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| CMS-HIN-15-006 ; CERN-EP-2016-105 | ||
| Multiplicity and rapidity dependence of strange hadron production in pp, pPb, and PbPb collisions at the LHC | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 22 May 2016 | ||
| Phys. Lett. B 768 (2017) 103 | ||
| Abstract: Measurements of strange hadron ($\mathrm{K_S}^0$, $\Lambda$+$\overline{\Lambda}$, and $\Xi^+$+$\Xi^-$) transverse momentum spectra in pp, pPb, and PbPb collisions are presented over a wide range of rapidity and event charged-particle multiplicity. The data were collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = $ 7 TeV, pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = $ 5.02 TeV, and PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = $ 2.76 TeV. The average transverse kinetic energy is found to increase with multiplicity, at a faster rate for heavier strange particle species in all systems. At similar multiplicities, the difference in average transverse kinetic energy between different particle species is observed to be larger for pp and pPb events than for PbPb events. In pPb collisions, the average transverse kinetic energy is found to be slightly larger in the Pb-going direction than in the p-going direction for events with large multiplicity. The spectra are compared to models motivated by hydrodynamics. | ||
| Links: e-print arXiv:1605.06699 [hep-ex] (PDF) ; CDS record ; inSPIRE record ; HepData record ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures & Tables | Summary | Additional Figures | References | CMS Publications |
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| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
Invariant mass distribution of $\mathrm{ K_S }^0$ (left), $\Lambda$ (middle), and $\Xi^-$ (right) candidates in the ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ range 1-3 GeV for 220 $ \leq {N_\text {trk}^\text {offline}} < $ 260 in pPb collisions. The solid lines show the results of fits described in the text. The dashed lines indicate the fitted background component. |
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Figure 2:
The ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ spectra of $\mathrm{ K_S }^0$, $\Lambda$ , and $\Xi^-$ \ particles in the center-of-mass rapidity range $ {| y_\text {cm} | } < $ 1 in pp collisions at $ {\sqrt {s}} = $ 7 TeV (a), pPb collisions at $ {\sqrt {s}} = $ 5.02 TeV (b), and PbPb collisions at $ {\sqrt {s_{_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV (c) for different multiplicity intervals. The data in the different multiplicity intervals are scaled by factors of $2^{-n}$ for better visibility. |
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Figure 2-a:
The ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ spectra of $\mathrm{ K_S }^0$, $\Lambda$ , and $\Xi^-$ \ particles in the center-of-mass rapidity range $ {| y_\text {cm} | } < $ 1 in pp collisions at $ {\sqrt {s}} = $ 7 TeV (a), pPb collisions at $ {\sqrt {s}} = $ 5.02 TeV (b), and PbPb collisions at $ {\sqrt {s_{_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV (c) for different multiplicity intervals. The data in the different multiplicity intervals are scaled by factors of $2^{-n}$ for better visibility. |
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Figure 2-b:
The ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ spectra of $\mathrm{ K_S }^0$, $\Lambda$ , and $\Xi^-$ \ particles in the center-of-mass rapidity range $ {| y_\text {cm} | } < $ 1 in pp collisions at $ {\sqrt {s}} = $ 7 TeV (a), pPb collisions at $ {\sqrt {s}} = $ 5.02 TeV (b), and PbPb collisions at $ {\sqrt {s_{_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV (c) for different multiplicity intervals. The data in the different multiplicity intervals are scaled by factors of $2^{-n}$ for better visibility. |
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Figure 2-c:
The ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ spectra of $\mathrm{ K_S }^0$, $\Lambda$ , and $\Xi^-$ \ particles in the center-of-mass rapidity range $ {| y_\text {cm} | } < $ 1 in pp collisions at $ {\sqrt {s}} = $ 7 TeV (a), pPb collisions at $ {\sqrt {s}} = $ 5.02 TeV (b), and PbPb collisions at $ {\sqrt {s_{_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV (c) for different multiplicity intervals. The data in the different multiplicity intervals are scaled by factors of $2^{-n}$ for better visibility. |
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Figure 3:
Ratios of ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ spectra for $\Lambda /\mathrm{ K_S }^0$ (a) and $\Xi^- /\Lambda$ (b) in the center-of-mass rapidity range $ {| y_\text {cm} | } < $ 1.0 for pp collisions at $ {\sqrt {s}} = $ 7 TeV (left), pPb collisions at $ {\sqrt {s}} = $ 5.02 TeV (middle), and PbPb collisions at $ {\sqrt {s_{_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV\ (right). Two (for pp ) or three (for pPb and PbPb ) representative multiplicity intervals are presented. The error bars represent the statistical uncertainties, while the boxes indicate the systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 3-a:
