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| CMS-HIG-25-010 ; CERN-EP-2026-197 | ||
| Search for the rare Higgs boson decay $ \mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{Z}\gamma $ in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 and 13.6 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 3 September 2026 | ||
| Submitted to Physics Letters B | ||
| Abstract: A search is presented for the rare, loop-induced Higgs boson decay $ \mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{Z}\gamma $, where $ \mathrm{Z}\to \ell^{+}\ell^{-} $ and $ \ell = \mathrm{e} $ or $ \mu $. The search is performed using a sample of proton-proton (pp) collision data at the center-of-mass energies of 13 and 13.6 TeV, recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC and corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of 200 fb$ ^{-1} $. The analysis design separately considers and optimizes sensitivity to Higgs boson production via gluon-gluon fusion, vector boson fusion, and associated-production processes. The signal is extracted from a simultaneous fit to the invariant mass distributions of the $ \ell^{+}\ell^{-}\gamma $ system in the various production channels and event categories. The observed (expected) signal strength $ \mu $, defined as the ratio of the measured product the of cross section and decay branching fraction value $ \sigma(\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}\to\mathrm{H})\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{Z}\gamma) $ to the corresponding value predicted in the standard model, is found to be $ \mu = $ 1.10 $ ^{+0.52}_{-0.61} (1.00^{+0.49}_{-0.46})$ for a Higgs boson mass of 125.38 GeV. The signal has an observed (expected) significance of 1.9 (2.3) standard deviations. | ||
| Links: e-print arXiv:2609.04402 [hep-ex] (PDF) ; CDS record ; inSPIRE record ; HepData record ; Physics Briefing ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
Feynman diagrams for $ \mathrm{H} \to \mathrm{Z} \gamma $ in the SM. In these loop-induced processes, the amplitudes associated with W bosons in the intermediate state dominate over those with quarks. |
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Figure 1-a:
Feynman diagrams for $ \mathrm{H} \to \mathrm{Z} \gamma $ in the SM. In these loop-induced processes, the amplitudes associated with W bosons in the intermediate state dominate over those with quarks. |
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Figure 1-b:
Feynman diagrams for $ \mathrm{H} \to \mathrm{Z} \gamma $ in the SM. In these loop-induced processes, the amplitudes associated with W bosons in the intermediate state dominate over those with quarks. |
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Figure 1-c:
Feynman diagrams for $ \mathrm{H} \to \mathrm{Z} \gamma $ in the SM. In these loop-induced processes, the amplitudes associated with W bosons in the intermediate state dominate over those with quarks. |
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Figure 2:
Distributions in BDT score for the (left) ggF and (right) VBF primary event categories restricted to the Higgs boson mass region (120--130 GeV). The data are shown as black points, the total simulated signal samples are shown as a red line, and the simulated background samples used in BDT training and evaluation are shown as filled histograms. The subset of signal events from VBF production is also displayed independently as a green line. The sum of background MC samples are normalized to match data yields in the Higgs boson mass sideband regions. The signal event yields are scaled by a factor of 250 on the left plot, and 130 on the right plot for visibility. The optimized BDT score bin boundaries are shown as vertical dashed lines. |
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Figure 2-a:
Distributions in BDT score for the (left) ggF and (right) VBF primary event categories restricted to the Higgs boson mass region (120--130 GeV). The data are shown as black points, the total simulated signal samples are shown as a red line, and the simulated background samples used in BDT training and evaluation are shown as filled histograms. The subset of signal events from VBF production is also displayed independently as a green line. The sum of background MC samples are normalized to match data yields in the Higgs boson mass sideband regions. The signal event yields are scaled by a factor of 250 on the left plot, and 130 on the right plot for visibility. The optimized BDT score bin boundaries are shown as vertical dashed lines. |
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Figure 2-b:
Distributions in BDT score for the (left) ggF and (right) VBF primary event categories restricted to the Higgs boson mass region (120--130 GeV). The data are shown as black points, the total simulated signal samples are shown as a red line, and the simulated background samples used in BDT training and evaluation are shown as filled histograms. The subset of signal events from VBF production is also displayed independently as a green line. The sum of background MC samples are normalized to match data yields in the Higgs boson mass sideband regions. The signal event yields are scaled by a factor of 250 on the left plot, and 130 on the right plot for visibility. The optimized BDT score bin boundaries are shown as vertical dashed lines. |
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Figure 3:
Distribution of data in $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ for the (upper left) ggF2, (upper right) ggF3, (lower left) VBF1, and (lower right) $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} \mathrm{H} $ leptonic categories with the results of the simultaneous fit to all categories ($ \text{S}+\text{B} $ model) superimposed. The $ \text{B} $ model is the background-only component of the simultaneous fit. The $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ range displayed for each category corresponds to the range over which the fit was performed. |
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Figure 3-a:
Distribution of data in $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ for the (upper left) ggF2, (upper right) ggF3, (lower left) VBF1, and (lower right) $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} \mathrm{H} $ leptonic categories with the results of the simultaneous fit to all categories ($ \text{S}+\text{B} $ model) superimposed. The $ \text{B} $ model is the background-only component of the simultaneous fit. The $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ range displayed for each category corresponds to the range over which the fit was performed. |
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Figure 3-b:
Distribution of data in $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ for the (upper left) ggF2, (upper right) ggF3, (lower left) VBF1, and (lower right) $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} \mathrm{H} $ leptonic categories with the results of the simultaneous fit to all categories ($ \text{S}+\text{B} $ model) superimposed. The $ \text{B} $ model is the background-only component of the simultaneous fit. The $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ range displayed for each category corresponds to the range over which the fit was performed. |
