CMS-HIG-23-011

CMS-HIG-23-011 ; CERN-EP-2025-007
Search for $\gamma \mathrm{H}$ production and constraints on the Yukawa couplings of light quarks to the Higgs boson
CMS Collaboration
8 February 2024
Submitted to Phys. Rev. D
Abstract: A search for $\gamma \mathrm{H}$ production is performed with data from the CMS experiment at the LHC corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb $^{-1}$ at a proton-proton center-of-mass collision energy of 13 TeV. The analysis focuses on the topology of a boosted Higgs boson recoiling against a high-energy photon. The final states of $\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}$ and $\mathrm{H}\to4\ell$ are analyzed. This study examines effective $\mathrm{H}\mathrm{Z}\gamma$ and $\mathrm{H}\gamma\gamma$ anomalous couplings within the context of an effective field theory. In this approach, the production cross section is constrained to be $\sigma_{\gamma \mathrm{H}} <$ 16.4 fb at 95% confidence level (CL). Simultaneous constraints on four anomalous couplings involving $\mathrm{H}\mathrm{Z}\gamma$ and $\mathrm{H}\gamma\gamma$ are provided. Additionally, the production rate for $\mathrm{H}\to4\ell$ is examined to assess potential enhancements in the Yukawa couplings between light quarks and the Higgs boson. Assuming the standard model values for the Yukawa couplings of the bottom and top quarks, the following simultaneous constraints are obtained: $\kappa_\mathrm{u}=$ (0.0 $\pm$ 1.5) $\times$ 10 $^{3}$ , $\kappa_\mathrm{d}=$ (0.0 $\pm$ 7.1) $\times$ 10 $^{2}$ , $\kappa_\mathrm{s}=$ 0 $^{+33}_{-34}$ , and $\kappa_\mathrm{c}=$ 0.0 $^{+2.7}_{-3.0}$ . This rules out the hypothesis that up- or down-type quarks in the first or second generation have the same Yukawa couplings as those in the third generation, with a CL greater than 95%.
Links: e-print arXiv:2502.05665 [hep-ex] (PDF) ; CDS record ; inSPIRE record ; HepData record ; CADI line (restricted) ;

