification of $ \Upsilon $ states in pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PLB 835 (2022) 137397	CMS-HIN-18-005 2202.11807
529	CMS Collaboration	Investigation into the event-activity dependence of $ \Upsilon $(nS) relative production in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 7 TeV	JHEP 11 (2020) 001	CMS-BPH-14-009 2007.04277
530	A. Huss et al.	Predicting parton energy loss in small collision systems	PRC 103 (2021) 054903	2007.13758
531	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of inclusive jet production and nuclear modifications in pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	EPJC 76 (2016) 372	CMS-HIN-14-001 1601.02001
532	CMS Collaboration	Measurements of the charm jet cross section and nuclear modification factor in pPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PLB 772 (2017) 306	CMS-HIN-15-012 1612.08972
533	G. Baur et al.	Hot topics in ultraperipheral ion collisions	in Workshop on Electromagnetic Probes of Fundamental Physics, 2002 link	hep-ex/0201034
534	R. Engel, M. A. Braun, C. Pajares, and J. Ranft	Diffraction dissociation, an important background to photon-photon collisions via heavy ion beams at LHC	Z. Phys. C 74 (1997) 687	hep-ph/9605227
535	CMS Collaboration	Evidence for light-by-light scattering and searches for axion-like particles in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PLB 797 (2019) 134826	CMS-FSQ-16-012 1810.04602
536	CMS Collaboration	Observation of $ \tau $ lepton pair production in ultraperipheral lead-lead collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV	PRL 131 (2023) 151803	CMS-HIN-21-009 2206.05192
537	C. N. Azevedo, V. P. Goncalves, and B. D. Moreira	Double particle production in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider and Future Circular Collider	Eur. Phys. J. A 59 (2023) 193	2306.05519
538	D. d'Enterria and A. Snigirev	Double, triple, and $ n $-parton scatterings in high-energy proton and nuclear collisions	Adv. Ser. Direct. High Energy Phys. 29 (2018) 159	1708.07519
539	A. Esposito, C. A. Manzari, A. Pilloni, and A. D. Polosa	Hunting for tetraquarks in ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions	PRD 104 (2021) 114029	2109.10359
540	R. Fariello, D. Bhandari, C. A. Bertulani, and F. S. Navarra	Two- and three-photon fusion into charmonium in ultraperipheral nuclear collisions	PRC 108 (2023) 044901	2306.10642
541	ATLAS Collaboration	Observation of centrality-dependent acoplanarity for muon pairs produced via two-photon scattering in Pb+Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV with the ATLAS detector	PRL 121 (2018) 212301	1806.08708
542	C. G. Roldao and A. A. Natale	Photon-photon and pomeron-pomeron processes in peripheral heavy ion collisions	PRC 61 (2000) 064907	nucl-th/0003038
543	J. Thomas et al.	Parton distribution functions probed in ultraperipheral collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider		1603.01919
544	X. Cid Vidal et al.	Report from Working Group 3: Beyond the Standard Model physics at the HL-LHC and HE-LHC	CERN Yellow Rep. Monogr. 7 (2019) 585	1812.07831
545	R. Bruce et al.	New physics searches with heavy ion collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider	JPG 47 (2020) 060501	1812.07688
546	D. d'Enterria et al.	Opportunities for new physics searches with heavy ions at colliders	JPG 50 (2023) 050501	2203.05939
547	S. Fichet et al.	Probing new physics in diphoton production with proton tagging at the Large Hadron Collider	PRD 89 (2014) 114004	1312.5153
548	M. Begel et al.	Precision QCD, hadronic structure and forward QCD, heavy ions: Report of energy frontier topical groups 5, 6, 7 submitted to Snowmass 2021		2209.14872
549	H.-S. Shao and D. d'Enterria	Gamma-UPC: automated generation of exclusive photon-photon processes in ultraperipheral proton and nuclear collisions with varying form factors	JHEP 09 (2022) 248	2207.03012
550	R. Bruce et al.	First observations of beam losses due to bound-free pair production in a heavy ion collider	PRL 99 (2007) 144801	0706.2292
