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CMS-PAS-SUS-16-049
Search for direct top squark pair production in the all-hadronic final state in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV
Abstract: A comprehensive search for direct production of top squark pairs in events with jets and large transverse momentum imbalance is presented. The data were collected in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb$^{-1}$. The search targets a variety of signal models of direct top squark production, including models for which the top squark and neutralino masses are nearly degenerate. Dedicated object reconstruction tools are developed to exploit the unique characteristics of the signal topology. No significant excess of events above the standard model expectation is observed. Exclusion limits are set in the context of simplified supersymmetric models of top squark pair production and various decay hypotheses. Top squark and neutralino masses up to 1040 GeV and 610 GeV, respectively, are probed under the model assumptions.
Figures & Tables Summary Additional Figures & Tables References CMS Publications
Additional information on efficiencies needed for reinterpretation of these results are available here.
Additional technical material can be found here
Figures

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Figure 1:
Diagrams representing the pair production of top squarks and their subsequent decay modes that are studied in this document.

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Figure 1-a:
Diagram representing the pair production of top squarks and their subsequent decay.

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Figure 1-b:
Diagram representing the pair production of top squarks and their subsequent decay.

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Figure 1-c:
Diagram representing the pair production of top squarks and their subsequent decay.

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Figure 1-d:
Diagram representing the pair production of top squarks and their subsequent decay.

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Figure 1-e:
Diagram representing the pair production of top squarks and their subsequent decay.

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Figure 1-f:
Diagram representing the pair production of top squarks and their subsequent decay.

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Figure 2:
Efficiency to correctly identify a merged top (left) or a merged boson (right) as a function of the ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ of the generated top quark or boson.

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Figure 2-a:
Efficiency to correctly identify a merged top as a function of the ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ of the generated top quark.

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Figure 2-b:
Efficiency to correctly identify a merged boson as a function of the ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ of the generated boson.

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Figure 3:
Efficiency to correctly identify a resolved top as a function of the $ {p_{\mathrm {T}}} $ of the generated top quark (left); misidentification rate as a function of the $ {p_{\mathrm {T}}} $ of the resolved top in a QCD multijet dominated sample (right).

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Figure 3-a:
Efficiency to correctly identify a resolved top as a function of the $ {p_{\mathrm {T}}} $ of the generated top quark.

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Figure 3-b:
Misidentification rate as a function of the $ {p_{\mathrm {T}}} $ of the resolved top in a QCD multijet dominated sample.

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Figure 4:
Test of the background prediction strategy in the low-$ {E_{\mathrm {T}}^{\text {miss}}}$ validation sample for the low $ {\Delta m} $ (left) and high $ {\Delta m} $ (right) selections. The ratio of the observed data to the SM prediction derived from control regions is shown in the ratio plots. The shaded blue band represents the statistical uncertainty and systematic uncertainty resulting from the top and tagging correction factors on the background prediction.

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Figure 4-a:
Test of the background prediction strategy in the low-$ {E_{\mathrm {T}}^{\text {miss}}}$ validation sample for the low $ {\Delta m} $ selection. The ratio of the observed data to the SM prediction derived from control regions is shown in the ratio plot. The shaded blue band represents the statistical uncertainty and systematic uncertainty resulting from the top and tagging correction factors on the background prediction.

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Figure 4-b:
Test of the background prediction strategy in the low-$ {E_{\mathrm {T}}^{\text {miss}}}$ validation sample for the high $ {\Delta m} $ selection. The ratio of the observed data to the SM prediction derived from control regions is shown in the ratio plot. The shaded blue band represents the statistical uncertainty and systematic uncertainty resulting from the top and tagging correction factors on the background prediction.

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Figure 5:
Observed data events and SM background predictions for the low $ {\Delta m} $ search regions with $N_{\mathrm{ b } }=$ 0 (top left), $N_{\mathrm{ b } }=$ 1 (top right) and $N_{\mathrm{ b } }\geq $ 2 (bottom). The predictions shown do not include the effects of the maximum likelihood fit to the data. The ratio of observed data to prediction is shown in the lower panel of each plot. The shaded blue band represents the statistical and systematic uncertainty on the prediction. Units are in GeV.

