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| CMS-HIN-25-015 ; CERN-EP-2026-188 | ||
| Evidence for sequential $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(nS)}} $ suppression in light ion collisions | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 15 July 2026 | ||
| Submitted to Physical Review Letters | ||
| Abstract: Bound states of heavy quark-antiquark pairs, known as quarkonia, have long been regarded as particularly sensitive probes of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). Comparing quarkonium yields in collisions of heavy nuclei, such as gold or lead, with a proton-proton (pp) reference reveals a characteristic pattern of sequential suppression, in which weakly-bound excited states are more strongly suppressed than the ground states. We report the first measurements of the three lowest mass $ \mathrm{S} $-wave vector bottomonium resonances, the ground state $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(1S)}} $ and the excited states $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(2S)}} $ and $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(3S)}} $, in oxygen-oxygen collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair of $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.36 TeV. Measurements of the yields of the $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(1S)}} $ and $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(2S)}} $ resonances in neon-neon collisions, at the same $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} $, are also presented. The $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(2S)}} $/$ \Upsilon{\textrm{(1S)}} $ ratio is found to be significantly below the measured pp reference value, and the $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(3S)}} $/$ \Upsilon{\textrm{(1S)}} $ ratio shows an even larger reduction. The significance of the relative $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(3S)}} $ to $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(2S)}} $ suppression exceeds three standard deviations. These results provide evidence for the sequential suppression of $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(nS)}} $ states in light ion collisions, similar to observations made in lead-lead and gold-gold collisions, generally attributed to the presence of a QGP medium. | ||
| Links: e-print arXiv:2607.13758 [hep-ex] (PDF) ; CDS record ; inSPIRE record ; HepData record ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
Muon pair invariant mass distributions in pp\ (left), $ \text{OO} $\ (middle), and $ \text{NeNe} $\ (right) collisions. The overlaid curves show the corresponding fit results, integrated over muon pair $ p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV and $ |y| < $ 2.4. In each case the total fit model is shown as a solid line, while the individual $ \Upsilon $ signal components and the background are shown as dashed lines. |
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Figure 2:
The measured double ratios $ D_{21} $\ and $ D_{31} $\ for $ \mathrm{p}\text{Pb} $ [26], $ \text{OO} $, $ \text{NeNe} $, and PbPb [19,20] collisions (left), exhibiting a clear hierarchy that evolves with increasing system size. The rapidity $ y_{\mathrm{CM}} $ is defined in the center-of-mass (CM) frame. The double ratios are separately shown as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}}\rangle $ (right), and are compared with previous PbPb [21,22] measurements performed at the LHC. For visibility purposes, the horizontal axis is displayed on a square root scale. |
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Figure 2-a:
The measured double ratios $ D_{21} $\ and $ D_{31} $\ for $ \mathrm{p}\text{Pb} $ [26], $ \text{OO} $, $ \text{NeNe} $, and PbPb [19,20] collisions (left), exhibiting a clear hierarchy that evolves with increasing system size. The rapidity $ y_{\mathrm{CM}} $ is defined in the center-of-mass (CM) frame. The double ratios are separately shown as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}}\rangle $ (right), and are compared with previous PbPb [21,22] measurements performed at the LHC. For visibility purposes, the horizontal axis is displayed on a square root scale. |
png pdf |
Figure 2-b:
The measured double ratios $ D_{21} $\ and $ D_{31} $\ for $ \mathrm{p}\text{Pb} $ [26], $ \text{OO} $, $ \text{NeNe} $, and PbPb [19,20] collisions (left), exhibiting a clear hierarchy that evolves with increasing system size. The rapidity $ y_{\mathrm{CM}} $ is defined in the center-of-mass (CM) frame. The double ratios are separately shown as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}}\rangle $ (right), and are compared with previous PbPb [21,22] measurements performed at the LHC. For visibility purposes, the horizontal axis is displayed on a square root scale. |
png pdf |
Figure 3:
The single ratios $ S_{21} $ and $ S_{31} $ as a function of $ N_{\text{trk}}^{\text{corr}} $ (left), overlaid with LHC measurements in pp [75] and PbPb [19,20] collisions. Measured double ratios $ D_{32} $ (right) as a function of the muon pair $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ in $ \text{OO} $ and PbPb [19,20] collisions, with the two points at the far right showing the $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $-integrated values for $ p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV and $ |y| < $ 2.4. For $ \text{OO} $ collisions, predictions obtained with the SHINCHON framework [76] are compared with the measured $ S_{21} $, $ S_{31} $, and $ D_{32} $ values. The shaded bands around the model predictions reflect the uncertainties in the calculation. |
png pdf |
Figure 3-a:
The single ratios $ S_{21} $ and $ S_{31} $ as a function of $ N_{\text{trk}}^{\text{corr}} $ (left), overlaid with LHC measurements in pp [75] and PbPb [19,20] collisions. Measured double ratios $ D_{32} $ (right) as a function of the muon pair $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ in $ \text{OO} $ and PbPb [19,20] collisions, with the two points at the far right showing the $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $-integrated values for $ p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV and $ |y| < $ 2.4. For $ \text{OO} $ collisions, predictions obtained with the SHINCHON framework [76] are compared with the measured $ S_{21} $, $ S_{31} $, and $ D_{32} $ values. The shaded bands around the model predictions reflect the uncertainties in the calculation. |
png pdf |
Figure 3-b:
The single ratios $ S_{21} $ and $ S_{31} $ as a function of $ N_{\text{trk}}^{\text{corr}} $ (left), overlaid with LHC measurements in pp [75] and PbPb [19,20] collisions. Measured double ratios $ D_{32} $ (right) as a function of the muon pair $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ in $ \text{OO} $ and PbPb [19,20] collisions, with the two points at the far right showing the $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $-integrated values for $ p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV and $ |y| < $ 2.4. For $ \text{OO} $ collisions, predictions obtained with the SHINCHON framework [76] are compared with the measured $ S_{21} $, $ S_{31} $, and $ D_{32} $ values. The shaded bands around the model predictions reflect the uncertainties in the calculation. |
| Summary |
| In summary, the $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(1S)}} $, $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(2S)}} $, and $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(3S)}} $ states are measured for the first time in oxygen-oxygen collisions, with the $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(1S)}} $ and $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(2S)}} $ states also measured in neon-neon collisions. The data were recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2025 and collected at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 5.36 TeV. Proton-proton (pp) collisions at the same energy provided the reference baseline. The suppression of these states is quantified through ratios that compare excited-to-reference-state \PgU meson yields within ion-ion collisions and, separately, relative to the corresponding pp yields. These observables isolate final-state medium effects by canceling many common experimental uncertainties and reducing sensitivity to initial-state effects. The measurements reveal significant suppression of the $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(2S)}} $ and $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(3S)}} $ states, with significances exceeding five standard deviations when measured relative to $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(1S)}} $. The suppression of $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(3S)}} $ relative to $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(2S)}} $ exceeds three standard deviations, providing evidence for sequential $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(nS)}} $ meson suppression in light ion collisions. Moreover, the overall magnitude and transverse momentum dependence of the $ \Upsilon{\textrm{(3S)}} / \Upsilon{\textrm{(2S)}} $ ratio are compatible between oxygen-oxygen and lead-lead collisions, supporting a common interpretation of sequential $ \Upsilon $ meson suppression in the two systems. These results reinforce earlier findings that quarkonium suppression may not require large volumes of matter and provide new constraints for theoretical models aiming to describe bottomonium production from pp to heavy ion collisions. |
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