551	A. J. Baltz, Y. Gorbunov, S. R. Klein, and J. Nystrand	Two-photon interactions with nuclear breakup in relativistic heavy ion collisions	PRC 80 (2009) 044902	0907.1214
552	STAR Collaboration	Low-$ p_{\mathrm{T}}$ $ \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $ pair production in Au$ + $Au collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 200 GeV and U$ + $U collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 193 GeV at STAR	PRL 121 (2018) 132301	1806.02295
553	W. Zha, J. D. Brandenburg, Z. Tang, and Z. Xu	Initial transverse-momentum broadening of Breit-Wheeler process in relativistic heavy-ion collisions	PLB 800 (2020) 135089	1812.02820
554	C. Li, J. Zhou, and Y.-J. Zhou	Impact parameter dependence of the azimuthal asymmetry in lepton pair production in heavy ion collisions	PRD 101 (2020) 034015	1911.00237
555	R.-j. Wang, S. Pu, and Q. Wang	Lepton pair production in ultraperipheral collisions	PRD 104 (2021) 056011	2106.05462
556	G. Baur, K. Hencken, and D. Trautmann	Electron-positron pair production in relativistic heavy ion collisions	Phys. Rep. 453 (2007) 1	0706.0654
557	ATLAS Collaboration	Exclusive dimuon production in ultraperipheral Pb+Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV with ATLAS	PRC 104 (2021) 024906	2011.12211
558	J. D. Brandenburg et al.	Acoplanarity of QED pairs accompanied by nuclear dissociation in ultra-peripheral heavy ion collisions		2006.07365
559	D. d'Enterria and G. G. da Silveira	Observing light-by-light scattering at the Large Hadron Collider	PRL 111 (2013) 080405	1305.7142
560	CMS Collaboration	Exclusive photon-photon production of muon pairs in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 7 TeV	JHEP 01 (2012) 052	CMS-FWD-10-005 1111.5536
561	CMS Collaboration	Search for exclusive or semi-exclusive photon pair production and observation of exclusive and semi-exclusive electron pair production in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 7 TeV	JHEP 11 (2012) 080	CMS-FWD-11-004 1209.1666
562	L. A. Harland-Lang	Exciting ions: A systematic treatment of ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions with nuclear breakup	PRD 107 (2023) 093004	2303.04826
563	M. KŁusek-Gawenda, P. Lebiedowicz, and A. Szczurek	Light-by-light scattering in ultraperipheral Pb-Pb collisions at energies available at the CERN Large Hadron Collider	PRC 93 (2016) 044907	1601.07001
564	ATLAS Collaboration	Evidence for light-by-light scattering in heavy-ion collisions with the ATLAS detector at the LHC	Nature Phys. 13 (2017) 852	1702.01625
565	ATLAS Collaboration	Measurement of light-by-light scattering and search for axion-like particles with 2.2$\,\text{nb}^{-1}$ of Pb+Pb data with the ATLAS detector	JHEP 03 (2021) 243	2008.05355
566	G. K. Krintiras et al.	Light-by-light scattering cross-section measurements at the LHC	Acta Phys. Polon. Supp. 16 (2023) 123
567	F. del Aguila, F. Cornet, and J. I. Illana	The possibility of using a large heavy ion collider for measuring the electromagnetic properties of the $ \tau $ lepton	PLB 271 (1991) 256
568	L. Beresford and J. Liu	New physics and $ \tau g- $ 2 using LHC heavy ion collisions	PRD 102 (2020) 113008	1908.05180
569	M. Dyndal, M. Klusek-Gawenda, M. Schott, and A. Szczurek	Anomalous electromagnetic moments of $ \tau $ lepton in $ \gamma\gamma\to\tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ reaction in PbPb collisions at the LHC	PLB 809 (2020) 135682	2002.05503
570	N. Burmasov, E. Kryshen, P. Bühler, and R. Lavicka	Feasibility studies of $ \tau $ lepton anomalous magnetic moment measurements in ultraperipheral collisions at the LHC	Phys. Part. Nucl. 54 (2023) 590
571	ATLAS Collaboration	Observation of the $ \gamma\gamma\to\tau\tau $ process in Pb+Pb collisions and constraints on the $ \tau $-lepton anomalous magnetic moment with the ATLAS detector	PRL 131 (2023) 151802	2204.13478
572	DELPHI Collaboration	Study of $ \tau $ pair production in photon-photon collisions at LEP and limits on the anomalous electromagnetic moments of the $ \tau $ lepton	EPJC 35 (2004) 159	hep-ex/0406010