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Figure 5-a:
Observed data events and SM background predictions for the low $ {\Delta m} $ search regions with $N_{\mathrm{ b } }=$ 0.The predictions shown do not include the effects of the maximum likelihood fit to the data. The ratio of observed data to prediction is shown in the lower panel. The shaded blue band represents the statistical and systematic uncertainty on the prediction. Units are in GeV.

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Figure 5-b:
Observed data events and SM background predictions for the low $ {\Delta m} $ search regions with $N_{\mathrm{ b } }=$ 1. The predictions shown do not include the effects of the maximum likelihood fit to the data. The ratio of observed data to prediction is shown in the lower panel. The shaded blue band represents the statistical and systematic uncertainty on the prediction. Units are in GeV.

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Figure 5-c:
Observed data events and SM background predictions for the low $ {\Delta m} $ search regions with $N_{\mathrm{ b } }\geq $ 2. The predictions shown do not include the effects of the maximum likelihood fit to the data. The ratio of observed data to prediction is shown in the lower panel. The shaded blue band represents the statistical and systematic uncertainty on the prediction. Units are in GeV.

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Figure 6:
Observed data events and SM background predictions for the high $ {\Delta m} $ search regions with $N_{\mathrm{ b } }= $ 0 (top left), $N_{\mathrm{ b } }= $ 1 (top right) and $N_{\mathrm{ b } }\geq $ 2 (bottom). The predictions shown do not include the effects of the maximum likelihood fit to the data. The ratio of observed data to prediction is shown in the lower panel of each plot. The shaded blue band represents the statistical and systematic uncertainty on the prediction. Units are in GeV.

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Figure 6-a:
Observed data events and SM background predictions for the high $ {\Delta m} $ search regions with $N_{\mathrm{ b } }= $ 0. The predictions shown do not include the effects of the maximum likelihood fit to the data. The ratio of observed data to prediction is shown in the lower panel. The shaded blue band represents the statistical and systematic uncertainty on the prediction. Units are in GeV.

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Figure 6-b:
Observed data events and SM background predictions for the high $ {\Delta m} $ search regions with $N_{\mathrm{ b } }= $ 1.The predictions shown do not include the effects of the maximum likelihood fit to the data. The ratio of observed data to prediction is shown in the lower panel. The shaded blue band represents the statistical and systematic uncertainty on the prediction. Units are in GeV.

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Figure 6-c:
Observed data events and SM background predictions for the high $ {\Delta m} $ search regions with $N_{\mathrm{ b } }\geq $ 2. The predictions shown do not include the effects of the maximum likelihood fit to the data. The ratio of observed data to prediction is shown in the lower panel. The shaded blue band represents the statistical and systematic uncertainty on the prediction. Units are in GeV.

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Figure 6-d:
Observed data events and SM background predictions for the high $ {\Delta m} $ search regions with $N_{\mathrm{ b } }\geq $ 2. The predictions shown do not include the effects of the maximum likelihood fit to the data. The ratio of observed data to prediction is shown in the lower panel. The shaded blue band represents the statistical and systematic uncertainty on the prediction. Units are in GeV.

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Figure 7:
Exclusion limits at 95% CL for simplified models of top squark pair production in the pure $\tilde{ \mathrm{ t } } _{1}\to \mathrm{ t } \tilde{\chi}^0_1 $ ("T2tt'') decay scenario. The solid black curves represent the observed exclusion contours with respect to NLO+NLL cross section calculations [57] and the corresponding $\pm$1 standard deviations. The dashed red curves indicate the expected exclusion contour and the $\pm$1 standard deviations with experimental uncertainties. The `islands' represent regions which are not excluded by the search.

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Figure 8:
Exclusion limits at 95% CL for simplified models of top squark pair production in the pure $\tilde{ \mathrm{ t } } _{1}\to \mathrm{ b } \tilde{\chi}^{\pm}_1 \rightarrow \mathrm{ b } \mathrm{W}^{\pm } \tilde{\chi}^0_1 $ ("T2bW'') decay scenario. The solid black curves represent the observed exclusion contours with respect to NLO+NLL cross section calculations [57] and the corresponding $\pm$1 standard deviations. The dashed red curves indicate the expected exclusion contour and the $\pm$1 standard deviations with experimental uncertainties.