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Figure 3-c:
Distribution of data in $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ for the (upper left) ggF2, (upper right) ggF3, (lower left) VBF1, and (lower right) $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} \mathrm{H} $ leptonic categories with the results of the simultaneous fit to all categories ($ \text{S}+\text{B} $ model) superimposed. The $ \text{B} $ model is the background-only component of the simultaneous fit. The $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ range displayed for each category corresponds to the range over which the fit was performed. |
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Figure 3-d:
Distribution of data in $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ for the (upper left) ggF2, (upper right) ggF3, (lower left) VBF1, and (lower right) $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} \mathrm{H} $ leptonic categories with the results of the simultaneous fit to all categories ($ \text{S}+\text{B} $ model) superimposed. The $ \text{B} $ model is the background-only component of the simultaneous fit. The $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ range displayed for each category corresponds to the range over which the fit was performed. |
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Figure 4:
Weighted distribution of data in $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ and the signal-plus-background model obtained from the simultaneous fit. The data and model comprise all 13 categories, weighted by the factor $ S/(S+B) $. |
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Figure 5:
Signal strengths ($ \mu $) obtained from separate fits to the $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $ distribution in each category and, as the last entry in the figure, from the simultaneous fit to all categories. The reported systematic uncertainty is the difference in quadrature between the uncertainty calculated with the signal nuisance parameters frozen and that with the signal nuisance parameters left free to vary. As a result, the reported systematic uncertainty can be asymmetric, even if the nuisance parameter constraints in the likelihood are symmetric. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
Primary event categories defined using selections on leptons, jets, $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{miss} $, and auxiliary variables. Each event is assigned to one of these nonoverlapping categories after the baseline selection is applied. In the case of the ggF and VBF categories, a further secondary categorization is subsequently applied using a boosted decision tree classifier (BDT). An event is assigned to the $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} \mathrm{H} $ leptonic category if it passes one of the two object criteria listed in the table. |
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Table 2:
Input variables for the BDT used in the ggF and VBF event categories. More details on these variables are given in Section 5. |
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Table 3:
Summary of event categories with expected event yields, effective signal widths $ \sigma_{\text{eff}} $, and estimated expected significance values $ Z_{\mathrm{cc}} $ based on simulated event yields. All yields are evaluated in the Higgs boson mass region 120--130 GeV. The expected significance values are added in quadrature to obtain combined significance values that approximate the use of a statistical model combining the various categories. Because this method does not use information about the distribution in $ m_{\ell \ell \gamma} $, the values obtained are lower than the expected significance using the fitting procedure described in Section 6. |
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Table 4:
Breakdown of sources of uncertainty. The statistical uncertainty is quantified by performing the analysis with the systematic uncertainty nuisance parameters frozen. The background shape functional form component of the statistical uncertainty is quantified by comparing a fit with the background functional form frozen to one where it is allowed to float. The sources of signal systematic uncertainty are quantified using the impact on the best fit signal strength when the auxiliary measurements are changed by $ \pm $1 standard deviation. |
| Summary |
| This paper presents a search for the rare Higgs boson decay $ \mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{Z}\gamma $, where $ \mathrm{Z}\to \ell^{+}\ell^{-} $ and $ \ell = \mathrm{e} $ or $ \mu $.. The standard model (SM) branching fraction, not including $\mathcal{B}( \mathrm{Z}\to \ell^{+}\ell^{-} )$, is predicted to be $\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{Z}\gamma) = (1.5 \pm 0.1) \times 10^{-3}$ [10][11]. The search is performed using a sample of proton-proton (pp) collision data at the center-of-mass energies of $13$ and $13.6$ TeV, recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC between 2016 and 2023. The sample corresponds to a total integrated luminosity of 200 fb$ ^{-1} $. Measurement of the $ \mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{Z}\gamma $ signal is complicated by large nonresonant backgrounds from other SM processes that produce the same reconstructed objects in the detector. In most production channels, the dominant background arises from $pp \to \mathrm{Z}\gamma$ events, with an additional significant contribution from $pp \to \mathrm{Z} $ events in which the photon candidate arises from misreconstruction, nonprompt decays, jet fragmentation, multiparton interactions, or separate pp interaction vertices. The analysis separately considers and optimizes sensitivity to Higgs boson production via gluon-gluon fusion (ggF), vector boson fusion (VBF), and associated-production processes. This analysis uses four ggF categories, four VBF categories, four associated-production categories, and one untagged category. The signal is then extracted from a simultaneous maximum likelihood fit to the invariant mass distributions of the $\ell\ell\gamma$ system in the various event categories, employing the discrete profiling method and an extensive series of validation tests. The simultaneous maximum likelihood fit to all 13 event categories yields an observed (expected) signal strength $\mu$, defined as the ratio of the measured product of the cross section and decay branching fraction $ \sigma(\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}\to\mathrm{H})\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{Z}\gamma) $ to the corresponding SM prediction, of $ \mu = $ 1.10 $ ^{+0.52}_{-0.61} (1.00^{+0.49}_{-0.46})$ for a Higgs boson mass of $125.38$ GeV. The $p$-value associated with the compatibility of the 13 separate event categories is $0.75$, and the signal has an observed (expected) significance of 1.9 (2.3) standard deviations. |
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