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| CMS-HIG-21-004 ; CERN-EP-2024-199 | ||
| Model-independent search for pair production of new bosons decaying into muons in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 30 July 2024 | ||
| Accepted for publication in J. High Energy Phys. | ||
| Abstract: The results of a model-independent search for the pair production of new bosons within a mass range of 0.21 $ < m < $ 60 GeV, are presented. This study utilizes events with a four-muon final state. We use two data sets, comprising 41.5 fb$ ^{-1} $ and 59.7 fb$ ^{-1} $ of proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV, recorded in 2017 and 2018 by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC. The study of the 2018 data set includes a search for displaced signatures of a new boson within the proper decay length range of 0 $ < c\tau < $ 100 mm. Our results are combined with a previous CMS result, based on 35.9 fb$ ^{-1} $ of proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV collected in 2016. No significant deviation from the expected background is observed. Results are presented in terms of a model-independent upper limit on the product of cross section, branching fraction, and acceptance. The findings are interpreted across various benchmark models, such as an axion-like particle model, a vector portal model, the next-to-minimal supersymmetric standard model, and a dark supersymmetric scenario, including those predicting a non-negligible proper decay length of the new boson. In all considered scenarios, substantial portions of the parameter space are excluded, expanding upon prior results. | ||
| Links: e-print arXiv:2407.20425 [hep-ex] (PDF) ; CDS record ; inSPIRE record ; HepData record ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
The Feynman diagrams of the benchmark signal models in the $ s $-channel. Time moves from left to right. |
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Figure 2:
The mass window size as a function of invariant dimuon mass. It is derived from a Crystal Ball function fitting to MC signal events to contain 90% of events. The wider mass window size around $ m_{\mu\mu} \lesssim $ 0.4 GeV is due to the deteriorating mass resolution for near-collinear dimuons in the decays of low-mass bosons. |
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Figure 3:
Two-dimensional distribution of the invariant masses $ m_{\mu\mu_1} $ vs. $ m_{\mu\mu_2} $ below (left) and above (right) the $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ resonance, for the 2017 (top row) and 2018 (bottom row) analyses. The greyscale heatmaps show the normalized QCD background templates, and the black vertical and horizontal bands correspond to the excluded regions around the $ \eta $, $\omega${783), and $\phi$(1020) resonances. The white dots represent data events that pass all selection criteria but fall outside the SR $ m_{\mu\mu_1} \simeq m_{\mu\mu_2} $ (outlined by dashed lines), and the red triangles represent data events passing all selection criteria. As discussed in Section 6.1, the paucity of events in the CR for the 2017 analysis, particularly the region above $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $, is a result of the triggers selected for this data-taking period. |
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Figure 3-a:
Two-dimensional distribution of the invariant masses $ m_{\mu\mu_1} $ vs. $ m_{\mu\mu_2} $ below (left) and above (right) the $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ resonance, for the 2017 (top row) and 2018 (bottom row) analyses. The greyscale heatmaps show the normalized QCD background templates, and the black vertical and horizontal bands correspond to the excluded regions around the $ \eta $, $\omega${783), and $\phi$(1020) resonances. The white dots represent data events that pass all selection criteria but fall outside the SR $ m_{\mu\mu_1} \simeq m_{\mu\mu_2} $ (outlined by dashed lines), and the red triangles represent data events passing all selection criteria. As discussed in Section 6.1, the paucity of events in the CR for the 2017 analysis, particularly the region above $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $, is a result of the triggers selected for this data-taking period. |
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Figure 3-b:
Two-dimensional distribution of the invariant masses $ m_{\mu\mu_1} $ vs. $ m_{\mu\mu_2} $ below (left) and above (right) the $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ resonance, for the 2017 (top row) and 2018 (bottom row) analyses. The greyscale heatmaps show the normalized QCD background templates, and the black vertical and horizontal bands correspond to the excluded regions around the $ \eta $, $\omega${783), and $\phi$(1020) resonances. The white dots represent data events that pass all selection criteria but fall outside the SR $ m_{\mu\mu_1} \simeq m_{\mu\mu_2} $ (outlined by dashed lines), and the red triangles represent data events passing all selection criteria. As discussed in Section 6.1, the paucity of events in the CR for the 2017 analysis, particularly the region above $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $, is a result of the triggers selected for this data-taking period. |
