Compact Muon Solenoid
LHC, CERN
Visit us: CMS Public Website, CMS Physics ;
Contact us: CMS Publications Committee
| CMS-TOP-24-009 ; CERN-EP-2025-205 | ||
| Observation of tWZ production at the CMS experiment | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 22 October 2025 | ||
| Submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. | ||
| Abstract: The first observation of single top quark production in association with a W and a Z boson in proton-proton collisions is reported. The analysis uses data at center-of-mass energies of 13 and 13.6 TeV recorded with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 200 fb$ ^{-1} $. Events with three or four charged leptons, which can be electrons or muons, are selected. Advanced machine-learning algorithms and improved reconstruction methods, compared to an earlier analysis, result in an unprecedented sensitivity to tWZ production. The measured cross sections for tWZ production are 248 $ \pm $ 52 fb and 244 $ \pm $ 74 fb for $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 and 13.6 TeV, respectively. The signal is established with a statistical significance of 5.8 standard deviations, with 3.5 expected, compared to the background-only hypothesis. | ||
| Links: e-print arXiv:2510.19080 [hep-ex] (PDF) ; CDS record ; inSPIRE record ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
png pdf |
Figure 1:
Example Feynman diagrams for tWZ production in the SM (left) and for anomalous tWZ production through an effective interaction (right). Charge conjugate versions of these diagrams are implied. |
png pdf |
Figure 1-a:
Example Feynman diagrams for tWZ production in the SM (left) and for anomalous tWZ production through an effective interaction (right). Charge conjugate versions of these diagrams are implied. |
png pdf |
Figure 1-b:
Example Feynman diagrams for tWZ production in the SM (left) and for anomalous tWZ production through an effective interaction (right). Charge conjugate versions of these diagrams are implied. |
png pdf |
Figure 2:
Distributions in the classifier output nodes for the tWZ (upper left) and $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} \mathrm{Z} $ (upper right) nodes in $ \text{SR}_{3\ell} $, and in the classifier output node in $ \text{SR}_{4\ell} $ (lower) after a fit to the data. The dashed band shows the postfit uncertainty. The results from fits to 13 and 13.6 TeV data are combined for illustration purposes. The ratio of data to the predictions from MC simulation is shown below the distributions. |
png pdf |
Figure 2-a:
Distributions in the classifier output nodes for the tWZ (upper left) and $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} \mathrm{Z} $ (upper right) nodes in $ \text{SR}_{3\ell} $, and in the classifier output node in $ \text{SR}_{4\ell} $ (lower) after a fit to the data. The dashed band shows the postfit uncertainty. The results from fits to 13 and 13.6 TeV data are combined for illustration purposes. The ratio of data to the predictions from MC simulation is shown below the distributions. |
png pdf |
Figure 2-b:
Distributions in the classifier output nodes for the tWZ (upper left) and $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} \mathrm{Z} $ (upper right) nodes in $ \text{SR}_{3\ell} $, and in the classifier output node in $ \text{SR}_{4\ell} $ (lower) after a fit to the data. The dashed band shows the postfit uncertainty. The results from fits to 13 and 13.6 TeV data are combined for illustration purposes. The ratio of data to the predictions from MC simulation is shown below the distributions. |
png pdf |
Figure 2-c:
Distributions in the classifier output nodes for the tWZ (upper left) and $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} \mathrm{Z} $ (upper right) nodes in $ \text{SR}_{3\ell} $, and in the classifier output node in $ \text{SR}_{4\ell} $ (lower) after a fit to the data. The dashed band shows the postfit uncertainty. The results from fits to 13 and 13.6 TeV data are combined for illustration purposes. The ratio of data to the predictions from MC simulation is shown below the distributions. |
