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| CMS-PAS-SMP-25-001 | ||
| Search for anomalous couplings in WW and WZ production with single-lepton final states at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 2026-05-18 | ||
| Abstract: A search for deviations from the standard model in a generic manner using an effective field theory (EFT) approach is carried out using the proton-proton collision dataset recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$ ^{-1} $. In this study we constrain Wilson coefficients (WCs) corresponding to dimension six EFT operators that would lead to anomalous gauge boson self and vector boson to quark couplings. We consider diboson (WW and WZ) production processes with one W boson decaying to (anti-)lepton plus anti-neutrino (neutrino) and the second W or Z boson decaying hadronically. Since the contribution from anomalous couplings is expected to be most visible at high energy scales, we focus on final states where the hadronic decays from the W and Z bosons merge into a single large-radius jet. A dedicated machine-learning based classifier is employed to separate such jets from vector boson decays to those from background processes. We report the most stringent constraints to date on the WCs of operators corresponding to anomalous triple gauge boson couplings. The bounds set on vector bosons' to quark couplings are competitive to those from previous inclusive jet measurements. | ||
| Links: CDS record (PDF) ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
The LO Feynman diagram for the process studied in this analysis, with an anomalous triple gauge coupling vertex, where one W boson decays to a lepton and a neutrino and another W (Z) boson decays to quarks. |
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Figure 2:
Large-R jet $ m_{\text{SD}}^{\text{jet}} $ in the combined $ \mathrm{W}{\text{+jets}} $ CR and the signal region (top left) and in the $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} $ control region (top right) after applying the tagger. The $ \mathrm{W}/\mathrm{Z} $ tagging score in the $ \mathrm{W}{\text{+jets}} $ CR without tagger requirement is shown in the bottom row. These prefit distributions are obtained after combining the electron and muon channels and correspond to the full Run 2 data statistics. The uncertainty band shown in the ratio plot contains both statistical and systematic components. |
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Figure 2-a:
Large-R jet $ m_{\text{SD}}^{\text{jet}} $ in the combined $ \mathrm{W}{\text{+jets}} $ CR and the signal region (top left) and in the $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} $ control region (top right) after applying the tagger. The $ \mathrm{W}/\mathrm{Z} $ tagging score in the $ \mathrm{W}{\text{+jets}} $ CR without tagger requirement is shown in the bottom row. These prefit distributions are obtained after combining the electron and muon channels and correspond to the full Run 2 data statistics. The uncertainty band shown in the ratio plot contains both statistical and systematic components. |
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Figure 2-b:
Large-R jet $ m_{\text{SD}}^{\text{jet}} $ in the combined $ \mathrm{W}{\text{+jets}} $ CR and the signal region (top left) and in the $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} $ control region (top right) after applying the tagger. The $ \mathrm{W}/\mathrm{Z} $ tagging score in the $ \mathrm{W}{\text{+jets}} $ CR without tagger requirement is shown in the bottom row. These prefit distributions are obtained after combining the electron and muon channels and correspond to the full Run 2 data statistics. The uncertainty band shown in the ratio plot contains both statistical and systematic components. |
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Figure 2-c:
Large-R jet $ m_{\text{SD}}^{\text{jet}} $ in the combined $ \mathrm{W}{\text{+jets}} $ CR and the signal region (top left) and in the $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} $ control region (top right) after applying the tagger. The $ \mathrm{W}/\mathrm{Z} $ tagging score in the $ \mathrm{W}{\text{+jets}} $ CR without tagger requirement is shown in the bottom row. These prefit distributions are obtained after combining the electron and muon channels and correspond to the full Run 2 data statistics. The uncertainty band shown in the ratio plot contains both statistical and systematic components. |
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Figure 3:
Large-R jet $ m_{\text{SD}}^{\text{jet}} $ in the $ \mathrm{W}{\text{+jets}} $ CR and the signal region for the combined electron and muon channels with full Run 2 statistics after the ML fit. The uncertainty band shown on the ratio plot contains both statistical and systematic components on the predictions before the ML fit. The SM WW and WZ processes are shown with filled areas contributing to the total background prediction. In addition both processes are overlaid as lines to show more clearly their shape. |
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Figure 4:
The $ m_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{V}} $ distribution in the $ \mathrm{W}{\text{+jets}} $ low (upper) and high (middle) sidebands and $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} $ (lower) control regions in the muon (left) and electron (right) channels after the ML fit considering the WC $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ as signal. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the postfit signal plus background prediction. The uncertainty band shown in the ratio plot contains both statistical and systematic components. |