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Figure 9:
Exclusion limits at 95% CL for simplified models of top squark pair production in the $\mathrm{ p } \mathrm{ p } \rightarrow \tilde{ \mathrm{ t } } _{1}\overline{ \tilde{ \mathrm{t} } } _{1}\rightarrow \mathrm{ \bar{t} } \tilde{\chi}^0_1 \mathrm{ b } \tilde{ \chi }^{+}_1 $ ("T2tb'') decay scenario, under the assumption of a compressed mass spectrum in which the mass of $\tilde{\chi}^{\pm}_1$ is only 5 GeV greater than that of $\tilde{\chi}^0_1 $. The solid black curves represent the observed exclusion contours with respect to NLO+NLL cross section calculations [57] and the corresponding $\pm$1 standard deviations. The dashed red curves indicate the expected exclusion contour and the $\pm$1 standard deviations with experimental uncertainties.

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Figure 10:
Exclusion limits at 95% CL for simplified models of top squark pair production in the pure $\tilde{ \mathrm{ t } } _{1} \to \mathrm{ b } \mathrm {f} \bar{\mathrm {f'}} \tilde{\chi}^0_1 $ ("T2ttC'') four-body decay scenario. The solid black curves represent the observed exclusion contours with respect to NLO+NLL cross section calculations [57] and the corresponding $\pm$1 standard deviations. The dashed red curves indicate the expected exclusion contour and the $\pm$1 standard deviations with experimental uncertainties.

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Figure 11:
Exclusion limits at 95% CL for simplified models of top squark pair production in the pure $\tilde{ \mathrm{ t } } _{1}\to \mathrm{ b } \tilde{\chi}^{\pm}_1 \to \mathrm{ b } \mathrm {f} \bar{\mathrm {f'}} \tilde{\chi}^0_1 $ ("T2bWC") decay scenario. The solid black curves represent the observed exclusion contours with respect to NLO+NLL cross section calculations [57] and the corresponding $\pm$1 standard deviations. The dashed red curves indicate the expected exclusion contour and the $\pm$1 standard deviations with experimental uncertainties.

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Figure 12:
Exclusion limits at 95% CL for simplified models of top squark pair production in the pure $\tilde{ \mathrm{ t } } _{1}\to \mathrm{c} \tilde{\chi}^0_1 $ ("T2cc") decay scenario. The solid black curves represent the observed exclusion contours with respect to NLO+NLL cross section calculations [57] and the corresponding $\pm$1 standard deviations. The dashed red curves indicate the expected exclusion contour and the $\pm$1 standard deviations with experimental uncertainties.
Tables

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Table 1:
Summary of the 51 disjoint search regions that mainly target high ${\Delta m}$ signal models. The high $ {\Delta m} $ baseline selection is $N_{\text {j}}\geq $ 5, $ {E_{\mathrm {T}}^{\text {miss}}} > $ 250 GeV, zero leptons, $N_{\mathrm{ b } }\geq 1$, and $\Delta \phi _{1234}> $ 0.5.

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Table 2:
Summary of the 53 disjoint search regions that mainly target low $ {\Delta m} $ signal models. The low $ {\Delta m} $ baseline selection is $N_{\text {j}}\geq $ 2, $ {E_{\mathrm {T}}^{\text {miss}}} > $ 250 GeV, zero leptons, $N_{\mathrm{ t } }=N_{\mathrm{ W } }=N_{\text {res}}= $ 0, $N_{\mathrm{ b } }\geq $ 0, $m_{\mathrm {T}}(\mathrm{ b } _{1,2}, {E_{\mathrm {T}}^{\text {miss}}} )< $ 175 GeV (when applicable), $|\Delta \phi (\text {j}_1, {E_{\mathrm {T}}} )|> 0.5, |\Delta \phi (\text {j}_{2,3}, {E_{\mathrm {T}}} )| > $ 0.15, $ {p_{\mathrm {T}}} (\text {ISR}) > $ 300 GeV, $ |\eta (\text {ISR})| < $ 2.4, $|\Delta \phi (j_{\text {ISR}}, {E_{\mathrm {T}}^{\text {miss}}} )|>$ 2, and $ {S_{E_{\mathrm {T}}\hspace {-0.8em}/\kern 0.45em} }> $ 10 GeV$ ^{1/2}$.