png pdf |
Figure 3:
Likelihood scan of the signal strengths for tWZ and $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} \mathrm{Z} $ production. The black cross shows the best fit value, while the black diamond indicates the SM expected value. The contours in different shades of blue correspond to the 68, 95, and 99% confidence level. |
png pdf |
Figure A1:
Distribution in the $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ of the $ 3^{rd} $ leading lepton for the $ \text{CR}_{\mathrm{DY}} $ (left) and $ \text{CR}_{{\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} } $ (right) after a fit to data. The dashed band shows the postfit uncertainty. The results from fits to 13 and 13.6 TeV data are combined for illustration purposes. The ratio of data to the predictions from MC simulations is shown below the distributions. |
png pdf |
Figure A1-a:
Distribution in the $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ of the $ 3^{rd} $ leading lepton for the $ \text{CR}_{\mathrm{DY}} $ (left) and $ \text{CR}_{{\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} } $ (right) after a fit to data. The dashed band shows the postfit uncertainty. The results from fits to 13 and 13.6 TeV data are combined for illustration purposes. The ratio of data to the predictions from MC simulations is shown below the distributions. |
png pdf |
Figure A1-b:
Distribution in the $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ of the $ 3^{rd} $ leading lepton for the $ \text{CR}_{\mathrm{DY}} $ (left) and $ \text{CR}_{{\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} } $ (right) after a fit to data. The dashed band shows the postfit uncertainty. The results from fits to 13 and 13.6 TeV data are combined for illustration purposes. The ratio of data to the predictions from MC simulations is shown below the distributions. |
png pdf |
Figure A2:
Values of the signal strengths for tWZ production obtained from the different data-taking periods (left), and from events with different lepton flavors (right): three electrons ($ \mathrm{e}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{e} $), two electrons and one muon ($ \mathrm{e}\mathrm{e}\mu $), one electron and two muons ($ \mathrm{e}\mu\mu $), and three muons ($ \mu\mu\mu $). If there are more than three leptons in an event, the three $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $-leading leptons are used to determine the flavor. The combined results from 13 TeV data (Run 2) and from 13.6 TeV data (Run 3) are also shown. The result from the combined fit to 13 and 13.6 TeV data is shown as a red line with the corresponding uncertainty shown as a red band. The SM prediction is shown as a gray band. |
png pdf |
Figure A2-a:
Values of the signal strengths for tWZ production obtained from the different data-taking periods (left), and from events with different lepton flavors (right): three electrons ($ \mathrm{e}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{e} $), two electrons and one muon ($ \mathrm{e}\mathrm{e}\mu $), one electron and two muons ($ \mathrm{e}\mu\mu $), and three muons ($ \mu\mu\mu $). If there are more than three leptons in an event, the three $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $-leading leptons are used to determine the flavor. The combined results from 13 TeV data (Run 2) and from 13.6 TeV data (Run 3) are also shown. The result from the combined fit to 13 and 13.6 TeV data is shown as a red line with the corresponding uncertainty shown as a red band. The SM prediction is shown as a gray band. |
png pdf |
Figure A2-b:
Values of the signal strengths for tWZ production obtained from the different data-taking periods (left), and from events with different lepton flavors (right): three electrons ($ \mathrm{e}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{e} $), two electrons and one muon ($ \mathrm{e}\mathrm{e}\mu $), one electron and two muons ($ \mathrm{e}\mu\mu $), and three muons ($ \mu\mu\mu $). If there are more than three leptons in an event, the three $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $-leading leptons are used to determine the flavor. The combined results from 13 TeV data (Run 2) and from 13.6 TeV data (Run 3) are also shown. The result from the combined fit to 13 and 13.6 TeV data is shown as a red line with the corresponding uncertainty shown as a red band. The SM prediction is shown as a gray band. |
