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| CMS-PAS-EXO-25-005 | ||
| Search for long-lived particles with a pair of muon detector showers in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13.6 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 2026-07-07 | ||
| Abstract: A search for long-lived particles (LLPs) decaying in the CMS muon detectors with two muon detector showers in the final state is presented. The decays of LLPs are reconstructed as high multiplicity clusters of hits in the muon detectors. A data sample of proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13.6 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of up to 170 fb$ ^{-1} $, recorded at the LHC in 2022--2024, is used. The result is combined with a previous search using data collected in 2016--2018 at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$ ^{-1} $. In the context of twin Higgs models, the search is sensitive to LLP masses from 1 to 55 GeV and a broad range of LLP decay modes, including decays to hadrons and $ \tau $ leptons. No excess of events above the standard model background is observed. The most stringent limits to date from LHC data are set on the branching fraction of the Higgs boson decay to a pair of LLPs with masses below 10 GeV. This search also provides the best upper limits to date for various intervals of LLP proper decay length and mass. | ||
| Links: CDS record (PDF) ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
Diagram representing the twin Higgs models. The SM Higgs boson (H) decays to a pair of neutral long-lived scalars (S) that then subsequently decays to a pair of fermions (f) in the twin Higgs model. |
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Figure 2:
The cluster reconstruction efficiency, including both DT and CSC clusters, as a function of the simulated $ r $ and $ |z| $ decay positions of the particle S decaying to $ \mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (top left), $ \mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (top right), and $ \tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ (bottom). S has a mass of 40 GeV and a $ c\tau $ of 1\unitm. The cluster reconstruction efficiency appears to be nonzero beyond MB4 because the MB4 chambers are staggered so that the outer radius of the CMS detector ranges from 738 to 800\unitcm. The barrel and endcap muon stations are drawn as black boxes and labeled by their station names. The region between labeled sections are mostly steel return yoke. |
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Figure 2-a:
The cluster reconstruction efficiency, including both DT and CSC clusters, as a function of the simulated $ r $ and $ |z| $ decay positions of the particle S decaying to $ \mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (top left), $ \mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (top right), and $ \tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ (bottom). S has a mass of 40 GeV and a $ c\tau $ of 1\unitm. The cluster reconstruction efficiency appears to be nonzero beyond MB4 because the MB4 chambers are staggered so that the outer radius of the CMS detector ranges from 738 to 800\unitcm. The barrel and endcap muon stations are drawn as black boxes and labeled by their station names. The region between labeled sections are mostly steel return yoke. |
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Figure 2-b:
The cluster reconstruction efficiency, including both DT and CSC clusters, as a function of the simulated $ r $ and $ |z| $ decay positions of the particle S decaying to $ \mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (top left), $ \mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (top right), and $ \tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ (bottom). S has a mass of 40 GeV and a $ c\tau $ of 1\unitm. The cluster reconstruction efficiency appears to be nonzero beyond MB4 because the MB4 chambers are staggered so that the outer radius of the CMS detector ranges from 738 to 800\unitcm. The barrel and endcap muon stations are drawn as black boxes and labeled by their station names. The region between labeled sections are mostly steel return yoke. |
png pdf |
Figure 2-c:
The cluster reconstruction efficiency, including both DT and CSC clusters, as a function of the simulated $ r $ and $ |z| $ decay positions of the particle S decaying to $ \mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (top left), $ \mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (top right), and $ \tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ (bottom). S has a mass of 40 GeV and a $ c\tau $ of 1\unitm. The cluster reconstruction efficiency appears to be nonzero beyond MB4 because the MB4 chambers are staggered so that the outer radius of the CMS detector ranges from 738 to 800\unitcm. The barrel and endcap muon stations are drawn as black boxes and labeled by their station names. The region between labeled sections are mostly steel return yoke. |
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Figure 3:
The distributions of $ N_\text{hits} $ (left) and $ \Delta\phi{\mathrm{(cluster1, cluster2)}} $ (right) for the CSC-CSC category are shown for S decaying to $ \mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ for a proper decay length of 1 m and various masses compared to the shape of background in a selection in which the clusters passes all selections, except for the topological requirements on the $ \Delta R $ and $ \Delta \phi $ between the two clusters. The shaded bands show the statistical uncertainty in the background. |
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Figure 3-a:
The distributions of $ N_\text{hits} $ (left) and $ \Delta\phi{\mathrm{(cluster1, cluster2)}} $ (right) for the CSC-CSC category are shown for S decaying to $ \mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ for a proper decay length of 1 m and various masses compared to the shape of background in a selection in which the clusters passes all selections, except for the topological requirements on the $ \Delta R $ and $ \Delta \phi $ between the two clusters. The shaded bands show the statistical uncertainty in the background. |