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Table 3:
Summary of the validation region selections.

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Table 4:
Range of systematic uncertainties [%] on the prediction across the different search regions. "Rare" includes diboson and ${{\mathrm{ t } {}\mathrm{ \bar{t} } } \mathrm{ Z } }$ processes. "Signal" shows the range of systematic uncertainties estimated using several benchmark signal models and points representative of the full set of signals.

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Table 5:
Predicted background yields and the observation in different search regions for the low $ {\Delta m} $ analysis. The total uncertainty is given for each background prediction.

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Table 6:
Predicted background yields and the observation in different search regions for the high $ {\Delta m} $ analysis. The total uncertainty is given for each background prediction.
Summary
The results of a search for direct production of top squark pairs in the all-hadronic final state have been presented, based on data collected with the CMS detector in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb$^{-1}$. The search is optimized for discovery in a wide range of signatures. No significant excess of events beyond the expected contribution from SM processes is observed, and exclusion limits are set at 95% confidence level in the context of simplified models [89,90,91] of direct top squark pair production.

In the parameter space of larger mass differences between the $\tilde{ \mathrm{ t } }_1$ and $\tilde{\chi}^0_1$ when the $\tilde{ \mathrm{ t } }_1$ decays to an on-shell top quark and a neutralino, top squark masses up to 1040 GeV, and $\tilde{\chi}^0_1$ masses up to 500 GeV are probed. In models where the top squark decays to a bottom quark and a $\tilde{\chi}^{\pm}_1$, $\tilde{ \mathrm{ t } }_{1}$ masses up to 800 GeV, and $\tilde{\chi}^0_1$ masses up to 360 GeV are probed. Finally, the results are interpreted in scenarios where the branching fraction for each of the two top squark decay modes is 50%, under the assumption of a compressed mass spectrum in which the mass of $\tilde{\chi}^{\pm}_1$ is only 5 GeV greater than that of $\tilde{\chi}^0_1$. Top squark masses up to 940 GeV and $\tilde{\chi}^0_1$ masses up to 440 GeV are probed.

In the parameter space of mass differences between the $\tilde{ \mathrm{ t } }_{1}$ and $\tilde{\chi}^0_1$ smaller than the mass of the W, top squark masses up to 580 GeV are probed for a neutralino mass of 540 GeV in the scenario where the $\tilde{ \mathrm{ t } }_{1}$ decays via a four body decay. An additional scenario relevant in this parameter space is where the top squark decays to a bottom quark and a $\tilde{\chi}^{\pm}_1$, which then decays to a virtual W and an $\tilde{\chi}^0_1$. In such a scenario top squark masses up to 660 GeV are probed for a neutralino mass of 610 GeV.

In summary, the search provides sensitivity over a large region of the direct top squark parameter space. The new methods introduced in this search as well as the increase in the luminosity result in improved limits in the scenarios considered with respect to previous searches.
Additional Figures

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Additional Figure 1:
Expected significances for simplified models of top squark pair production in the pure $\tilde{ \mathrm{ t } } _{1}\to \mathrm{ t } \tilde{\chi}^0_1 $ ("T2tt") decay scenario.

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Additional Figure 2:
Observed significances for simplified models of top squark pair production in the pure $\tilde{ \mathrm{ t } } _{1}\to \mathrm{ t } \tilde{\chi}^0_1 $ ("T2tt") decay scenario.

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Additional Figure 3:
Expected significances for simplified models of top squark pair production in the pure $\tilde{ \mathrm{ t } } _{1}\to \mathrm{ b } \tilde{\chi}^{\pm}_1 \rightarrow \mathrm{ b } {\mathrm {W}}^{\pm } \tilde{\chi}^0_1 $ ("T2bW'') decay scenario.

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Additional Figure 4:
Observed significances for simplified models of top squark pair production in the pure $\tilde{ \mathrm{ t } } _{1}\to \mathrm{ b } \tilde{\chi}^{\pm}_1 \rightarrow \mathrm{ b } {\mathrm {W}}^{\pm } \tilde{\chi}^0_1 $ ("T2bW'') decay scenario.