| Summary |
| In summary, a measurement of tWZ production in proton-proton (pp) collisions has been presented in events with three and four charged leptons. The analysis is performed using data recorded with the CMS detector at center-of-mass energies of 13 and 13.6 TeV, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 200 fb$ ^{-1} $. Advanced machine-learning algorithms are employed to significantly improve the sensitivity of the analysis compared to an earlier analysis. Analyzing the same data, an expected significance of 3.0 standard deviations (s.d.) is achieved, compared to 1.4 s.d. obtained previously. Combining the 13 and 13.6 TeV data, a significance of 5.8 s.d. is observed. The measured signal strength $ \mu_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{Z}}= $ 1.77 $ \pm $ 0.32 (tot) agrees with the standard model prediction within 2.3 s.d. The measured cross sections are 248 $ \pm $ 52 fb and 242 $ \pm $ 77 fb for $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 and 13.6 TeV, respectively. This is the first observation of tWZ production in pp collisions. This measurement represents a significant step forward in our understanding of rare processes involving the top quark and electroweak bosons. It opens up the possibility for future studies of the top quark electroweak interactions in the context of the standard model and its extensions. |
| References | ||||
| 1 | S. Rappoccio | The experimental status of direct searches for exotic physics beyond the standard model at the Large Hadron Collider | Rev. Phys. 4 (2019) 100027 | 1810.10579 |
| 2 | ATLAS Collaboration | Exploration at the high-energy frontier: ATLAS Run 2 searches investigating the exotic jungle beyond the standard model | Phys. Rept. 1116 (2025) 301 | 2403.09292 |
| 3 | CMS Collaboration | Stairway to discovery: A report on the CMS programme of cross section measurements from millibarns to femtobarns | Phys. Rept. 1115 (2025) 3 | CMS-SMP-23-004 2405.18661 |
| 4 | D. London and J. Matias | $ B $ flavour anomalies: 2021 theoretical status report | Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 72 (2022) 37 | 2110.13270 |
| 5 | J. Alwall et al. | The automated computation of tree-level and next-to-leading order differential cross sections, and their matching to parton shower simulations | JHEP 07 (2014) 079 | 1405.0301 |
| 6 | R. Frederix and S. Frixione | Merging meets matching in MC@NLO | JHEP 12 (2012) 061 | 1209.6215 |
| 7 | F. Maltoni, L. Mantani, and K. Mimasu | Top-quark electroweak interactions at high energy | JHEP 10 (2019) 004 | 1904.05637 |
| 8 | H. El Faham, F. Maltoni, K. Mimasu, and M. Zaro | Single top production in association with a $ {\mathrm{W}\mathrm{Z}} $ pair at the LHC in the SMEFT | JHEP 01 (2022) 100 | 2111.03080 |
| 9 | J. Keaveney | Constraining the SMEFT with a differential cross section measurement of $ {\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{Z}} $ production at the HL-LHC | PRD 107 (2023) 036021 | 2107.01053 |
| 10 | A. Belvedere, C. Englert, R. Kogler, and M. Spannowsky | Dispelling the $ \sqrt{\mathcal {L}} $ myth for the High-Luminosity LHC | EPJC 84 (2024) 715 | 2402.07985 |
| 11 | CMS Collaboration | Evidence for $ {\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{Z}} $ production in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV in multilepton final states | PLB 855 (2024) 138815 | CMS-TOP-22-008 2312.11668 |
| 12 | CMS Collaboration | HEPData record for this analysis | link | |
| 13 | CMS Collaboration | The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC | JINST 3 (2008) S08004 | |
