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| CMS-HIN-25-008 ; CERN-EP-2025-226 | ||
| Discovery of suppressed charged-particle production in ultrarelativistic oxygen-oxygen collisions | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 10 October 2025 | ||
| Submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. | ||
| Abstract: A hot and dense state of nuclear matter, known as the quark-gluon plasma, is created in collisions of ultrarelativistic heavy nuclei. Highly energetic quarks and gluons, collectively referred to as partons, lose energy as they travel through this matter, leading to suppressed production of particles with large transverse momenta ($ p_{\mathrm{T}} $). Conversely, high-$ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ particle suppression has not been seen in proton-lead collisions, raising questions regarding the minimum system size required to observe parton energy loss. Oxygen-oxygen (OO) collisions examine a region of effective system size that lies between these two extreme cases. The CMS detector at the CERN LHC has been used to quantify charged-particle production in inclusive OO collisions for the first time via measurements of the nuclear modification factor ($ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $). The $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ is derived by comparing particle production to expectations based on proton-proton (pp) data and has a value of unity in the absence of nuclear effects. The data for OO and pp collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.36 TeV correspond to integrated luminosities of 6.1 nb$^{-1}$ and 1.02 pb$^{-1}$, respectively. The $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ is below unity with a minimum of 0.69 $ \pm $ 0.04 around $ p_{\mathrm{T}}= $ 6 GeV. The data exhibit better agreement with theoretical models incorporating parton energy loss as compared to baseline models without energy loss. | ||
| Links: e-print arXiv:2510.09864 [hep-ex] (PDF) ; CDS record ; inSPIRE record ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
The charged-particle $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $-differential invariant cross sections for pp (black circles) and OO (blue squares) collisions. The markers show the average cross section across the entire bin width, not the cross section value at the center of each bin. Statistical uncertainties are smaller than the markers. |
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Figure 1-a:
The charged-particle $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $-differential invariant cross sections for pp (black circles) and OO (blue squares) collisions. The markers show the average cross section across the entire bin width, not the cross section value at the center of each bin. Statistical uncertainties are smaller than the markers. |
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Figure 1-b:
The charged-particle $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $-differential invariant cross sections for pp (black circles) and OO (blue squares) collisions. The markers show the average cross section across the entire bin width, not the cross section value at the center of each bin. Statistical uncertainties are smaller than the markers. |
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Figure 2:
The charged-particle $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ for inclusive 5.36 TeV OO collisions (solid markers) as a function of particle $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. Error bars represent statistical uncertainties and boxes represent systematic uncertainties not related to the luminosity calibration. The $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ for pPb [19,29], XeXe [22], and PbPb [19] collisions (open markers) are also shown. Normalization uncertainties are shown by the bands around unity. |
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Figure 2-a:
The charged-particle $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ for inclusive 5.36 TeV OO collisions (solid markers) as a function of particle $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. Error bars represent statistical uncertainties and boxes represent systematic uncertainties not related to the luminosity calibration. The $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ for pPb [19,29], XeXe [22], and PbPb [19] collisions (open markers) are also shown. Normalization uncertainties are shown by the bands around unity. |
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Figure 2-b:
The charged-particle $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ for inclusive 5.36 TeV OO collisions (solid markers) as a function of particle $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. Error bars represent statistical uncertainties and boxes represent systematic uncertainties not related to the luminosity calibration. The $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ for pPb [19,29], XeXe [22], and PbPb [19] collisions (open markers) are also shown. Normalization uncertainties are shown by the bands around unity. |
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Figure 3:
Comparison of the OO $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ measurement to various theoretical predictions [33,36,37,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69]. Models in the left panels are baselines that do not include parton energy loss, while models on the right include energy loss. The normalization uncertainty of the measurement is shown by the band around unity. |
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Figure 4:
Systematic uncertainties related to the 5.36 TeV pp (left) and OO (right) cross section measurements, presented as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. |
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Figure 4-a:
Systematic uncertainties related to the 5.36 TeV pp (left) and OO (right) cross section measurements, presented as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. |
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Figure 4-b:
Systematic uncertainties related to the 5.36 TeV pp (left) and OO (right) cross section measurements, presented as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. |
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Figure 4-c:
Systematic uncertainties related to the 5.36 TeV pp (left) and OO (right) cross section measurements, presented as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. |
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Figure 4-d:
Systematic uncertainties related to the 5.36 TeV pp (left) and OO (right) cross section measurements, presented as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. |
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Figure 5:
Systematic uncertainties related to the measurement of $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ for 5.36 TeV OO collisions, presented as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. |
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Figure 5-a:
Systematic uncertainties related to the measurement of $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ for 5.36 TeV OO collisions, presented as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. |
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Figure 5-b:
Systematic uncertainties related to the measurement of $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ for 5.36 TeV OO collisions, presented as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. |
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Figure 6:
Comparison of the OO $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ to a theoretical model [33] without energy loss effects that uses three different nPDF choices [70,97,98]. |
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Figure 6-a:
Comparison of the OO $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ to a theoretical model [33] without energy loss effects that uses three different nPDF choices [70,97,98]. |
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Figure 6-b:
Comparison of the OO $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ to a theoretical model [33] without energy loss effects that uses three different nPDF choices [70,97,98]. |
| Summary |
| In summary, we report the first measurement of the charged-particle nuclear modification factor ($ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $) as a function of transverse momentum ($ p_{\mathrm{T}} $) in oxygen-oxygen collisions at a center of mass energy per nucleon pair of 5.36 TeV. The $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ is significantly suppressed and reaches a minimum of 0.69 $ \pm $ 0.04 around $ p_{\mathrm{T}}= $ 6 GeV. However, $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ rises to become consistent with unity for $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ values approaching 100 GeV. Comparisons with previous measurements of other collision systems reveal a system-size dependence of $ R_{\mathrm{AA}} $ suppression in nuclear collisions. The data are more consistent with theoretical models that incorporate parton energy loss effects as compared to baseline models without energy loss, supporting the hypothesis that a medium of sufficient size to give rise to observable parton energy loss is created. This measurement constrains models attempting to predict jet quenching in small systems and represents an important first step towards the realization of a physics program examining collisions of light nuclei at TeV-scale energies. |
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