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| CMS-PAS-HIG-25-010 | ||
| Search for the rare Higgs boson decay $ \mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{Z}\gamma $ in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 and 13.6 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 2026-04-07 | ||
| Abstract: A search is presented for the rare Higgs boson decay $ \mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{Z}\gamma $, where $ \mathrm{Z}\to \ell^{+}\ell^{-} $ and $ \ell^{\pm} = \mathrm{e}^{\pm} $ or $ \mu^{\pm} $. The search is performed using a sample of proton-proton (pp) collision data at the center-of-mass energies of 13 and 13.6 TeV, recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC and corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 200 $ \mathrm{fb}^{-1} $. The analysis design separately considers and optimizes sensitivity to Higgs boson production via gluon-gluon fusion, vector-boson fusion, and associated-production processes. The signal is extracted from a combined fit to the invariant mass distributions of the $ \ell^+\ell^-\gamma $ system in the various production channels and event categories. The observed (expected) signal strength $ \mu $, defined as the ratio of the measured value of $ \sigma(\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}\to\mathrm{H})B(\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{Z}\gamma) $ to the corresponding value predicted in the standard model, is found to be $ \mu = $ 1.10 $ ^{+0.52}_{-0.61} $ (1.00 $^{+0.49}_{-0.46}$) for a Higgs boson mass of $ m_{\mathrm{H}} = $ 125.38 GeV. The signal has an observed (expected) significance of 1.9 (2.3) standard deviations. | ||
| Links: CDS record (PDF) ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
Feynman diagrams for $ \mathrm{H} \to \mathrm{Z} \gamma $ in the SM. In these loop-induced processes, the amplitudes associated with W bosons in the intermediate state dominate over those with quarks. |
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Figure 1-a:
Feynman diagrams for $ \mathrm{H} \to \mathrm{Z} \gamma $ in the SM. In these loop-induced processes, the amplitudes associated with W bosons in the intermediate state dominate over those with quarks. |
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Figure 1-b:
Feynman diagrams for $ \mathrm{H} \to \mathrm{Z} \gamma $ in the SM. In these loop-induced processes, the amplitudes associated with W bosons in the intermediate state dominate over those with quarks. |
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Figure 1-c:
Feynman diagrams for $ \mathrm{H} \to \mathrm{Z} \gamma $ in the SM. In these loop-induced processes, the amplitudes associated with W bosons in the intermediate state dominate over those with quarks. |
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Figure 2:
Distributions of the BDT scores in ggF (left) and VBF (right) primary event category for data (points with error bars), the simulated signal (colored lines), and simulated background samples (filled histograms) in the $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma}$ $\mathrm{H} $ mass region (120--130 GeV). The background MC samples are normalized to match data yields in the $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma}$ $\mathrm{H}$-mass sideband regions. The signal simulated event yields are scaled by a factor of 300 on the left plot, and 140 on the right plot for visibility. The optimized BDT score bin boundaries are shown as dashed lines. They are [0,0.57,0.83,0.94,1] for ggF and [0,0.48,0.81,0.91,1] for VBF. |
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Figure 2-a:
Distributions of the BDT scores in ggF (left) and VBF (right) primary event category for data (points with error bars), the simulated signal (colored lines), and simulated background samples (filled histograms) in the $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma}$ $\mathrm{H} $ mass region (120--130 GeV). The background MC samples are normalized to match data yields in the $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma}$ $\mathrm{H}$-mass sideband regions. The signal simulated event yields are scaled by a factor of 300 on the left plot, and 140 on the right plot for visibility. The optimized BDT score bin boundaries are shown as dashed lines. They are [0,0.57,0.83,0.94,1] for ggF and [0,0.48,0.81,0.91,1] for VBF. |
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Figure 2-b:
Distributions of the BDT scores in ggF (left) and VBF (right) primary event category for data (points with error bars), the simulated signal (colored lines), and simulated background samples (filled histograms) in the $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma}$ $\mathrm{H} $ mass region (120--130 GeV). The background MC samples are normalized to match data yields in the $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma}$ $\mathrm{H}$-mass sideband regions. The signal simulated event yields are scaled by a factor of 300 on the left plot, and 140 on the right plot for visibility. The optimized BDT score bin boundaries are shown as dashed lines. They are [0,0.57,0.83,0.94,1] for ggF and [0,0.48,0.81,0.91,1] for VBF. |
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Figure 3:
Expected fraction of signal events arising from different Higgs boson production mechanisms, as a function of event category and based on simulated event samples. |
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Figure 4:
Distributions of $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ in each of the ggF categories with the results of the simultaneous fit to all categories superimposed. |
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Figure 4-a:
Distributions of $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ in each of the ggF categories with the results of the simultaneous fit to all categories superimposed. |
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Figure 4-b:
Distributions of $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ in each of the ggF categories with the results of the simultaneous fit to all categories superimposed. |
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Figure 4-c:
Distributions of $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ in each of the ggF categories with the results of the simultaneous fit to all categories superimposed. |
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Figure 4-d:
Distributions of $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ in each of the ggF categories with the results of the simultaneous fit to all categories superimposed. |
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Figure 5:
Distributions of $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ in each of the VBF categories with the results of the simultaneous fit to all categories superimposed. |
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Figure 5-a:
Distributions of $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ in each of the VBF categories with the results of the simultaneous fit to all categories superimposed. |
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Figure 5-b:
Distributions of $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ in each of the VBF categories with the results of the simultaneous fit to all categories superimposed. |
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Figure 5-c:
Distributions of $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ in each of the VBF categories with the results of the simultaneous fit to all categories superimposed. |
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Figure 5-d:
Distributions of $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ in each of the VBF categories with the results of the simultaneous fit to all categories superimposed. |