| 14 | CMS Collaboration | Development of the CMS detector for the CERN LHC \mboxRun 3 | JINST 19 (2024) P05064 | CMS-PRF-21-001 2309.05466 |
| 15 | CMS Collaboration | Performance of the CMS Level-1 trigger in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV | JINST 15 (2020) P10017 | CMS-TRG-17-001 2006.10165 |
| 16 | CMS Collaboration | The CMS trigger system | JINST 12 (2017) P01020 | CMS-TRG-12-001 1609.02366 |
| 17 | CMS Collaboration | Performance of the CMS high-level trigger during LHC \mboxRun 2 | JINST 19 (2024) P11021 | CMS-TRG-19-001 2410.17038 |
| 18 | CMS Collaboration | Electron and photon reconstruction and identification with the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC | JINST 16 (2021) P05014 | CMS-EGM-17-001 2012.06888 |
| 19 | CMS Collaboration | Performance of the CMS muon detector and muon reconstruction with proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV | JINST 13 (2018) P06015 | CMS-MUO-16-001 1804.04528 |
| 20 | CMS Collaboration | Description and performance of track and primary-vertex reconstruction with the CMS tracker | JINST 9 (2014) P10009 | CMS-TRK-11-001 1405.6569 |
| 21 | CMS Collaboration | Particle-flow reconstruction and global event description with the CMS detector | JINST 12 (2017) P10003 | CMS-PRF-14-001 1706.04965 |
| 22 | CMS Collaboration | Performance of reconstruction and identification of $ \tau $ leptons decaying to hadrons and $ \nu_{\!\tau} $ in $ {\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}} $ collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV | JINST 13 (2018) P10005 | CMS-TAU-16-003 1809.02816 |
| 23 | CMS Collaboration | Jet energy scale and resolution in the CMS experiment in $ {\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}} $ collisions at 8 TeV | JINST 12 (2017) P02014 | CMS-JME-13-004 1607.03663 |
| 24 | CMS Collaboration | Performance of missing transverse momentum reconstruction in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV using the CMS detector | JINST 14 (2019) P07004 | CMS-JME-17-001 1903.06078 |
| 25 | CMS Collaboration | Inclusive and differential cross section measurements of single top quark production in association with a Z boson in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV | JHEP 02 (2022) 107 | CMS-TOP-20-010 2111.02860 |
| 26 | S. Frixione et al. | Automated simulations beyond the standard model: Supersymmetry | JHEP 12 (2019) 008 | 1907.04898 |
| 27 | S. Frixione et al. | Single-top hadroproduction in association with a W boson | JHEP 07 (2008) 029 | 0805.3067 |
| 28 | C. D. White, S. Frixione, E. Laenen, and F. Maltoni | Isolating $ {\mathrm{W}\mathrm{t}} $ production at the LHC | JHEP 11 (2009) 074 | 0908.0631 |
| 29 | P. Nason | A new method for combining NLO QCD with shower Monte Carlo algorithms | JHEP 11 (2004) 040 | hep-ph/0409146 |
| 30 | S. Frixione, P. Nason, and C. Oleari | Matching NLO QCD computations with parton shower simulations: The POWHEG method | JHEP 11 (2007) 070 | 0709.2092 |
| 31 | S. Frixione, G. Ridolfi, and P. Nason | A positive-weight next-to-leading-order Monte Carlo for heavy flavour hadroproduction | JHEP 09 (2007) 126 | 0707.3088 |
| 32 | S. Alioli, P. Nason, C. Oleari, and E. Re | A general framework for implementing NLO calculations in shower Monte Carlo programs: The POWHEG box | JHEP 06 (2010) 043 | 1002.2581 |
| 33 | E. Re | Single-top $ {\mathrm{W}\mathrm{t}} $-channel production matched with parton showers using the POWHEG method | EPJC 71 (2011) 1547 | 1009.2450 |
| 34 | J. M. Campbell and R. K. Ellis | An update on vector boson pair production at hadron colliders | PRD 60 (1999) 113006 | hep-ph/9905386 |
| 35 | J. M. Campbell, R. K. Ellis, and C. Williams | Vector boson pair production at the LHC | JHEP 07 (2011) 018 | 1105.0020 |
| 36 | J. M. Campbell, R. K. Ellis, and W. T. Giele | A multi-threaded version of MCFM | EPJC 75 (2015) 246 | 1503.06182 |
| 37 | NNPDF Collaboration | Parton distributions from high-precision collider data | EPJC 77 (2017) 663 | 1706.00428 |
| 38 | T. Sjostrand et al. | An introduction to PYTHIA8.2 | Comput. Phys. Commun. 191 (2015) 159 | 1410.3012 |