Figures & Tables	Summary	References	CMS Publications

Figures
png pdf	Figure 1: Examples of Feynman diagrams describing $\gamma \mathrm{H}$ production at the LHC via a loop-generated $\mathrm{H}\gamma\gamma$ or $\mathrm{H}\mathrm{Z}\gamma$ interaction (left), with the dot representing an effective point-like coupling, and through H boson production in $\mathrm{q}\overline{\mathrm{q}}$ annihilation with photon radiation (right). The diagrams highlight the couplings of interest.
png pdf	Figure 2: The spectrum of the photon transverse momentum in $\gamma \mathrm{H}$ production, as generated by the leading-order diagrams shown in Figs. 1 and 3. The four distributions correspond to production resulting from couplings $\kappa_\mathrm{q}$ , $c_{z\gamma}$ ( $\widetilde{c}_{z\gamma}$ ), $c_{\gamma\gamma}$ ( $\widetilde{c}_{\gamma\gamma}$ ), and $c_{\mathrm{q}\gamma}$ .
png pdf	Figure 3: Feynman diagrams describing the $\mathrm{q}\overline{\mathrm{q}}$ annihilation with production of $\gamma \mathrm{H}$ through a point-like EFT operator (left) and with photon production (right).
png pdf	Figure 4: Feynman diagrams describing the H boson production at LHC through direct $\mathrm{q}\overline{\mathrm{q}}$ annihilation (left) and gluon fusion production (right).
png pdf	Figure 5: Distributions of events for the ${\mathcal{D}}_{\text{bkg}}$ observable in the $\gamma$ -tagged (left) and Untagged (right) categories of the $\mathrm{H}\to 4\ell$ candidate events. Observed events (black markers) and expected background estimates (solid histograms) from MC simulation (ZZ/Z $\gamma^*$ ) or control samples in data ( $\mathrm{Z}+\mathrm{X}$ ) are shown. The $\gamma \mathrm{H}$ signal contribution, stacked on top of background, is shown with an open histogram for an assumed cross section of $\sigma_{\gamma\mathrm{H}}\,\mathcal{B}_{4\ell}=$ 1 fb for either the $c_{\gamma\gamma}$ (solid) and $c_{z\gamma}$ (dashed) coupling hypothesis.
png pdf	Figure 5-a: Distributions of events for the ${\mathcal{D}}_{\text{bkg}}$ observable in the $\gamma$ -tagged (left) and Untagged (right) categories of the $\mathrm{H}\to 4\ell$ candidate events. Observed events (black markers) and expected background estimates (solid histograms) from MC simulation (ZZ/Z $\gamma^*$ ) or control samples in data ( $\mathrm{Z}+\mathrm{X}$ ) are shown. The $\gamma \mathrm{H}$ signal contribution, stacked on top of background, is shown with an open histogram for an assumed cross section of $\sigma_{\gamma\mathrm{H}}\,\mathcal{B}_{4\ell}=$ 1 fb for either the $c_{\gamma\gamma}$ (solid) and $c_{z\gamma}$ (dashed) coupling hypothesis.
png pdf	Figure 5-b: Distributions of events for the ${\mathcal{D}}_{\text{bkg}}$ observable in the $\gamma$ -tagged (left) and Untagged (right) categories of the $\mathrm{H}\to 4\ell$ candidate events. Observed events (black markers) and expected background estimates (solid histograms) from MC simulation (ZZ/Z $\gamma^*$ ) or control samples in data ( $\mathrm{Z}+\mathrm{X}$ ) are shown. The $\gamma \mathrm{H}$ signal contribution, stacked on top of background, is shown with an open histogram for an assumed cross section of $\sigma_{\gamma\mathrm{H}}\,\mathcal{B}_{4\ell}=$ 1 fb for either the $c_{\gamma\gamma}$ (solid) and $c_{z\gamma}$ (dashed) coupling hypothesis.
png pdf	Figure 6: The $M_{\textrm{PNet}}$ distributions for the number of observed events (black markers) compared with the backgrounds estimated in the fit to the data (filled histograms) in the $\mathrm{b} \overline{\mathrm{b}}$ channel. Fail (left), medium (middle) and tight (right) regions of the $\gamma$ -tagged (lower) and Untagged (upper) categories are shown. The signal contribution, stacked on top of background, is shown with an open histogram for an assumed cross section of $\sigma_{\gamma\mathrm{H}}\,\mathcal{B}_{\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}}=$ 10 fb.
png pdf	Figure 6-a: The $M_{\textrm{PNet}}$ distributions for the number of observed events (black markers) compared with the backgrounds estimated in the fit to the data (filled histograms) in the $\mathrm{b} \overline{\mathrm{b}}$ channel. Fail (left), medium (middle) and tight (right) regions of the $\gamma$ -tagged (lower) and Untagged (upper) categories are shown. The signal contribution, stacked on top of background, is shown with an open histogram for an assumed cross section of $\sigma_{\gamma\mathrm{H}}\,\mathcal{B}_{\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}}=$ 10 fb.
png pdf	Figure 6-b: The $M_{\textrm{PNet}}$ distributions for the number of observed events (black markers) compared with the backgrounds estimated in the fit to the data (filled histograms) in the $\mathrm{b} \overline{\mathrm{b}}$ channel. Fail (left), medium (middle) and tight (right) regions of the $\gamma$ -tagged (lower) and Untagged (upper) categories are shown. The signal contribution, stacked on top of background, is shown with an open histogram for an assumed cross section of $\sigma_{\gamma\mathrm{H}}\,\mathcal{B}_{\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}}=$ 10 fb.
png pdf	Figure 6-c: The $M_{\textrm{PNet}}$ distributions for the number of observed events (black markers) compared with the backgrounds estimated in the fit to the data (filled histograms) in the $\mathrm{b} \overline{\mathrm{b}}$ channel. Fail (left), medium (middle) and tight (right) regions of the $\gamma$ -tagged (lower) and Untagged (upper) categories are shown. The signal contribution, stacked on top of background, is shown with an open histogram for an assumed cross section of $\sigma_{\gamma\mathrm{H}}\,\mathcal{B}_{\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}}=$ 10 fb.
png pdf	Figure 6-d: The $M_{\textrm{PNet}}$ distributions for the number of observed events (black markers) compared with the backgrounds estimated in the fit to the data (filled histograms) in the $\mathrm{b} \overline{\mathrm{b}}$ channel. Fail (left), medium (middle) and tight (right) regions of the $\gamma$ -tagged (lower) and Untagged (upper) categories are shown. The signal contribution, stacked on top of background, is shown with an open histogram for an assumed cross section of $\sigma_{\gamma\mathrm{H}}\,\mathcal{B}_{\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}}=$ 10 fb.
