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| CMS-EXO-23-013 ; CERN-EP-2024-225 | ||
| Search for light long-lived particles decaying to displaced jets in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13.6 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 17 September 2024 | ||
| Submitted to Reports on Progress in Physics | ||
| Abstract: A search for light long-lived particles decaying to displaced jets is presented, using a data sample of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13.6 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 34.7 fb$ ^{-1} $, collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in 2022. Novel trigger, reconstruction, and machine-learning techniques were developed for and employed in this search. After all selections, the observations are consistent with the background predictions. Limits are presented on the branching fraction of the Higgs boson to long-lived particles that subsequently decay to quark pairs or tau lepton pairs. An improvement by up to a factor of 10 is achieved over previous limits for models with long-lived particle masses smaller than 60 GeV and proper decay lengths smaller than 1 m. The first constraints are placed on the fraternal twin Higgs and folded supersymmetry models, where the lower bounds on the top quark partner mass reach up to 350 GeV for the fraternal twin Higgs model and 250 GeV for the folded supersymmetry model. | ||
| Links: e-print arXiv:2409.10806 [hep-ex] (PDF) ; CDS record ; inSPIRE record ; Physics Briefing ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
The Feynman diagram for the benchmark signal model, in which the SM-like Higgs boson with a mass of 125 GeV decays to two long-lived neutral scalars $ \text{S} $, and each of them decays to a pair of SM fermions. |
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Figure 2:
The architectures of the displaced (left) and prompt-veto (right) taggers. The displaced tagger takes as input the dijet global features, displaced tracks, and DVs. The prompt-veto tagger takes as input the tracks with $ d_{xy} < $ 0.3 mm. |
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Figure 2-a:
The architectures of the displaced (left) and prompt-veto (right) taggers. The displaced tagger takes as input the dijet global features, displaced tracks, and DVs. The prompt-veto tagger takes as input the tracks with $ d_{xy} < $ 0.3 mm. |
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Figure 2-b:
The architectures of the displaced (left) and prompt-veto (right) taggers. The displaced tagger takes as input the dijet global features, displaced tracks, and DVs. The prompt-veto tagger takes as input the tracks with $ d_{xy} < $ 0.3 mm. |
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Figure 3:
The predicted background yields and the number of observed events for the data with $ g_{\text{prompt-veto}} > $ 0.985, shown for different bins of the displaced-dijet GNN score $ g_{\text{displaced}} $. Expected signal yields for the $ \mathrm{H}\to\text{S}\text{S} $, $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ signature are also shown for models with $ m_{\text{S}}= $ 40 GeV and $ c\tau_{0}= $ 1, 10, or 100 mm, assuming a branching fraction of 1% for the $ \mathrm{H}\to\text{S}\text{S} $ decay. |
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Figure 4:
The 95% CL upper limits on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to\text{S}\text{S}) $ for $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (upper left), $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (upper right), and $ \text{S}\to\tau\tau $ (lower), for different LLP masses $ m_{\text{S}} $ and proper decay lengths $ c\tau_{0} $. The solid (dashed) lines represent the observed (median expected) limits. |
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Figure 4-a:
The 95% CL upper limits on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to\text{S}\text{S}) $ for $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (upper left), $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (upper right), and $ \text{S}\to\tau\tau $ (lower), for different LLP masses $ m_{\text{S}} $ and proper decay lengths $ c\tau_{0} $. The solid (dashed) lines represent the observed (median expected) limits. |
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Figure 4-b:
The 95% CL upper limits on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to\text{S}\text{S}) $ for $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (upper left), $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (upper right), and $ \text{S}\to\tau\tau $ (lower), for different LLP masses $ m_{\text{S}} $ and proper decay lengths $ c\tau_{0} $. The solid (dashed) lines represent the observed (median expected) limits. |
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Figure 4-c:
The 95% CL upper limits on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to\text{S}\text{S}) $ for $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (upper left), $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (upper right), and $ \text{S}\to\tau\tau $ (lower), for different LLP masses $ m_{\text{S}} $ and proper decay lengths $ c\tau_{0} $. The solid (dashed) lines represent the observed (median expected) limits. |
png pdf |
Figure 5:
Comparisons of the observed limits from this search and other results, for $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $, $ m_{\text{S}}= $ 40 GeV (upper left); $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $, $ m_{\text{S}}= $ 15 GeV (upper right); and $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $, $ m_{\text{S}}= $ 15 GeV (lower). The other results include the previous CMS displaced-jets search [43] (red dashed lines) and the CMS Z + displaced-jets search [44] (green dotted lines), where the observed limits agree with the median expected limits within 15% and are within the regions containing 68% of the distributions of the limits expected under the background-only hypothesis. |
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Figure 5-a:
Comparisons of the observed limits from this search and other results, for $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $, $ m_{\text{S}}= $ 40 GeV (upper left); $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $, $ m_{\text{S}}= $ 15 GeV (upper right); and $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $, $ m_{\text{S}}= $ 15 GeV (lower). The other results include the previous CMS displaced-jets search [43] (red dashed lines) and the CMS Z + displaced-jets search [44] (green dotted lines), where the observed limits agree with the median expected limits within 15% and are within the regions containing 68% of the distributions of the limits expected under the background-only hypothesis. |
png pdf |
Figure 5-b:
Comparisons of the observed limits from this search and other results, for $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $, $ m_{\text{S}}= $ 40 GeV (upper left); $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $, $ m_{\text{S}}= $ 15 GeV (upper right); and $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $, $ m_{\text{S}}= $ 15 GeV (lower). The other results include the previous CMS displaced-jets search [43] (red dashed lines) and the CMS Z + displaced-jets search [44] (green dotted lines), where the observed limits agree with the median expected limits within 15% and are within the regions containing 68% of the distributions of the limits expected under the background-only hypothesis. |
png pdf |
Figure 5-c:
Comparisons of the observed limits from this search and other results, for $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $, $ m_{\text{S}}= $ 40 GeV (upper left); $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $, $ m_{\text{S}}= $ 15 GeV (upper right); and $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $, $ m_{\text{S}}= $ 15 GeV (lower). The other results include the previous CMS displaced-jets search [43] (red dashed lines) and the CMS Z + displaced-jets search [44] (green dotted lines), where the observed limits agree with the median expected limits within 15% and are within the regions containing 68% of the distributions of the limits expected under the background-only hypothesis. |
png pdf |
Figure 6:
The 95% CL limits on the LLP mass $ m_{\text{S}} $ for different proper decay lengths $ c\tau_{0} $ assuming a branching fraction of 1% for the $ \mathrm{H}\to\text{S}\text{S} $ decay, and with subsequent $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (left) or $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (right) decays. The solid (dashed) lines represent the observed (median expected) limits. The hashed areas indicate the direction of the excluded area from the observed limits. |
png pdf |
Figure 6-a:
The 95% CL limits on the LLP mass $ m_{\text{S}} $ for different proper decay lengths $ c\tau_{0} $ assuming a branching fraction of 1% for the $ \mathrm{H}\to\text{S}\text{S} $ decay, and with subsequent $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (left) or $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (right) decays. The solid (dashed) lines represent the observed (median expected) limits. The hashed areas indicate the direction of the excluded area from the observed limits. |
png pdf |
Figure 6-b:
The 95% CL limits on the LLP mass $ m_{\text{S}} $ for different proper decay lengths $ c\tau_{0} $ assuming a branching fraction of 1% for the $ \mathrm{H}\to\text{S}\text{S} $ decay, and with subsequent $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $ (left) or $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $ (right) decays. The solid (dashed) lines represent the observed (median expected) limits. The hashed areas indicate the direction of the excluded area from the observed limits. |
png pdf |
Figure 7:
The 95% CL limits on the dark-sector top quark partner mass $ m_{{\mathrm{T}} } $ for different hidden glueball masses $ m_{0} $, in the fraternal twin Higgs model [29] (left) and the folded SUSY model [48] (right). The solid (dashed) lines represent the observed (median expected) limits. The hashed areas indicate the direction of the excluded area from the observed limits. |
png pdf |
Figure 7-a:
The 95% CL limits on the dark-sector top quark partner mass $ m_{{\mathrm{T}} } $ for different hidden glueball masses $ m_{0} $, in the fraternal twin Higgs model [29] (left) and the folded SUSY model [48] (right). The solid (dashed) lines represent the observed (median expected) limits. The hashed areas indicate the direction of the excluded area from the observed limits. |
png pdf |
Figure 7-b:
The 95% CL limits on the dark-sector top quark partner mass $ m_{{\mathrm{T}} } $ for different hidden glueball masses $ m_{0} $, in the fraternal twin Higgs model [29] (left) and the folded SUSY model [48] (right). The solid (dashed) lines represent the observed (median expected) limits. The hashed areas indicate the direction of the excluded area from the observed limits. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
The predicted background yields and observations in the region with $ g_{\text{prompt-veto}} > $ 0.985 for different $ g_{\text{displaced}} $ ranges. The background predictions are shown with their statistical uncertainties. The significance of any deviation between the observation and prediction for each $ g_{\text{displaced}} $ range is shown as a $ Z $-value. |
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Table 2:
Summary of the systematic uncertainties in the signal yields. |
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Table 3:
Signal efficiencies scaled by a factor of 10$^{4} $ for the $ \mathrm{H}\to\text{S}\text{S} $ signature with $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}} $, $ \text{S}\to\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}} $, and $ \text{S}\to\tau\tau $ decays in the signal region D, shown for representative signal points with different $ m_{\text{S}} $ and $ c\tau_{0} $ values. Only statistical uncertainties are listed. |
| Summary |
| A search for light long-lived particles decaying into jets has been performed using proton-proton collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 34.7 fb$ ^{-1} $, collected with the CMS experiment at a center-of-mass energy of 13.6 TeV in 2022. Novel techniques in trigger, reconstruction, and machine learning were developed for and employed in this search, leading to significant improvements over existing results. The observed yields are consistent with the background predictions. The best limits to date are set for long-lived particles with masses between 15 and 55 GeV and with proper decay lengths smaller than $ \approx $1 m. The search provides the first exclusions of hadronically decaying displaced tau leptons arising from LLPs with decay lengths smaller than $ \approx $1 m. For the signature where the Higgs boson decays to two long-lived particles that further decay to bottom (down) quark pairs, branching fractions greater than 1% for the exotic Higgs boson decay are excluded for a long-lived particle mass larger than 40 GeV and mean proper decay lengths between 1.5 (1.3) and 370 (380) mm. For these signatures, the branching fraction limits are better than those obtained previously by a factor of up to 10 (8). Exclusions are also placed on the parameter space of the fraternal twin Higgs and folded supersymmetry models in the neutral naturalness scenario, giving lower limits on top quark partner masses of up to 350 and 250 GeV, respectively. The results are the first constraints placed on these models. |
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| 99 | CMS Collaboration | Measurement of the inelastic proton-proton cross section at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV | JHEP 07 (2018) 161 | CMS-FSQ-15-005 1802.02613 |
| 100 | T. Junk | Confidence level computation for combining searches with small statistics | NIM A 434 (1999) 435 | hep-ex/9902006 |
| 101 | A. L. Read | Presentation of search results: The $ \text{CL}_\text{s} $ technique | JPG 28 (2002) 2693 | |
| 102 | ATLAS and CMS Collaborations, The LHC Higgs Combination group | Procedure for the LHC Higgs boson search combination in Summer 2011 | Technical Report CMS-NOTE-2011-005, ATL-PHYS-PUB-2011-11, 2011 | |
| 103 | G. Cowan, K. Cranmer, E. Gross, and O. Vitells | Asymptotic formulae for likelihood-based tests of new physics | EPJC 71 (2011) 1554 | 1007.1727 |
| 104 | CMS Collaboration | The CMS statistical analysis and combination tool: Combine | Accepted for publication by Comput. Softw. Big Sci, 2024 | CMS-CAT-23-001 2404.06614 |
| 105 | CMS Collaboration | Enriching the physics program of the CMS experiment via data scouting and data parking | Accepted for publication by Phys. Rept, 2024 | CMS-EXO-23-007 2403.16134 |
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Compact Muon Solenoid LHC, CERN |
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