| 39 | N. Kidonakis and C. Foster | Higher-order soft-gluon corrections for $ {{\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} \mathrm{Z}} $ cross sections | PLB 860 (2025) 139146 | 2410.01214 |
| 40 | CMS Collaboration | Extraction and validation of a new set of CMS PYTHIA8 tunes from underlying-event measurements | EPJC 80 (2020) 4 | CMS-GEN-17-001 1903.12179 |
| 41 | J. Alwall et al. | Comparative study of various algorithms for the merging of parton showers and matrix elements in hadronic collisions | EPJC 53 (2008) 473 | 0706.2569 |
| 42 | GEANT4 Collaboration | GEANT 4---a simulation toolkit | NIM A 506 (2003) 250 | |
| 43 | CMS Collaboration | Technical proposal for the Phase-II upgrade of the Compact Muon Solenoid | CMS Technical Proposal CERN-LHCC-2015-010, CMS-TDR-15-02, 2015 link |
|
| 44 | CMS Collaboration | Muon identification using multivariate techniques in the cms experiment in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV | JINST 19 (2024) P02031 | CMS-MUO-22-001 2310.03844 |
| 45 | CMS Collaboration | Observation of four top quark production in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV | PLB 847 (2023) 138290 | CMS-TOP-22-013 2305.13439 |
| 46 | CMS Collaboration | Measurement of the inclusive WZ production cross section in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13.6 TeV | JHEP 04 (2025) 115 | CMS-SMP-24-005 2412.02477 |
| 47 | M. Cacciari, G. P. Salam, and G. Soyez | The anti-$ k_{\mathrm{T}} $ jet clustering algorithm | JHEP 04 (2008) 063 | 0802.1189 |
| 48 | M. Cacciari, G. P. Salam, and G. Soyez | FASTJET user manual | EPJC 72 (2012) 1896 | 1111.6097 |
| 49 | CMS Collaboration | Identification of heavy-flavour jets with the CMS detector in $ {\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}} $ collisions at 13 TeV | JINST 13 (2018) P05011 | CMS-BTV-16-002 1712.07158 |
| 50 | E. Bols et al. | Jet flavour classification using DeepJet | JINST 15 (2020) P12012 | 2008.10519 |
| 51 | CMS Collaboration | Performance summary of AK4 jet b tagging with data from proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV with the CMS detector | CMS Detector Performance Note CMS-DP-2023-005, 2023 CDS |
|
| 52 | H. Qu, C. Li, and S. Qian | Particle transformer for jet tagging | in Proc. 39th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML 2022): Baltimore MD, USA, July 17--23. 2022 link |
2202.03772 |
| 53 | CMS Collaboration | Transformer models for heavy flavor jet identification | CMS Detector Performance Note CMS-DP-2022-050, 2022 CDS |
|
| 54 | CMS Collaboration | Adversarial training for b-tagging algorithms in CMS | CMS Detector Performance Note CMS-DP-2022-049, 2022 CDS |
|
| 55 | CMS Collaboration | \mboxRun 3 commissioning results of heavy-flavor jet tagging at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13.6 TeV with CMS data using a modern framework for data processing | CMS Detector Performance Note CMS-DP-2022-024, 2024 CDS |
|
| 56 | CMS Collaboration | Performance summary of AK4 jet b tagging with data from 2022 proton-proton collisions at 13.6 TeV with the CMS detector | CMS Detector Performance Note CMS-DP-2022-025, 2024 CDS |
|
| 57 | Particle Data Group | Review of particle physics | PRD 110 (2024) 030001 | |
| 58 | CMS Collaboration | The CMS statistical analysis and combination tool: combine | Comput. Softw. Big Sci. 8 (2024) 19 | CMS-CAT-23-001 2404.06614 |
| 59 | CMS Collaboration | Pileup mitigation at CMS in 13 TeV data | JINST 15 (2020) P09018 | CMS-JME-18-001 2003.00503 |
| 60 | CMS Collaboration | Precision luminosity measurement in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016 at CMS | EPJC 81 (2021) 800 | CMS-LUM-17-003 2104.01927 |
| 61 | CMS Collaboration | CMS luminosity measurement for the 2017 data-taking period at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV | CMS Physics Analysis Summary, 2018 CMS-PAS-LUM-17-004 |
CMS-PAS-LUM-17-004 |
| 62 | CMS Collaboration | CMS luminosity measurement for the 2018 data-taking period at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV | CMS Physics Analysis Summary, 2019 CMS-PAS-LUM-18-002 |