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Figure 3-c:
Two-dimensional distribution of the invariant masses $ m_{\mu\mu_1} $ vs. $ m_{\mu\mu_2} $ below (left) and above (right) the $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ resonance, for the 2017 (top row) and 2018 (bottom row) analyses. The greyscale heatmaps show the normalized QCD background templates, and the black vertical and horizontal bands correspond to the excluded regions around the $ \eta $, $\omega${783), and $\phi$(1020) resonances. The white dots represent data events that pass all selection criteria but fall outside the SR $ m_{\mu\mu_1} \simeq m_{\mu\mu_2} $ (outlined by dashed lines), and the red triangles represent data events passing all selection criteria. As discussed in Section 6.1, the paucity of events in the CR for the 2017 analysis, particularly the region above $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $, is a result of the triggers selected for this data-taking period. |
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Figure 3-d:
Two-dimensional distribution of the invariant masses $ m_{\mu\mu_1} $ vs. $ m_{\mu\mu_2} $ below (left) and above (right) the $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ resonance, for the 2017 (top row) and 2018 (bottom row) analyses. The greyscale heatmaps show the normalized QCD background templates, and the black vertical and horizontal bands correspond to the excluded regions around the $ \eta $, $\omega${783), and $\phi$(1020) resonances. The white dots represent data events that pass all selection criteria but fall outside the SR $ m_{\mu\mu_1} \simeq m_{\mu\mu_2} $ (outlined by dashed lines), and the red triangles represent data events passing all selection criteria. As discussed in Section 6.1, the paucity of events in the CR for the 2017 analysis, particularly the region above $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $, is a result of the triggers selected for this data-taking period. |
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Figure 4:
Two-dimensional distribution of the invariant masses $ m_{\mu\mu_1} $ vs. $ m_{\mu\mu_2} $ above the $ \Upsilon $ resonances for the 2017 analysis (left) and the 2018 analysis (right). The greyscale heatmaps represent the normalized 2D probability density function of the background data. White dots represent data events that pass all selection criteria but fall outside the SR $ m_{\mu\mu_1} \simeq m_{\mu\mu_2} $ (outlined by dashed lines), and the red triangles represent data events passing all selection criteria. |
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Figure 4-a:
Two-dimensional distribution of the invariant masses $ m_{\mu\mu_1} $ vs. $ m_{\mu\mu_2} $ above the $ \Upsilon $ resonances for the 2017 analysis (left) and the 2018 analysis (right). The greyscale heatmaps represent the normalized 2D probability density function of the background data. White dots represent data events that pass all selection criteria but fall outside the SR $ m_{\mu\mu_1} \simeq m_{\mu\mu_2} $ (outlined by dashed lines), and the red triangles represent data events passing all selection criteria. |
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Figure 4-b:
Two-dimensional distribution of the invariant masses $ m_{\mu\mu_1} $ vs. $ m_{\mu\mu_2} $ above the $ \Upsilon $ resonances for the 2017 analysis (left) and the 2018 analysis (right). The greyscale heatmaps represent the normalized 2D probability density function of the background data. White dots represent data events that pass all selection criteria but fall outside the SR $ m_{\mu\mu_1} \simeq m_{\mu\mu_2} $ (outlined by dashed lines), and the red triangles represent data events passing all selection criteria. |
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Figure 5:
The model-independent 95% CL expected and observed upper limits set on $ {\sigma(\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p} \to 2{a} + \mathrm{X})\mathcal{B}^2({a} \to 2\mu)\alpha_\text{Gen}} $ over the range 0.21 $ < m_{{a} } < $ 60 GeV for the 2017 and 2018 analyses (top left and top right, respectively), over the range 0.21 $ < m_{{a} } < $ 60 GeV for the combined 2017 and 2018 analyses (bottom left), and over the range 0.21 $ < m_{{a} } < $ 9 GeV for the combined 2016, 2017, and 2018 analyses (bottom right). Mass ranges that overlap with $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ and $ \Upsilon $ resonances are excluded from the search. |
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Figure 5-a:
The model-independent 95% CL expected and observed upper limits set on $ {\sigma(\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p} \to 2{a} + \mathrm{X})\mathcal{B}^2({a} \to 2\mu)\alpha_\text{Gen}} $ over the range 0.21 $ < m_{{a} } < $ 60 GeV for the 2017 and 2018 analyses (top left and top right, respectively), over the range 0.21 $ < m_{{a} } < $ 60 GeV for the combined 2017 and 2018 analyses (bottom left), and over the range 0.21 $ < m_{{a} } < $ 9 GeV for the combined 2016, 2017, and 2018 analyses (bottom right). Mass ranges that overlap with $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ and $ \Upsilon $ resonances are excluded from the search. |