png pdf	Figure 6-e: The $M_{\textrm{PNet}}$ distributions for the number of observed events (black markers) compared with the backgrounds estimated in the fit to the data (filled histograms) in the $\mathrm{b} \overline{\mathrm{b}}$ channel. Fail (left), medium (middle) and tight (right) regions of the $\gamma$ -tagged (lower) and Untagged (upper) categories are shown. The signal contribution, stacked on top of background, is shown with an open histogram for an assumed cross section of $\sigma_{\gamma\mathrm{H}}\,\mathcal{B}_{\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}}=$ 10 fb.
png pdf	Figure 6-f: The $M_{\textrm{PNet}}$ distributions for the number of observed events (black markers) compared with the backgrounds estimated in the fit to the data (filled histograms) in the $\mathrm{b} \overline{\mathrm{b}}$ channel. Fail (left), medium (middle) and tight (right) regions of the $\gamma$ -tagged (lower) and Untagged (upper) categories are shown. The signal contribution, stacked on top of background, is shown with an open histogram for an assumed cross section of $\sigma_{\gamma\mathrm{H}}\,\mathcal{B}_{\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}}=$ 10 fb.
png pdf	Figure 7: Constraints on $\sigma_{\gamma\mathrm{H}}$ from the combination of the $\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}$ and 4 $\ell$ channels. The results are shown with only $c_{\gamma\gamma}$ and $\widetilde{c}_{\gamma\gamma}$ floating in the fit (blue) and with all four couplings allowed to float (black). Observed (solid) and expected (dashed) likelihood scans are shown. The dashed horizontal lines show the 68 and 95% CL intervals.
png pdf	Figure 8: Constraints on the square of $\|c_{\gamma\gamma}\|$ (or $\|\widetilde{c}_{\gamma\gamma}\|$ ) and $\|c_{z\gamma}\|$ (or $\|\widetilde{c}_{z\gamma}\|$ ) from the combination of the $\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}$ and 4 $\ell$ channels. The other couplings are either fixed to the null SM expectation (blue) or are left floating in the fit (red). Observed (solid) and expected (dashed) likelihood scans are shown. The dashed horizontal lines show the 68 and 95% CL intervals.
png pdf	Figure 8-a: Constraints on the square of $\|c_{\gamma\gamma}\|$ (or $\|\widetilde{c}_{\gamma\gamma}\|$ ) and $\|c_{z\gamma}\|$ (or $\|\widetilde{c}_{z\gamma}\|$ ) from the combination of the $\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}$ and 4 $\ell$ channels. The other couplings are either fixed to the null SM expectation (blue) or are left floating in the fit (red). Observed (solid) and expected (dashed) likelihood scans are shown. The dashed horizontal lines show the 68 and 95% CL intervals.
png pdf	Figure 8-b: Constraints on the square of $\|c_{\gamma\gamma}\|$ (or $\|\widetilde{c}_{\gamma\gamma}\|$ ) and $\|c_{z\gamma}\|$ (or $\|\widetilde{c}_{z\gamma}\|$ ) from the combination of the $\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}$ and 4 $\ell$ channels. The other couplings are either fixed to the null SM expectation (blue) or are left floating in the fit (red). Observed (solid) and expected (dashed) likelihood scans are shown. The dashed horizontal lines show the 68 and 95% CL intervals.
png pdf	Figure 9: Constraints on $\kappa_{\mathrm{u}}$ , $\kappa_{\mathrm{d}}$ , $\kappa_{\mathrm{s}}$ , and $\kappa_{\mathrm{c}}$ are shown using the $\mathrm{H}\to4\ell$ channel. In scenario one (black), all couplings except the one being shown are fixed at their SM values. In scenario two (blue), the Yukawa couplings for the three other light quarks are left unconstrained, and BSM contributions are allowed: $\kappa_{\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{Z}}^2\le$ 1 and $\Gamma^\text{BSM}_\mathrm{H}\ge$ 0. Both observed (solid) and expected (dashed) constraints are presented. The crossings of dashed horizontal lines and the likelihood curves indicate the 68 and 95% CL intervals.
png pdf	Figure 9-a: Constraints on $\kappa_{\mathrm{u}}$ , $\kappa_{\mathrm{d}}$ , $\kappa_{\mathrm{s}}$ , and $\kappa_{\mathrm{c}}$ are shown using the $\mathrm{H}\to4\ell$ channel. In scenario one (black), all couplings except the one being shown are fixed at their SM values. In scenario two (blue), the Yukawa couplings for the three other light quarks are left unconstrained, and BSM contributions are allowed: $\kappa_{\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{Z}}^2\le$ 1 and $\Gamma^\text{BSM}_\mathrm{H}\ge$ 0. Both observed (solid) and expected (dashed) constraints are presented. The crossings of dashed horizontal lines and the likelihood curves indicate the 68 and 95% CL intervals.
png pdf	Figure 9-b: Constraints on $\kappa_{\mathrm{u}}$ , $\kappa_{\mathrm{d}}$ , $\kappa_{\mathrm{s}}$ , and $\kappa_{\mathrm{c}}$ are shown using the $\mathrm{H}\to4\ell$ channel. In scenario one (black), all couplings except the one being shown are fixed at their SM values. In scenario two (blue), the Yukawa couplings for the three other light quarks are left unconstrained, and BSM contributions are allowed: $\kappa_{\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{Z}}^2\le$ 1 and $\Gamma^\text{BSM}_\mathrm{H}\ge$ 0. Both observed (solid) and expected (dashed) constraints are presented. The crossings of dashed horizontal lines and the likelihood curves indicate the 68 and 95% CL intervals.
png pdf	Figure 9-c: Constraints on $\kappa_{\mathrm{u}}$ , $\kappa_{\mathrm{d}}$ , $\kappa_{\mathrm{s}}$ , and $\kappa_{\mathrm{c}}$ are shown using the $\mathrm{H}\to4\ell$ channel. In scenario one (black), all couplings except the one being shown are fixed at their SM values. In scenario two (blue), the Yukawa couplings for the three other light quarks are left unconstrained, and BSM contributions are allowed: $\kappa_{\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{Z}}^2\le$ 1 and $\Gamma^\text{BSM}_\mathrm{H}\ge$ 0. Both observed (solid) and expected (dashed) constraints are presented. The crossings of dashed horizontal lines and the likelihood curves indicate the 68 and 95% CL intervals.
png pdf	Figure 9-d: Constraints on $\kappa_{\mathrm{u}}$ , $\kappa_{\mathrm{d}}$ , $\kappa_{\mathrm{s}}$ , and $\kappa_{\mathrm{c}}$ are shown using the $\mathrm{H}\to4\ell$ channel. In scenario one (black), all couplings except the one being shown are fixed at their SM values. In scenario two (blue), the Yukawa couplings for the three other light quarks are left unconstrained, and BSM contributions are allowed: $\kappa_{\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{Z}}^2\le$ 1 and $\Gamma^\text{BSM}_\mathrm{H}\ge$ 0. Both observed (solid) and expected (dashed) constraints are presented. The crossings of dashed horizontal lines and the likelihood curves indicate the 68 and 95% CL intervals.