Ratios of ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ spectra for $\Lambda /\mathrm{ K_S }^0$ (a) and $\Xi^- /\Lambda$ (b) in the center-of-mass rapidity range $ {| y_\text {cm} | } < $ 1.0 for pp collisions at $ {\sqrt {s}} = $ 7 TeV (left), pPb collisions at $ {\sqrt {s}} = $ 5.02 TeV (middle), and PbPb collisions at $ {\sqrt {s_{_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV\ (right). Two (for pp ) or three (for pPb and PbPb ) representative multiplicity intervals are presented. The error bars represent the statistical uncertainties, while the boxes indicate the systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 3-b:
Ratios of ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ spectra for $\Lambda /\mathrm{ K_S }^0$ (a) and $\Xi^- /\Lambda$ (b) in the center-of-mass rapidity range $ {| y_\text {cm} | } < $ 1.0 for pp collisions at $ {\sqrt {s}} = $ 7 TeV (left), pPb collisions at $ {\sqrt {s}} = $ 5.02 TeV (middle), and PbPb collisions at $ {\sqrt {s_{_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}} = $ 2.76 TeV\ (right). Two (for pp ) or three (for pPb and PbPb ) representative multiplicity intervals are presented. The error bars represent the statistical uncertainties, while the boxes indicate the systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 4:
The extracted kinetic freeze-out temperature, $T_\text {kin}$, versus the average radial-flow velocity, $< \beta _\mathrm {T} > $, from a simultaneous blast-wave fit to the $\mathrm{ K_S }^0$ and $\Lambda$ \ ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ spectra at $ {| y_\text {cm} | } < $ 1 for different multiplicity intervals in pp , pPb , and PbPb collisions. The six pp and eight pPb and PbPb multiplicity intervals are indicated in the legend of Fig. 2. For the results in this plot, the multiplicity increases from left to right. The correlation ellipses represent the statistical uncertainties. Systematic uncertainties, which are evaluated to be on the order of a few percent, are not shown. |
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Figure 5:
Examples of simultaneous blast-wave fits of the ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ spectra of $\mathrm{ K_S }^0$ and $\Lambda$ \ particles in low- and high-multiplicity pPb events. The ratios of the fits to the data as a function of ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ are shown in the bottom panels. The uncertainties are statistical only and are too small to be visible for most of the points. |
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Figure 6:
The average transverse kinetic energy, $ {< \mathrm {KE}^\mathrm {T}}> $, at $ {| y_\text {cm} | }< $ 1 for $\mathrm{ K_S }^0$, $\Lambda$ , and $\Xi^-$ particles as a function of multiplicity in pp, pPb, and PbPb collisions. For the $\Xi^-$ , only results from pPb collisions are shown. The error bars represent the statistical uncertainties, while the boxes indicate the systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 7:
The ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ spectra of $\mathrm{ K_S }^0$ and $\Lambda$ particles in different $y_\text {cm}$ ranges for pPb collisions at $ {\sqrt {s}} = $ 5.02 TeV. Results are shown for three multiplicity ranges: 0 $ \leq {N_\text {trk}^\text {offline}} < $ 35 (a), 120 $ \leq {N_\text {trk}^\text {offline}} < $ 150 (b), and 220 $ \leq {N_\text {trk}^\text {offline}} < $ 260 (c). Within each panel, the curves on top represent Pb-going events and the curves on bottom p-going events. The data in the different rapidity intervals are scaled by factors of $2^{-2n}$ for better visibility. |
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Figure 7-a:
The ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ spectra of $\mathrm{ K_S }^0$ and $\Lambda$ particles in different $y_\text {cm}$ ranges for pPb collisions at $ {\sqrt {s}} = $ 5.02 TeV. Results are shown for three multiplicity ranges: 0 $ \leq {N_\text {trk}^\text {offline}} < $ 35 (a), 120 $ \leq {N_\text {trk}^\text {offline}} < $ 150 (b), and 220 $ \leq {N_\text {trk}^\text {offline}} < $ 260 (c). Within each panel, the curves on top represent Pb-going events and the curves on bottom p-going events. The data in the different rapidity intervals are scaled by factors of $2^{-2n}$ for better visibility. |
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Figure 7-b:
The ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ spectra of $\mathrm{ K_S }^0$ and $\Lambda$ particles in different $y_\text {cm}$ ranges for pPb collisions at $ {\sqrt {s}} = $ 5.02 TeV. Results are shown for three multiplicity ranges: 0 $ \leq {N_\text {trk}^\text {offline}} < $ 35 (a), 120 $ \leq {N_\text {trk}^\text {offline}} < $ 150 (b), and 220 $ \leq {N_\text {trk}^\text {offline}} < $ 260 (c). Within each panel, the curves on top represent Pb-going events and the curves on bottom p-going events. The data in the different rapidity intervals are scaled by factors of $2^{-2n}$ for better visibility. |
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Figure 7-c:
The ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ spectra of $\mathrm{ K_S }^0$ and $\Lambda$ particles in different $y_\text {cm}$ ranges for pPb collisions at $ {\sqrt {s}} = $ 5.02 TeV. Results are shown for three multiplicity ranges: 0 $ \leq {N_\text {trk}^\text {offline}} < $ 35 (a), 120 $ \leq {N_\text {trk}^\text {offline}} < $ 150 (b), and 220 $ \leq {N_\text {trk}^\text {offline}} < $ 260 (c). Within each panel, the curves on top represent Pb-going events and the curves on bottom p-going events. The data in the different rapidity intervals are scaled by factors of $2^{-2n}$ for better visibility. |
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Figure 8:
Ratios of ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ spectra, $\Lambda /\mathrm{ K_S }^0$, from the -1.5 $< y_\text {cm} <$ -0.8 (Pb-going) and 0.8 $ < y_\text {cm} < $ 1.5 (p-going) rapidity regions in pPb collisions at $ {\sqrt {s}} = $ 5.02 TeV. Results are presented for two multiplicity ranges 0 $ \leq {N_\text {trk}^\text {offline}} < $ 35 (left) and 220 $ \leq {N_\text {trk}^\text {offline}} < $ 260 (right). The error bars represent the statistical uncertainties, while the boxes indicate the systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 9:
The average transverse kinetic energy, $ {< \mathrm {KE}^\mathrm {T}}> $, as a function of $y_\text {cm}$ for the $\mathrm{ K_S }^0$ and $\Lambda$ particles in three ranges of multiplicity in pPb collisions at $ {\sqrt {s}} = $ 5.02 TeV. The error bars represent the statistical uncertainties, while the boxes indicate the systematic uncertainties. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
Fraction of the full event sample in each multiplicity interval and the average multiplicity per interval for pp data. The multiplicities $N_\text {trk}^\text {offline}$ and $N_\text {trk}^\text {corrected}$ are determined for $ {| \eta | }< $ 2.4 and $ {p_{\mathrm {T}}} > $ 0.4 GeV before and after efficiency corrections, respectively. The third and fourth columns list the average values of $N_\text {trk}^\text {offline}$ and $N_\text {trk}^\text {corrected}$. |
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Table 2:
Summary of systematic uncertainties for the ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ spectra of $\mathrm{ K_S }^0$, $\Lambda$, and $\Xi^-$ \ particles in the center-of-mass rapidity range $ {| y_\text {cm} | } < $ 1.0 (for pPb events, at forward rapidities, if different) for the three collision systems. |
| Summary |
| Measurements of strange hadron ($\mathrm{K_S}^0$, $\Lambda$+$\overline{\Lambda}$, and $\Xi^+$+$\Xi^-$) transverse momentum spectra in pp, pPb, and PbPb collisions are presented over a wide range of event charged-particle multiplicity and particle rapidity. The study is based on samples of pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = $ 7 TeV, pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s} = $ 5.02 TeV, and PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = $ 2.76 TeV, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC. In the context of hydrodynamic models, the measured particle spectra are fitted to a blast wave function, which describes an expanding fluid-like system. When comparing at a similar multiplicity, the extracted radial-flow velocity parameters are found to be larger in pp and pPb collisions than that in PbPb collisions. The average transverse kinetic energy ${<\mathrm{KE}^\mathrm{T}}> $ of strange hadrons is observed to increase with multiplicity, with a stronger increase for heavier particles. At similar multiplicities, the difference in ${<\mathrm{KE}^\mathrm{T}}> $ between the strange-particle species is larger in the smaller pp and pPb systems than in the PbPb system. For pPb collisions, ${<\mathrm{KE}^\mathrm{T}}> $ in the Pb-going direction for $\mathrm{K_S}^0$ ($\Lambda$+$\overline{\Lambda}$) is 6% (12%) larger than in the p-going direction for events with the highest particle multiplicities. |
| Additional Figures | |
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Additional Figure 1:
The difference in $ {< \mathrm {KE}^\mathrm {T}}> $, between $\Lambda $ and $\mathrm{ K_S}^{0} $ has been presented as a function of multiplicity in pp, pPb, and PbPb collisions. The statistical uncertainty is invisible in the current scale, while the systematic uncertainty is represented by the box. |
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