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Figure 4-a:
The $ m_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{V}} $ distribution in the $ \mathrm{W}{\text{+jets}} $ low (upper) and high (middle) sidebands and $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} $ (lower) control regions in the muon (left) and electron (right) channels after the ML fit considering the WC $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ as signal. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the postfit signal plus background prediction. The uncertainty band shown in the ratio plot contains both statistical and systematic components. |
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Figure 4-b:
The $ m_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{V}} $ distribution in the $ \mathrm{W}{\text{+jets}} $ low (upper) and high (middle) sidebands and $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} $ (lower) control regions in the muon (left) and electron (right) channels after the ML fit considering the WC $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ as signal. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the postfit signal plus background prediction. The uncertainty band shown in the ratio plot contains both statistical and systematic components. |
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Figure 4-c:
The $ m_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{V}} $ distribution in the $ \mathrm{W}{\text{+jets}} $ low (upper) and high (middle) sidebands and $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} $ (lower) control regions in the muon (left) and electron (right) channels after the ML fit considering the WC $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ as signal. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the postfit signal plus background prediction. The uncertainty band shown in the ratio plot contains both statistical and systematic components. |
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Figure 4-d:
The $ m_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{V}} $ distribution in the $ \mathrm{W}{\text{+jets}} $ low (upper) and high (middle) sidebands and $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} $ (lower) control regions in the muon (left) and electron (right) channels after the ML fit considering the WC $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ as signal. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the postfit signal plus background prediction. The uncertainty band shown in the ratio plot contains both statistical and systematic components. |
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Figure 4-e:
The $ m_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{V}} $ distribution in the $ \mathrm{W}{\text{+jets}} $ low (upper) and high (middle) sidebands and $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} $ (lower) control regions in the muon (left) and electron (right) channels after the ML fit considering the WC $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ as signal. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the postfit signal plus background prediction. The uncertainty band shown in the ratio plot contains both statistical and systematic components. |
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Figure 4-f:
The $ m_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{V}} $ distribution in the $ \mathrm{W}{\text{+jets}} $ low (upper) and high (middle) sidebands and $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} $ (lower) control regions in the muon (left) and electron (right) channels after the ML fit considering the WC $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ as signal. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the postfit signal plus background prediction. The uncertainty band shown in the ratio plot contains both statistical and systematic components. |
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Figure 5:
The $ m_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{V}} $ distribution in the signal region low (upper) and high (lower) in the muon (left) and electron (right) channels after the ML fit assuming no signal. The prefit signal contribution from the summed linear and quadratic terms corresponding to $ c_{\mathrm{W}} = 0.1 \text{TeV}^{-2} $ are also shown. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the postfit background prediction. The uncertainty band shown in the ratio plot contains both statistical and systematic components. |
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Figure 5-a:
The $ m_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{V}} $ distribution in the signal region low (upper) and high (lower) in the muon (left) and electron (right) channels after the ML fit assuming no signal. The prefit signal contribution from the summed linear and quadratic terms corresponding to $ c_{\mathrm{W}} = 0.1 \text{TeV}^{-2} $ are also shown. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the postfit background prediction. The uncertainty band shown in the ratio plot contains both statistical and systematic components. |
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Figure 5-b:
The $ m_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{V}} $ distribution in the signal region low (upper) and high (lower) in the muon (left) and electron (right) channels after the ML fit assuming no signal. The prefit signal contribution from the summed linear and quadratic terms corresponding to $ c_{\mathrm{W}} = 0.1 \text{TeV}^{-2} $ are also shown. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the postfit background prediction. The uncertainty band shown in the ratio plot contains both statistical and systematic components. |