Tables
png pdf	Table 1: Observed and expected constraints on the $\gamma \mathrm{H}$ cross section $\sigma_{\gamma\mathrm{H}}$ and on the $c_{\gamma\gamma}$ , $c_{z\gamma}$ , $\widetilde{c}_{\gamma\gamma}$ , and $\widetilde{c}_{z\gamma}$ couplings using the $\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}$ and 4 $\ell$ channels combined. The third and fourth rows show constraints on cross section multiplied by the branching fraction using the $\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}$ and $\mathrm{H}\to4\ell$ channels only, respectively. The 68% (central value with uncertainties) and 95% (upper limit or allowed intervals) CL intervals are shown.
png pdf	Table 2: Central values of the input and derived parameters used in calculations involving Eqs. (4) and (5). The list of partons ( $p$ ) comprises gluons ( $\mathrm{g}$ ) and five quark flavors ( $\mathrm{q}$ ). All cross sections $\sigma_i$ are computed for the inclusive on-shell H boson production using the SM values for all couplings, except for the specific coupling $\kappa_{\mathrm{q}}$ that is explicitly mentioned.
png pdf	Table 3: Observed and expected constraints on the $\kappa_{\mathrm{u}}$ , $\kappa_{\mathrm{d}}$ , $\kappa_{\mathrm{s}}$ , and $\kappa_{\mathrm{c}}$ couplings are shown using the $\mathrm{H}\to4\ell$ channel. In one scenario, all couplings except the one being shown are fixed at their SM values. In the other scenario, the Yukawa couplings for the three other light quarks are left unconstrained, and BSM contributions are allowed. The 68% (central value with error bars) and 95% (bracketed range or upper limit) CL intervals are displayed.
png pdf	Table 4: Observed and expected constraints on the $\overline{\kappa}_{\mathrm{u}}$ , $\overline{\kappa}_{\mathrm{d}}$ , $\overline{\kappa}_{\mathrm{s}}$ , and $\overline{\kappa}_{\mathrm{c}}$ defined as $\overline{\kappa}_{\mathrm{q}}=y_{\mathrm{q}}v/m_{\mathrm{b}}$ , following the same conventions as outlined in Table 3.