CMS-PAS-LUM-18-002 |
| 63 | CMS Collaboration | Luminosity measurement in proton-proton collisions at 13.6 TeV in 2022 at CMS | CMS Physics Analysis Summary, 2024 CMS-PAS-LUM-22-001 |
CMS-PAS-LUM-22-001 |
| 64 | CMS Collaboration | Measurement of the offline integrated luminosity for the CMS proton-proton collision dataset recorded in 2023 | CMS Detector Performance Note CMS-DP-2024-068, 2024 CDS |
|
| 65 | CMS Collaboration | Measurements of inclusive and differential cross sections for top quark production in association with a Z boson in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV | JHEP 02 (2025) 177 | CMS-TOP-23-004 2410.23475 |
| 66 | ATLAS Collaboration | Inclusive and differential cross-section measurements of $ {{\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} \mathrm{Z}} $ production in $ {\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}} $ collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector, including EFT and spin-correlation interpretations | JHEP 07 (2024) 163 | 2312.04450 |
| 67 | CMS Collaboration | Measurement of the inclusive and differential WZ production cross sections, polarization angles, and triple gauge couplings in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV | JHEP 07 (2022) 032 | CMS-SMP-20-014 2110.11231 |
| 68 | CMS Collaboration | Observation of the production of three massive gauge bosons at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV | PRL 125 (2020) 151802 | CMS-SMP-19-014 2006.11191 |
| 69 | ATLAS Collaboration | Observation of $ \mathrm{W}\gamma\gamma $ triboson production in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector | PLB 848 (2024) 138400 | 2308.03041 |
| 70 | ATLAS Collaboration | Observation of $ \mathrm{W}\mathrm{Z}\gamma $ production in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector | PRL 132 (2024) 021802 | 2305.16994 |
| 71 | CMS Collaboration | Observation of $ \mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}\gamma $ production and search for $ {\mathrm{H}\gamma} $ production in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV | PRL 132 (2024) 121901 | CMS-SMP-22-006 2310.05164 |
| 72 | M. Czakon and A. Mitov | Top++: A program for the calculation of the top-pair cross-section at hadron colliders | Comput. Phys. Commun. 185 (2014) 2930 | 1112.5675 |
| 73 | CMS Collaboration | Measurement of differential cross sections for the production of a Z boson in association with jets in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV | PRD 108 (2023) 052004 | CMS-SMP-19-009 2205.02872 |
| 74 | CMS Collaboration | Measurement of the cross section of top quark-antiquark pair production in association with a W boson in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV | JHEP 07 (2023) 219 | CMS-TOP-21-011 2208.06485 |
| 75 | CMS Collaboration | Measurement of inclusive and differential cross sections for single top quark production in association with a W boson in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV | JHEP 07 (2023) 046 | CMS-TOP-21-010 2208.00924 |
| 76 | CMS Collaboration | A portrait of the Higgs boson by the CMS experiment ten years after the discovery | Nature 607 (2022) 60 | CMS-HIG-22-001 2207.00043 |
| 77 | R. Barlow and C. Beeston | Fitting using finite Monte Carlo samples | Comput. Phys. Commun. 77 (1993) 219 | |
| 78 | CMS Collaboration | Measurement of top quark pair production in association with a Z boson in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV | JHEP 03 (2020) 056 | CMS-TOP-18-009 1907.11270 |
| 79 | D. Bertolini, P. Harris, M. Low, and N. Tran | Pileup per particle identification | JHEP 10 (2014) 59 | 1407.6013 |
| 80 | CMS Collaboration | Performance of the CMS missing transverse momentum reconstruction in $ {\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}} $ data at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 8 TeV | JINST 10 (2015) P02006 | CMS-JME-13-003 1411.0511 |
|
|
Compact Muon Solenoid LHC, CERN |
|
|
|
|
|
|