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Figure 5-b:
The model-independent 95% CL expected and observed upper limits set on $ {\sigma(\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p} \to 2{a} + \mathrm{X})\mathcal{B}^2({a} \to 2\mu)\alpha_\text{Gen}} $ over the range 0.21 $ < m_{{a} } < $ 60 GeV for the 2017 and 2018 analyses (top left and top right, respectively), over the range 0.21 $ < m_{{a} } < $ 60 GeV for the combined 2017 and 2018 analyses (bottom left), and over the range 0.21 $ < m_{{a} } < $ 9 GeV for the combined 2016, 2017, and 2018 analyses (bottom right). Mass ranges that overlap with $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ and $ \Upsilon $ resonances are excluded from the search. |
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Figure 5-c:
The model-independent 95% CL expected and observed upper limits set on $ {\sigma(\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p} \to 2{a} + \mathrm{X})\mathcal{B}^2({a} \to 2\mu)\alpha_\text{Gen}} $ over the range 0.21 $ < m_{{a} } < $ 60 GeV for the 2017 and 2018 analyses (top left and top right, respectively), over the range 0.21 $ < m_{{a} } < $ 60 GeV for the combined 2017 and 2018 analyses (bottom left), and over the range 0.21 $ < m_{{a} } < $ 9 GeV for the combined 2016, 2017, and 2018 analyses (bottom right). Mass ranges that overlap with $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ and $ \Upsilon $ resonances are excluded from the search. |
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Figure 5-d:
The model-independent 95% CL expected and observed upper limits set on $ {\sigma(\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p} \to 2{a} + \mathrm{X})\mathcal{B}^2({a} \to 2\mu)\alpha_\text{Gen}} $ over the range 0.21 $ < m_{{a} } < $ 60 GeV for the 2017 and 2018 analyses (top left and top right, respectively), over the range 0.21 $ < m_{{a} } < $ 60 GeV for the combined 2017 and 2018 analyses (bottom left), and over the range 0.21 $ < m_{{a} } < $ 9 GeV for the combined 2016, 2017, and 2018 analyses (bottom right). Mass ranges that overlap with $ \mathrm{J}/\psi $ and $ \Upsilon $ resonances are excluded from the search. |
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Figure 6:
Left: The 95% CL observed upper limits on the effective coupling $ C^{\text{eff}}_{{a} \mathrm{h}}/\Lambda^{2} $ of the ALP to the SM Higgs assuming the branching fraction of the ALP to muons is 1 (blue) and 0.1 (orange), for both the expected (dashed) and observed (solid) limits. Right: The 95% CL observed upper limits on the effective coupling $ C^{\text{eff}}_{ll}/\Lambda $ of the ALP to the SM leptons. The orange shaded region represents the parameter space excluded by this search under three choices of $ C^{\text{eff}}_{{a} \mathrm{h}}/\Lambda^{2} $: 1 TeV$^{-2}$ (solid), 0.1 TeV$^{-2}$ (dashed), and 0.01 TeV$^{-2}$ (dotted). |
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Figure 6-a:
Left: The 95% CL observed upper limits on the effective coupling $ C^{\text{eff}}_{{a} \mathrm{h}}/\Lambda^{2} $ of the ALP to the SM Higgs assuming the branching fraction of the ALP to muons is 1 (blue) and 0.1 (orange), for both the expected (dashed) and observed (solid) limits. Right: The 95% CL observed upper limits on the effective coupling $ C^{\text{eff}}_{ll}/\Lambda $ of the ALP to the SM leptons. The orange shaded region represents the parameter space excluded by this search under three choices of $ C^{\text{eff}}_{{a} \mathrm{h}}/\Lambda^{2} $: 1 TeV$^{-2}$ (solid), 0.1 TeV$^{-2}$ (dashed), and 0.01 TeV$^{-2}$ (dotted). |
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Figure 6-b:
Left: The 95% CL observed upper limits on the effective coupling $ C^{\text{eff}}_{{a} \mathrm{h}}/\Lambda^{2} $ of the ALP to the SM Higgs assuming the branching fraction of the ALP to muons is 1 (blue) and 0.1 (orange), for both the expected (dashed) and observed (solid) limits. Right: The 95% CL observed upper limits on the effective coupling $ C^{\text{eff}}_{ll}/\Lambda $ of the ALP to the SM leptons. The orange shaded region represents the parameter space excluded by this search under three choices of $ C^{\text{eff}}_{{a} \mathrm{h}}/\Lambda^{2} $: 1 TeV$^{-2}$ (solid), 0.1 TeV$^{-2}$ (dashed), and 0.01 TeV$^{-2}$ (dotted). |
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Figure 7:
The 95% CL observed upper limits on $ \varepsilon^{2}\mathcal{B}(Z_{\mathrm{D}} \to s_{\mathrm{D}} \overline{s}_\mathrm{D})\mathcal{B}^{2}(s_{\mathrm{D}} \to 2\mu) $ for the vector portal model as a function of the dark scalar mass $ m_{{\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{D}}} $ and dark vector boson mass $ m_{{\mathrm{Z}}_{\mathrm{D}}} $. Because the model-independent limits are calculated only up to a dimuon mass of 60 GeV, the $ s_{\mathrm{D}} $ mass considered for these limits is below 60 GeV. |