573	CMS Collaboration	Snowmass white paper contribution: Physics with the Phase-2 ATLAS and CMS detectors	CMS Physics Analysis Summary, 2022 CMS-PAS-FTR-22-001
574	S. Knapen, T. Lin, H. K. Lou, and T. Melia	Searching for axion-like particles with ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions	PRL 118 (2017) 171801	1607.06083
575	D. d'Enterria et al.	Collider constraints on massive gravitons coupling to photons	PLB 846 (2023) 138237	2306.15558
576	J. Ellis, N. E. Mavromatos, and T. You	Light-by-light scattering constraint on Born-Infeld theory	PRL 118 (2017) 261802	1703.08450
577	E. Chapon, C. Royon, and O. Kepka	Anomalous quartic $ \mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}\gamma\gamma $, $ \mathrm{Z}\mathrm{Z}\gamma\gamma $, and trilinear $ \mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}\gamma $ couplings in two-photon processes at high luminosity at the LHC	PRD 81 (2010) 074003	0912.5161
578	A. L. Read	Presentation of search results: The CL$ _{\text{s}} $ technique	JPG 28 (2002) 2693
579	T. Junk	Confidence level computation for combining searches with small statistics	NIM A 434 (1999) 435	hep-ex/9902006
580	J. Jaeckel and M. Spannowsky	Probing MeV to 90 GeV axion-like particles with LEP and LHC	PLB 753 (2016) 482	1509.00476
581	B. Döbrich et al.	ALPtraum: ALP production in proton beam dump experiments	JHEP 02 (2016) 018	1512.03069
582	OPAL Collaboration	Multiphoton production in $ \mathrm{e}^-\mathrm{e}^+ $ collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}}= $ 181 to 209 GeV	EPJC 26 (2003) 331	hep-ex/0210016
583	ATLAS Collaboration	Search for scalar diphoton resonances in the mass range 65-600 GeV with the ATLAS detector in pp collision data at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 8 TeV	PRL 113 (2014) 171801	1407.6583
584	ATLAS Collaboration	Search for new phenomena in events with at least three photons collected in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s}} = $ 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector	EPJC 76 (2016) 210	1509.05051
585	H. A. Andrews et al.	Novel tools and observables for jet physics in heavy ion collisions	JPG 47 (2020) 065102	1808.03689
586	C. Andres et al.	Resolving the scales of the quark-gluon plasma with energy correlators	PRL 130 (2023) 262301	2209.11236
587	J. Brewer, A. Mazeliauskas, and W. van der Schee	Opportunities of OO and pO collisions at the LHC		2103.01939
588	J. Albrecht et al.	The muon puzzle in cosmic-ray induced air showers and its connection to the Large Hadron Collider	Astrophys. Space Sci. 367 (2022) 27	2105.06148
589	CMS Collaboration	The Phase-2 upgrade of the CMS tracker	technical report, 2017 link
590	R. Longo (for the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations)	Joint ATLAS/CMS ZDC upgrade project for the high-luminosity LHC	EPJ Web Conf. 276 (2023) 05003
591	CMS Collaboration	A MIP timing detector for the CMS Phase-2 upgrade	technical report, CERN, 2019 CDS
592	CMS Collaboration	New opportunities of heavy ion physics with CMS-MTD at the HL-LHC	technical report, 2021 CDS
593	CMS Collaboration	Performance of physics objects with low transverse momentum using ultraperipheral pbpb collisions at 5.36 tev in 2023	CMS Detector Performance Summary CMS-DP-2024/011, 2024 link
594	V. Biloshytskyi et al.	Two-photon decay of X(6900) from light-by-light scattering at the LHC	PRD 106 (2022) L111902	2207.13623
595	Z. Citron et al.	Report from Working Group 5: Future physics opportunities for high-density QCD at the LHC with heavy-ion and proton beams	CERN Yellow Rep. Monogr. 7 (2019) 1159	1812.06772
596	P. Achenbach et al.	The present and future of QCD		2303.02579
597	Program Advisory Committee (Brookhaven National Laboratory)	Recommendations of the nuclear and particle physics program	2023 link
598	A. Accardi et al.	Electron Ion Collider: The next QCD frontier: Understanding the glue that binds us all	Eur. Phys. J. A 52 (2016) 268	1212.1701