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Figure 3-b:
The distributions of $ N_\text{hits} $ (left) and $ \Delta\phi{\mathrm{(cluster1, cluster2)}} $ (right) for the CSC-CSC category are shown for S decaying to $ \mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ for a proper decay length of 1 m and various masses compared to the shape of background in a selection in which the clusters passes all selections, except for the topological requirements on the $ \Delta R $ and $ \Delta \phi $ between the two clusters. The shaded bands show the statistical uncertainty in the background. |
png pdf |
Figure 4:
The distributions of $ N_\text{hits} $ (left) and $ \Delta\phi{\mathrm{(cluster1, cluster2)}} $ (right) for the DT-CSC category are shown for S decaying to $ \mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ for a proper decay length of 1 m and various masses compared to the shape of background in a selection in which the clusters passes all selections, except for the topological requirements on the $ \Delta R $ and $ \Delta \phi $ between the two clusters. The shaded bands show the statistical uncertainty in the background. |
png pdf |
Figure 4-a:
The distributions of $ N_\text{hits} $ (left) and $ \Delta\phi{\mathrm{(cluster1, cluster2)}} $ (right) for the DT-CSC category are shown for S decaying to $ \mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ for a proper decay length of 1 m and various masses compared to the shape of background in a selection in which the clusters passes all selections, except for the topological requirements on the $ \Delta R $ and $ \Delta \phi $ between the two clusters. The shaded bands show the statistical uncertainty in the background. |
png pdf |
Figure 4-b:
The distributions of $ N_\text{hits} $ (left) and $ \Delta\phi{\mathrm{(cluster1, cluster2)}} $ (right) for the DT-CSC category are shown for S decaying to $ \mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ for a proper decay length of 1 m and various masses compared to the shape of background in a selection in which the clusters passes all selections, except for the topological requirements on the $ \Delta R $ and $ \Delta \phi $ between the two clusters. The shaded bands show the statistical uncertainty in the background. |
png pdf |
Figure 5:
The diagram of the ABCD plane for $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{miss} $ triggered DT-CSC subcategory (upper left), $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{miss} $ triggered CSC-CSC and DT-DT categories (upper right), and HMT triggered categories (bottom) are shown. The variable $ c_1 $ is the pass-fail ratio of the $ N_\text{hits} $ selection for the background clusters. |
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Figure 6:
The observed data, background prediction, and expected signal in all categories are shown. The background prediction is obtained from the fit to the observed data assuming no signal contribution, and is shown in blue with the shaded region showing the fitted uncertainty. The expected signal with $ m_S = $ 15 GeV, $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to SS) = $ 0.01 and $ c\tau = $ 1 m is shown for $ S\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $, $ S\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $, and $ S\to\tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ decay modes in various colors. |
png pdf |
Figure 7:
The 95% CL expected (dotted curves) and observed (solid curves) upper limits on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to SS) $ as functions of $ c\tau $ for the $ S\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (upper left), $ S\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (upper right), and $ S\to\tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ (lower) decay modes. The exclusion limits are shown for different mass hypotheses. |
png pdf |
Figure 7-a:
The 95% CL expected (dotted curves) and observed (solid curves) upper limits on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to SS) $ as functions of $ c\tau $ for the $ S\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (upper left), $ S\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (upper right), and $ S\to\tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ (lower) decay modes. The exclusion limits are shown for different mass hypotheses. |
png pdf |
Figure 7-b:
The 95% CL expected (dotted curves) and observed (solid curves) upper limits on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to SS) $ as functions of $ c\tau $ for the $ S\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (upper left), $ S\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (upper right), and $ S\to\tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ (lower) decay modes. The exclusion limits are shown for different mass hypotheses. |
png pdf |
Figure 7-c:
The 95% CL expected (dotted curves) and observed (solid curves) upper limits on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to SS) $ as functions of $ c\tau $ for the $ S\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (upper left), $ S\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (upper right), and $ S\to\tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ (lower) decay modes. The exclusion limits are shown for different mass hypotheses. |
png pdf |
Figure 8:
The 95% CL expected (dotted curves) and observed (solid curves) upper limits on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to SS) $ as functions of $ c\tau $ for mass of 15 GeV and $ S\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ comparing the HMT-triggered and $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{miss} $-triggered categories are shown. |
png pdf |
Figure 9:
The 95% CL expected (dotted curves) and observed (solid curves) upper limits combining Run 2 and Run 3 results on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to SS) $ as functions of $ c\tau $ for the $ S\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (upper left), $ S\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (upper right), and $ S\to\tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ (lower) decay modes. The exclusion limits are shown for different mass hypotheses. |
png pdf |
Figure 9-a:
The 95% CL expected (dotted curves) and observed (solid curves) upper limits combining Run 2 and Run 3 results on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to SS) $ as functions of $ c\tau $ for the $ S\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (upper left), $ S\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (upper right), and $ S\to\tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ (lower) decay modes. The exclusion limits are shown for different mass hypotheses. |
png pdf |
Figure 9-b:
The 95% CL expected (dotted curves) and observed (solid curves) upper limits combining Run 2 and Run 3 results on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to SS) $ as functions of $ c\tau $ for the $ S\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (upper left), $ S\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (upper right), and $ S\to\tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ (lower) decay modes. The exclusion limits are shown for different mass hypotheses. |
png pdf |
Figure 9-c:
The 95% CL expected (dotted curves) and observed (solid curves) upper limits combining Run 2 and Run 3 results on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to SS) $ as functions of $ c\tau $ for the $ S\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (upper left), $ S\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (upper right), and $ S\to\tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ (lower) decay modes. The exclusion limits are shown for different mass hypotheses. |
png pdf |
Figure 10:
The 95% CL expected (dotted curves) and observed (solid curves) upper limits combining Run 2 and Run 3 results on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to SS) $ as functions of the LLP mass and mixing angle ($ \theta $) for the $ S\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (upper left), $ S\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (upper right), and $ S\to\tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ (lower) decay modes. |
png pdf |
Figure 10-a:
The 95% CL expected (dotted curves) and observed (solid curves) upper limits combining Run 2 and Run 3 results on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to SS) $ as functions of the LLP mass and mixing angle ($ \theta $) for the $ S\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (upper left), $ S\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (upper right), and $ S\to\tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ (lower) decay modes. |
png pdf |
Figure 10-b:
The 95% CL expected (dotted curves) and observed (solid curves) upper limits combining Run 2 and Run 3 results on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to SS) $ as functions of the LLP mass and mixing angle ($ \theta $) for the $ S\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (upper left), $ S\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (upper right), and $ S\to\tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ (lower) decay modes. |
png pdf |
Figure 10-c:
The 95% CL expected (dotted curves) and observed (solid curves) upper limits combining Run 2 and Run 3 results on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to SS) $ as functions of the LLP mass and mixing angle ($ \theta $) for the $ S\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (upper left), $ S\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (upper right), and $ S\to\tau^{+}\tau^{-} $ (lower) decay modes. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
Validation of the background estimation method for the HMT-triggered categories. The uncertainty in the prediction is the statistical uncertainty propagated from bins B, C, and D. The observed event rate in bins A, B, C, and D ($ N_\mathrm{A} $, $ N_\mathrm{B} $, $ N_\mathrm{C} $, and $ N_\mathrm{D} $), together with the predicted background event rate in bin A ($ \lambda_\mathrm{A} $), are shown. |
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Table 2:
Validation of the background estimation method for the $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{miss} $-triggered categories. The uncertainty in the prediction is the statistical uncertainty propagated from bins B, C, and D or bins BD and C. The expected background event rate in bin A ($ \lambda_\mathrm{A} $) and the background event rate in bins B, C, D, BD, and A ($ N_\mathrm{B} $, $ N_\mathrm{C} $, $ N_\mathrm{D} $, $ N_\mathrm{BD} $, $ N_\mathrm{A} $) are shown. |
png pdf |
Table 3:
Summary of expected (post-fit) and observed yields in different categories. |
| Summary |
| Data from proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13.6 TeV recorded by the CMS experiment in 2022--2024, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of up to 170 fb$ ^{-1} $, are used to search for LLPs decaying to two muon detector showers. This search utilizes a new dedicated LLP trigger that allow us to target new low $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{miss} $ phase space that was not possible in Run 2. Based on this unique detector signature, the muon detector shower object is largely model-independent, with sensitivity to a broad range of LLP decay modes and masses extending to the GeVns scale. With the excellent shielding provided by the inner CMS detector, the CMS magnet and its steel flux-return yoke, the background is suppressed to a low level. No significant deviation from the standard model background is observed. The result is combined with a previous search using data collected in 2016--2018 at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$ ^{-1} $. The result provides the most stringent branching fraction limits long proper decay lengths, complementing other LLP searches using the tracker and calorimeters. |
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