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Figure 5-c:
The $ m_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{V}} $ distribution in the signal region low (upper) and high (lower) in the muon (left) and electron (right) channels after the ML fit assuming no signal. The prefit signal contribution from the summed linear and quadratic terms corresponding to $ c_{\mathrm{W}} = 0.1 \text{TeV}^{-2} $ are also shown. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the postfit background prediction. The uncertainty band shown in the ratio plot contains both statistical and systematic components. |
png pdf |
Figure 5-d:
The $ m_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{V}} $ distribution in the signal region low (upper) and high (lower) in the muon (left) and electron (right) channels after the ML fit assuming no signal. The prefit signal contribution from the summed linear and quadratic terms corresponding to $ c_{\mathrm{W}} = 0.1 \text{TeV}^{-2} $ are also shown. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the postfit background prediction. The uncertainty band shown in the ratio plot contains both statistical and systematic components. |
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Figure 6:
Profile likelihood scan of the WC $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ obtained from a simultaneous fit to data in the SRs and background CRs for the case when all other WCs are fixed to 0. Both linear and quadratic contributions in the EFT expansion are included in the fit. The horizontal dashed lines correspond to the 68% and 95% confidence levels. Different profile likelihood curves correspond to cases when: both statistical and systematic uncertainties are included in the fit, theory uncertainties are frozen, and only statistical uncertainties are included. |
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Figure 7:
Likelihood as a function of the pairs of WCs from HISZ model: $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ and $ c_{{\mathrm{B}}} $ (upper left), $ c_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}} $ and $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ (upper right), and $ c_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}} $ and $ c_{{\mathrm{B}}} $ (lower). All WCs that are not scanned are fixed to zero. The best fit value is shown with a marker and the dotted lines correspond to the crossing points of $ -2\Delta\ln L $ at 2.28 and 5.99, which correspond to the 68% and 95% confidence levels in the asymptotic approximation. |
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Figure 7-a:
Likelihood as a function of the pairs of WCs from HISZ model: $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ and $ c_{{\mathrm{B}}} $ (upper left), $ c_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}} $ and $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ (upper right), and $ c_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}} $ and $ c_{{\mathrm{B}}} $ (lower). All WCs that are not scanned are fixed to zero. The best fit value is shown with a marker and the dotted lines correspond to the crossing points of $ -2\Delta\ln L $ at 2.28 and 5.99, which correspond to the 68% and 95% confidence levels in the asymptotic approximation. |
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Figure 7-b:
Likelihood as a function of the pairs of WCs from HISZ model: $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ and $ c_{{\mathrm{B}}} $ (upper left), $ c_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}} $ and $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ (upper right), and $ c_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}} $ and $ c_{{\mathrm{B}}} $ (lower). All WCs that are not scanned are fixed to zero. The best fit value is shown with a marker and the dotted lines correspond to the crossing points of $ -2\Delta\ln L $ at 2.28 and 5.99, which correspond to the 68% and 95% confidence levels in the asymptotic approximation. |
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Figure 7-c:
Likelihood as a function of the pairs of WCs from HISZ model: $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ and $ c_{{\mathrm{B}}} $ (upper left), $ c_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}} $ and $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ (upper right), and $ c_{\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{W}} $ and $ c_{{\mathrm{B}}} $ (lower). All WCs that are not scanned are fixed to zero. The best fit value is shown with a marker and the dotted lines correspond to the crossing points of $ -2\Delta\ln L $ at 2.28 and 5.99, which correspond to the 68% and 95% confidence levels in the asymptotic approximation. |
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Figure 8:
Comparison of limits on different WCs at 95% confidence level with existing analyses at different center-of-mass energies and different final states [94,95,96,25,31]. The limits from some of the analyses are scaled down or up so as to fit on the same scale as for the best constraints. The corresponding scale factor is mentioned, next to the limits, which should be multiplied with the plotted limits to to extract the actual constraints. |
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Figure 9:
Summary of the lower limits on the energy scales $ \Lambda_{j} $ at 95% confidence interval for the indicated values of the WCs $ c_{j} $. |
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Figure 10:
Likelihood scans as a function of the pairs of WCs from SMEFT model: $c_{qq}^{(3,8)}$ and $c_{qq}^{(3,1)}$ (upper left), $c_{Hq}^{(3)} $ and $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ (upper right), $c_{Hq}^{(3)} $ and $c_{Hq}^{(1)} $(lower left), and $c_{Hq}^{(1)} $ and $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ (lower right). All WCs that are not scanned are fixed to zero. The best fit value is shown with a marker and the coloured lines correspond to the crossing points of $ -2\Delta\ln L $ at 2.28 and 5.99. |
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Figure 10-a:
Likelihood scans as a function of the pairs of WCs from SMEFT model: $c_{qq}^{(3,8)}$ and $c_{qq}^{(3,1)}$ (upper left), $c_{Hq}^{(3)} $ and $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ (upper right), $c_{Hq}^{(3)} $ and $c_{Hq}^{(1)} $(lower left), and $c_{Hq}^{(1)} $ and $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ (lower right). All WCs that are not scanned are fixed to zero. The best fit value is shown with a marker and the coloured lines correspond to the crossing points of $ -2\Delta\ln L $ at 2.28 and 5.99. |
png pdf |
Figure 10-b:
Likelihood scans as a function of the pairs of WCs from SMEFT model: $c_{qq}^{(3,8)}$ and $c_{qq}^{(3,1)}$ (upper left), $c_{Hq}^{(3)} $ and $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ (upper right), $c_{Hq}^{(3)} $ and $c_{Hq}^{(1)} $(lower left), and $c_{Hq}^{(1)} $ and $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ (lower right). All WCs that are not scanned are fixed to zero. The best fit value is shown with a marker and the coloured lines correspond to the crossing points of $ -2\Delta\ln L $ at 2.28 and 5.99. |
png pdf |
Figure 10-c:
Likelihood scans as a function of the pairs of WCs from SMEFT model: $c_{qq}^{(3,8)}$ and $c_{qq}^{(3,1)}$ (upper left), $c_{Hq}^{(3)} $ and $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ (upper right), $c_{Hq}^{(3)} $ and $c_{Hq}^{(1)} $(lower left), and $c_{Hq}^{(1)} $ and $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ (lower right). All WCs that are not scanned are fixed to zero. The best fit value is shown with a marker and the coloured lines correspond to the crossing points of $ -2\Delta\ln L $ at 2.28 and 5.99. |
png pdf |
Figure 10-d:
Likelihood scans as a function of the pairs of WCs from SMEFT model: $c_{qq}^{(3,8)}$ and $c_{qq}^{(3,1)}$ (upper left), $c_{Hq}^{(3)} $ and $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ (upper right), $c_{Hq}^{(3)} $ and $c_{Hq}^{(1)} $(lower left), and $c_{Hq}^{(1)} $ and $ c_{\mathrm{W}} $ (lower right). All WCs that are not scanned are fixed to zero. The best fit value is shown with a marker and the coloured lines correspond to the crossing points of $ -2\Delta\ln L $ at 2.28 and 5.99. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
The dimension six SMEFT operators studied in this analysis, following the definitions of Ref. [12,6], where $ \varepsilon $ is the Levi-Civita symbol, $ (q,u,d) $ denote quark fields of the first two generations and $ (l,e,\nu) $ lepton fields of all three generations. The Higgs doublet field is indicated by $ H $; $ D $ represents a covariant derivative; $ X = G, W, B $ denotes a vector boson field strength tensor; $ p,r $ are flavor indices. Fermion fields are represented by $ \psi $, with $ L $ and $ R $ indicating left- and right-handed fermion fields. |
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Table 2:
Event yields from SM processes and observed data events in the low and high SRs for the electron and muon channels. The combination of the statistical and systematic uncertainties is indicated. The event yields are shown with their best fit (postfit) normalizations from the simultaneous fit to the data, assuming no signal i.e., for the SM case. The contributions from SM WW and WZ processes are grouped under the SM WV category. |
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Table 3:
Expected and observed individual limits on the WCs, from HISZ basis at 68% and 95% confidence intervals. |
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Table 4:
Expected and observed individual limits on WCs in SMEFT scenarios at 68% and 95% confidence intervals. |
| Summary |
| A search for deviations from the standard model using an effective field theory (EFT) approach is presented in the diboson (WW and WZ) production processes with one W boson decaying to (anti-)lepton plus anti-neutrino (neutrino) and the second W or Z boson decaying hadronically. The results are based on data recorded in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$ ^{-1} $. In this study we constrain Wilson coefficients (WCs) corresponding to dimension six EFT operators that would lead to anomalous gauge boson self and vector boson to quark couplings. Since the contribution from anomalous couplings is expected to be most visible at high energy scales, we focus on final states where the hadronic decays from the W and Z bosons merge into a single large-radius jet. A dedicated machine-learning based classifier is employed to separate such jets from vector boson decays to those from background processes. We report the most stringent constraints to date on the WCs of operators corresponding to anomalous triple gauge boson couplings. The bounds set on vector bosons' to quark couplings are competitive to those from previous inclusive jet measurements. |
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