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Figure 8:
The 95% CL observed upper limits for $ \sigma(\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p} \to \mathrm{h}_{1,2} \to 2{a} _{1})\mathcal{B}^2({a} _{1} \to 2\mu) $ for the NMSSM as a function of $ m_{{a} _{1}} $ for three choices of $ m_{\mathrm{h}_{1,2}} $. The left and middle plots have $ m_{\mathrm{h}_{2}} $ fixed to 125 GeV and the right plot has $ m_{\mathrm{h}_{1}} $ fixed to 125 GeV. The data presented here reflect the results of the 2017 and 2018 data sets combined with the previously published results of the 2016 data set in [32]. |
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Figure 9:
The 95% CL observed upper limits (black solid curves) from this search as interpreted in the dark SUSY scenario for the process $ \mathrm{p}\mathrm{p} \to \mathrm{h} \to 2\mathrm{n}_{1} \to 2{\gamma}_{\mathrm{D}} + 2\mathrm{n}_{\mathrm{D}} \to 4\mu + \mathrm{X} $, with $ m_{{\mathrm{n}}_{1}} = $ 60 GeV and $ m_{{\mathrm{n}}_{\mathrm{D}}} = $ 1 GeV. The limits are presented in the plane of $ \varepsilon $ and $ m_{{\gamma}_{\mathrm{D}}} $. The color gradient represents different branching fraction assumptions for $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{h} \to 2\mathrm{n}_{1} \to 2{\gamma}_{\mathrm{D}} + 2\mathrm{n}_{\mathrm{D}}) $, ranging from dark orange (0.05%) to light orange (10%). The degradation of the limit around 1 GeV is attributed to the drop in the dimuon branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}({\gamma}_{\mathrm{D}} \to 2\mu) $ due to the dimuon resonance of the $ \phi $ meson [98]. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
The event selection requirements for the 2017 and 2018 analyses. In the signal muon selection row, the particle-flow loose muons refer to those muons that have tracks in both the tracker and the muon system, which is contrasted with the standalone (SA) muon selection, which only requires tracks in the muon system. |
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Table 2:
The number of observed events in the CR and the expected and observed number of events in the SR in the three mass regions considered in this analysis. |
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Table 3:
Results of the Baker-Cousins $ \chi^2 $ test for goodness-of-fit between the modeled background and the actual background events. For background below the $ \Upsilon $ resonances, the 2D background templates are projected into one dimension, and the test is conducted, comparing background data and template values, yielding two p-values per region per data set. A similar procedure is followed for background above the $ \Upsilon $ resonances: the 2D pdfs are projected into one dimension and the BC test is conducted, yielding two p-values for each dimuon invariant mass for both 2017 and 2018. Note that the low p-values for the mass region above $ {\mathrm{J}/\psi} $ and below $ \Upsilon $ for the 2017 data set result from the low number of background events in the data. |
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Table 4:
The systematic uncertainties for the 2017 and 2018 analyses, including the experimental uncertainties on the signal and background, as well as the theoretical uncertainties. The experimental uncertainties on the muon identification (ID), the dimuon isolation, and the reconstruction of close muons in both the tracker and the muon system have been reproduced from [32]. Additionally, all theoretical uncertainties have been reproduced from [32]. |
| Summary |
| A search for pairs of new bosons $a$ that subsequently decay to pairs of oppositely charged muons is presented. This search is performed using data samples collected by the CMS experiment in 2017 and 2018, corresponding to 41.5 fb$ ^{-1} $ for the prompt signal in 2017 and 59.7 fb$ ^{-1} $ for both the prompt and displaced signals in 2018, for proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV. The results are also combined with a similar analysis performed by the CMS Collaboration [32], which analyzed a smaller data set collected in 2016 corresponding to 35.9 fb$ ^{-1} $ of proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV. Additionally, both the mass range of the boson $a$ and the maximum possible displacement of its decay vertex are extended compared to the previous version of this analysis. The distribution of events in the signal region is consistent with standard model expectations. Model-independent 95% confidence level upper limits on the product of the production cross section of pairs of new bosons, the square of the branching fraction to dimuons, and the acceptance are set over the mass range 0.21 $ < m_{{a} } < $ 60 GeV and are found to vary between 0.049 and 0.247 fb. These model-independent limits are then interpreted in the context of an axion-like particle model, a vector portal model, a next-to-minimal supersymmetric standard model, and a dark supersymmetry scenario with non-negligible boson proper decay length of up to $ c\tau= $ 100 mm. |
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