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Figure 6:
Distributions of $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ in each of the ttH, VH, and untagged categories with the results of the simultaneous fit to all categories superimposed. |
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Figure 6-a:
Distributions of $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ in each of the ttH, VH, and untagged categories with the results of the simultaneous fit to all categories superimposed. |
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Figure 6-b:
Distributions of $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ in each of the ttH, VH, and untagged categories with the results of the simultaneous fit to all categories superimposed. |
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Figure 6-c:
Distributions of $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ in each of the ttH, VH, and untagged categories with the results of the simultaneous fit to all categories superimposed. |
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Figure 6-d:
Distributions of $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ in each of the ttH, VH, and untagged categories with the results of the simultaneous fit to all categories superimposed. |
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Figure 6-e:
Distributions of $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ in each of the ttH, VH, and untagged categories with the results of the simultaneous fit to all categories superimposed. |
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Figure 7:
Distribution of $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ using the combined data from all 13 event categories, together with the signal-plus-background function obtained from the simultaneous fit. The histogram is obtained by weighting the $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ distribution from each category by the factor S/(S+B). |
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Figure 8:
Signal strengths ($ \mu $) obtained from separate fits to the $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ distribution in each category and, at the bottom of the figure, from the simultaneous fit to all categories. |
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Figure 9:
The negative log-likelihood as a function of the signal strength $ \mu $ for three considered scenarios: (dashed red line) observed result including only statistical uncertainties, (solid black line) observed result including both statistical and systematic uncertainties, and (solid blue line) expected result using the background model from the full range fit and including both statistical and systematic uncertainties. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
Primary event categories. Each event is assigned to one of these non-overlapping categories after the baseline selection is applied. In the case of the ggF and VBF categories, a further secondary categorization is subsequently applied using a Boosted Decision Tree analyzer (BDT). After the secondary categorization, a total of 13 $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ distributions are used in the final fit. |
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Table 2:
Input variables for the BDT used in the ggF event category. |
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Table 3:
Input variables for the BDT used in the VBF event category. |
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Table 4:
Summary of event categories and expected event yields. All yields are shown within the mass window 120 $ \text{GeV} < m_{\ell \ell \gamma} < $ 130 GeV. The uncertainty $ \sigma_{\textrm{eff}} $ refers to the effective standard deviation corresponding to 68.3% of signal events, after applying the Z-line-shape-constrained fit. Expected significance is estimated using a cut-and-count method, defined by $ Z_{\text{cc}} = \sqrt{2[(N_{S} + N_{B})\times\text{ln}(1+N_{S}/N_{B}) - N_{S}]} $. The expected significance values are added in quadrature to obtain the combined significance values. Because this method does not use the full event distribution information, the values obtained are lower than the expected significance using the fitting described in Section 6. |
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Table 5:
Breakdown of uncertainty sources in the analysis. The statistical uncertainty is quantified by performing the analysis with the signal systematic nuisance parameters frozen. The background shape functional form component of the statistical uncertainty is quantified by comparing a fit with the background functional form frozen to one where it is allowed to float. The sources of signal systematic uncertainty are quantified using the impact on the best fit signal strength when the auxilliary measurements are pulled by one standard deviation. |
| Summary |
| This note describes a search for the rare Higgs boson decay $ \mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{Z}\gamma $, where $ \mathrm{Z}\to \ell^{+}\ell^{-} $ and $ \ell^{\pm} = \mathrm{e}^{\pm} $ or $ \mu^{\pm} $. The standard model branching fraction, not including those for the secondary Z decays, is predicted to be${\cal B}(\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{Z}\gamma) = (1.6 \pm 0.1) \times 10^{-3}$. The search is performed using a sample of proton-proton (pp) collision data at the center-of-mass energies of $13$ and 13.6 TeV, recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC and corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 200 $ \mathrm{fb}^{-1}$. Measurement of the $ \mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{Z}\gamma $ signal is complicated by the presence of large nonresonant backgrounds from other SM processes that can produce the same set of reconstructed objects in the detector. In most channels, the dominant background arises from the $pp \to \mathrm{Z}\gamma $ background. Another substantial background arises from $pp \to \mathrm{Z} $ produced with a reconstructed photon candidate that is problematic in some way. The analysis design separately considers and optimizes sensitivity to Higgs boson production via gluon-gluon fusion (ggF), vector-boson fusion (VBF), and associated-production processes. The analysis procedure involves (i) a common baseline selection, (ii) a primary event categorization assigning events according to object multiplicity and kinematic features, (iii) a secondary event categorization using Boosted Decision Trees (BDTs), and (iv) a Z-line-shape-constrained fit. There are 4 categories for ggF, 4 for VBF, 1 each for the four associated production categories, and 1 for the untagged category. The signal is then extracted from a simultaneous maximum-likelihood fit to the invariant mass distributions of the $\ell^{+}\ell^{-}\gamma$ system in the various event categories. The fit methodology employs the discrete profiling method and includes an extensive series of validation tests. The simultaneous maximimum likelihood fit to all 13 event categories yields the signal strength $\mu$, defined as the ratio of the measured value of $\sigma(pp \to H){\cal B}(H \to Z\gamma)$ to the corresponding value predicted in the standard model. We obtain an observed (expected) signal strength of $\mu = 1.10 ^{+0.52}_{-0.61}$ $(1.00^{+0.49}_{-0.46})$ for a Higgs boson mass of $m_{H} = 125.38$ GeV. The signal has an observed (expected) significance of 1.9 (2.3) standard deviations, and the $p$-value associated with the compatibility of the 13 separate event categories is $p=0.75$. |
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