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Additional Figure 5:
Expected significances for simplified models of top squark pair production in the $\mathrm{ p } \mathrm{ p } \rightarrow \tilde{ \mathrm{ t } } _{1}\overline{ \tilde{ \mathrm{t} } } _{1}\rightarrow \mathrm{ \bar{t} } \tilde{\chi}^0_1 \mathrm{ b } \tilde{ \chi }^{+}_{1} $ ("T2tb'') decay scenario, under the assumption of a compressed mass spectrum in which the mass of $\tilde{\chi}^{\pm}_1$ is only 5 GeV greater than that of $\tilde{\chi}^0_1 $.

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Additional Figure 6:
Observed significances for simplified models of top squark pair production in the $\mathrm{ p } \mathrm{ p } \rightarrow \tilde{ \mathrm{ t } } _{1}\overline{ \tilde{ \mathrm{t} } } _{1}\rightarrow \mathrm{ \bar{t} } \tilde{\chi}^0_1 \mathrm{ b } \tilde{ \chi }^{+}_{1} $ ("T2tb'') decay scenario, under the assumption of a compressed mass spectrum in which the mass of $\tilde{\chi}^{\pm}_1$ is only 5 GeV greater than that of $\tilde{\chi}^0_1 $.

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Additional Figure 7:
Expected significances for simplified models of top squark pair production in the $\tilde{ \mathrm{ t } } _{1} \to \mathrm{ b } \mathrm {f} \bar{\mathrm {f'}} \tilde{\chi}^0_1 $ ("T2ttC'') four-body decay scenario.

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Additional Figure 8:
Observed significances for simplified models of top squark pair production in the $\tilde{ \mathrm{ t } } _{1} \to \mathrm{ b } \mathrm {f} \bar{\mathrm {f'}} \tilde{\chi}^0_1 $ ("T2ttC'') four-body decay scenario.

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Additional Figure 9:
Expected significances for simplified models of top squark pair production in the $\tilde{ \mathrm{ t } } _{1}\to \mathrm{ b } \tilde{\chi}^{\pm}_1 \to \mathrm{ b } \mathrm {f} \bar{\mathrm {f'}} \tilde{\chi}^0_1 $ ("T2bWC") four-body decay scenario.

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Additional Figure 10:
Observed significances for simplified models of top squark pair production in the $\tilde{ \mathrm{ t } } _{1}\to \mathrm{ b } \tilde{\chi}^{\pm}_1 \to \mathrm{ b } \mathrm {f} \bar{\mathrm {f'}} \tilde{\chi}^0_1 $ ("T2bWC") four-body decay scenario.

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Additional Figure 11:
Expected significances for simplified models of top squark pair production in the $\tilde{ \mathrm{ t } } _{1}\to \mathrm{c} \tilde{\chi}^0_1 $ ("T2cc") decay scenario.

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Additional Figure 12:
Observed significances for simplified models of top squark pair production in the $\tilde{ \mathrm{ t } } _{1}\to \mathrm{c} \tilde{\chi}^0_1 $ ("T2cc") decay scenario.

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Additional Figure 13:
BDT efficiency of merged top tagging for reinterpretation objects. See reinterpretation material.

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Additional Figure 14:
BDT efficiency of merged top misidentification rate for reinterpretation objects. See reinterpretation material.

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Additional Figure 15:
BDT efficiency of merged W tagging for reinterpretation objects. See reinterpretation material.

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Additional Figure 16:
BDT efficiency of merged W misidentification rate for reinterpretation objects. See reinterpretation material.

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Additional Figure 17:
BDT efficiency of resolved top tagging for reinterpretation objects. See reinterpretation material.

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Additional Figure 18:
BDT efficiency of resolved top misidentification rate for reinterpretation objects. See reinterpretation material.

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Additional Figure 19:
Observed events and SM estimates for the super search regions defined for the low $ {\Delta m}$ category. The ratios of the observed data to the SM prediction derived from control regions (black points, with error bars corresponding to the data statistical uncertainty) are shown in the ratio plots. The shaded blue band represents the statistical and systematic uncertainty on the background prediction. The units of $ {p_{\mathrm {T}}} (\mathrm{ b } )$ and $m_{\mathrm {T}}(\mathrm{ b } _{1,2}, {E_{\mathrm {T}}^{\text {miss}}} )$ are GeV, where applicable.