Summary

A search for

$\gamma \mathrm{H}$ production is performed with the data from the CMS experiment at the LHC corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb

$^{-1}$ at a proton-proton center-of-mass collision energy of 13 TeV. The analysis focuses on the topology of a boosted Higgs boson recoiling against a high-energy photon. The final states of

$\mathrm{H}\to \mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}$ and

$\mathrm{H}\to4\ell$ are analyzed. This study examines effective

$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{Z}\gamma$ and

$\mathrm{H}\gamma\gamma$ anomalous couplings within the context of an effective field theory. In this approach, the observed (expected) constraint on the

$\gamma \mathrm{H}$ production cross section is

$\sigma_{\gamma\mathrm{H}} <$ 16.4 (21.5) fb at 95% CL. Simultaneous constraints on four anomalous couplings involving

$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{Z}\gamma$ and

$\mathrm{H}\gamma\gamma$ are provided. Additionally, the production rate for

$\mathrm{H}\to4\ell$ is examined to assess potential enhancements in the Yukawa couplings between light quarks and the Higgs boson. This includes examining modifications to both direct quark-antiquark annihilation and gluon fusion loop processes. Assuming the standard model Yukawa couplings for the bottom and top quarks (

$\kappa_{\mathrm{b}}=\kappa_{\mathrm{t}}=$ 1), along with the constraints on the

$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{V}\mathrm{V}$ couplings (

$\kappa_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}}^2\le$ 1 and

$\kappa_{\mathrm{Z}\mathrm{Z}}^2\le$ 1), the following simultaneous constraints are obtained:

$\kappa_{\mathrm{u}}=$ (0.0

$\pm$ 1.5)

$\times$ 10

$^{3}$ ,

$\kappa_{\mathrm{d}}=$ (0.0

$\pm$ 7.1)

$\times$ 10

$^{2}$ ,

$\kappa_{\mathrm{s}}=$ 0

$^{+33}_{-34}$ , and

$\kappa_{\mathrm{c}}=$ 0.0

$^{+2.7}_{-3.0}$ . The hypothesis that up- or down-type quarks in the first or second generation have the same Yukawa couplings as those in the third generation is excluded with a CL greater than 95%.

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