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Additional Figure 20:
Observed events and SM estimates for the super search regions defined for the high ${\Delta m}$ category. The ratios of the observed data to the SM prediction derived from control regions (black points, with error bars corresponding to the data statistical uncertainty) are shown in the ratio plots. The shaded blue band represents the statistical and systematic uncertainty on the background prediction. The units of $ {p_{\mathrm {T}}} (\mathrm{ b } )$ and $m_{\mathrm {T}}(\mathrm{ b } _{1,2}, {E_{\mathrm {T}}^{\text {miss}}} )$ are GeV, where applicable.

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Additional Figure 21:
Correlation matrix of the background estimates between the 26 super search regions. This figure is available in electronic format in the additional materials.

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Additional Figure 22:
Covariance matrix of the background estimates between the 26 super search regions. This figure is available in electronic format in the additional materials.
Additional Tables

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Additional Table 1:
Event yields from simulation, followed by the total selection efficiency with respect to the first row, after applying the sequential selections composing the low and high ${\Delta m}$ baseline selections. The offline trigger selection is firstly applied, followed by the lepton vetoes. Next, the high ${\Delta m}$ baseline selections are applied sequentially starting after the lepton vetoes. Finally, the low ${\Delta m}$ baseline selections are applied sequentially but starting again just after the lepton vetoes. The expected yields of three signal benchmark points are included. The numbers are normalized to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb$^{-1}$ and the uncertainties correspond to statistical uncertainty from the MC samples.

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Additional Table 2:
Predicted acceptance times efficiency in the super search regions of the low ${\Delta m}$ category for the T2ttC(500,450) signal benchmark point. The first column corresponds to the top and W objects used in the analysis; the second corresponds to the simplified top and W objects defined in the reinterpretation material.

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Additional Table 3:
Predicted acceptance times efficiency in the super search regions of the high ${\Delta m}$ category for the T2tt(850,100) signal benchmark point. The first column corresponds to the top and W objects used in the analysis; the second corresponds to the simplified top and W objects defined in the reinterpretation material.

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Additional Table 4:
Summary of the 10 disjoint super search regions in the low ${\Delta m}$ category. The low ${\Delta m}$ baseline selection is $N_{\text {j}}\geq $ 2, $ {E_{\mathrm {T}}^{\text {miss}}} > $ 250 GeV, zero leptons, $N_{\mathrm{ t } }=N_{ {\mathrm {W}}}=N_{\text {res}}= $ 0, $N_{\mathrm{ b } }\geq $ 0, $m_{\mathrm {T}}(\mathrm{ b } _{1,2}, {E_{\mathrm {T}}^{\text {miss}}} )< $ 175 GeV (when applicable), $|\Delta \phi (\text {j}_1, {E_{\mathrm {T}}} )|> $ 0.5, $|\Delta \phi (\text {j}_{2,3}, {E_{\mathrm {T}}} )| > $ 0.15, $ {p_{\mathrm {T}}} (\text {ISR}) > $ 300 GeV, $ |\eta (\text {ISR})| < $ 2.4, $|\Delta \phi (j_{\text {ISR}}, {E_{\mathrm {T}}^{\text {miss}}} )|> $ 2, and $ S_{E_{\mathrm {T}}} > $ 10 GeV$ ^{1/2}$.

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Additional Table 5:
Summary of the 16 disjoint super search regions in the high ${\Delta m}$ category. The high ${\Delta m}$ baseline selection is $N_{\text {j}}\geq $ 5, $ {E_{\mathrm {T}}^{\text {miss}}} > $ 250 GeV, zero leptons, $N_{\mathrm{ b } }\geq $ 1, and $\Delta \phi _{1234}> $ 0.5.

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Additional Table 6:
Predicted background yields and the observation in the super search regions of the low ${\Delta m}$ category. The total uncertainty is given for each background prediction.

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Additional Table 7:
Predicted background yields and the observation in the super search regions of the high ${\Delta m}$ category. The total uncertainty is given for each background prediction.
Additional material and instructions needed for reinterpretation here.
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