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| CMS-PAS-EXO-24-039 | ||
| Search for resonant and nonresonant production of pairs of dijet resonances with b jets in the final state in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 2026-03-17 | ||
| Abstract: A search is presented for pairs of dijet resonances with identical mass, each containing one jet originating from a b quark and one jet from a light flavor quark. The search uses a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$ ^{-1} $ collected by the CMS detector in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV. A machine learning based tagger is used for the identification of at least one b jet within each dijet resonance. Results are presented separately for the case where the four-jet production proceeds via an intermediate resonant state, and for nonresonant production. Upper limits at 95$ % $ confidence level are reported on the production of four-jet and dijet resonances with b jets in the final state. These are the first LHC limits on resonant dijet pair production involving b jets that are outside the standard model. The results are also used to set limits at the 95$ % $ confidence level on the diquark-to-diquark model with masses between 2 and 7 TeV. The nonresonant search excludes pair production of top squarks, with masses between 0.5 and 0.8 TeV, extending previous searches for such $ R $-parity-violating decays to s and b quarks. | ||
| Links: CDS record (PDF) ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
(Left) Nonresonant production of pairs of dijet resonances, $ \mathrm{X} $. (Right) Resonant production of pairs of dijet resonances, $ \mathrm{X} $, via a massive resonance, $\mathrm{Y}$. In both scenarios, each dijet resonance, $ \mathrm{X} $, decays to a b jet and a light flavor jet. |
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Figure 1-a:
(Left) Nonresonant production of pairs of dijet resonances, $ \mathrm{X} $. (Right) Resonant production of pairs of dijet resonances, $ \mathrm{X} $, via a massive resonance, $\mathrm{Y}$. In both scenarios, each dijet resonance, $ \mathrm{X} $, decays to a b jet and a light flavor jet. |
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Figure 1-b:
(Left) Nonresonant production of pairs of dijet resonances, $ \mathrm{X} $. (Right) Resonant production of pairs of dijet resonances, $ \mathrm{X} $, via a massive resonance, $\mathrm{Y}$. In both scenarios, each dijet resonance, $ \mathrm{X} $, decays to a b jet and a light flavor jet. |
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Figure 2:
Number of events observed (color scale) within bins of the invariant mass of the four jets, $ m_{\mathrm{4j}} $, and the average dijet mass, $ \overline{m}_{\mathrm{2j}} $. |
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Figure 3:
(Left) Number of events observed (color scale) within bins of $ \overline{m}_{\mathrm{2j}} $ and the ratio $ \alpha $ of that mass to the $ m_{\mathrm{4j}} $. (Right) Number of events predicted in the same bins by a simulation of the production and R-parity violating (RPV) decay of a pair of top squarks with a mass of 1 TeV. The distribution of the simulated signal events arises from the performance of the jet pairing algorithm, and is explained in further detail in Section 6. The dashed lines indicate the lower edges of the three $ \alpha $ bins in which the analysis is conducted. |
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Figure 3-a:
(Left) Number of events observed (color scale) within bins of $ \overline{m}_{\mathrm{2j}} $ and the ratio $ \alpha $ of that mass to the $ m_{\mathrm{4j}} $. (Right) Number of events predicted in the same bins by a simulation of the production and R-parity violating (RPV) decay of a pair of top squarks with a mass of 1 TeV. The distribution of the simulated signal events arises from the performance of the jet pairing algorithm, and is explained in further detail in Section 6. The dashed lines indicate the lower edges of the three $ \alpha $ bins in which the analysis is conducted. |
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Figure 3-b:
(Left) Number of events observed (color scale) within bins of $ \overline{m}_{\mathrm{2j}} $ and the ratio $ \alpha $ of that mass to the $ m_{\mathrm{4j}} $. (Right) Number of events predicted in the same bins by a simulation of the production and R-parity violating (RPV) decay of a pair of top squarks with a mass of 1 TeV. The distribution of the simulated signal events arises from the performance of the jet pairing algorithm, and is explained in further detail in Section 6. The dashed lines indicate the lower edges of the three $ \alpha $ bins in which the analysis is conducted. |
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Figure 4:
(Left) Number of events observed (color scale) within bins of $ m_{\mathrm{4j}} $ and the ratio $ \alpha $. (Right) Number of events predicted in the same bins by a simulation of a diquark with a mass of 6 TeV, decaying to a pair of color-triplet scalar diquarks, each with a mass of 1.5 TeV. The dashed lines indicate the lower edges of the twelve $ \alpha $ bins in which the analysis is conducted. |
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Figure 4-a:
(Left) Number of events observed (color scale) within bins of $ m_{\mathrm{4j}} $ and the ratio $ \alpha $. (Right) Number of events predicted in the same bins by a simulation of a diquark with a mass of 6 TeV, decaying to a pair of color-triplet scalar diquarks, each with a mass of 1.5 TeV. The dashed lines indicate the lower edges of the twelve $ \alpha $ bins in which the analysis is conducted. |
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Figure 4-b:
(Left) Number of events observed (color scale) within bins of $ m_{\mathrm{4j}} $ and the ratio $ \alpha $. (Right) Number of events predicted in the same bins by a simulation of a diquark with a mass of 6 TeV, decaying to a pair of color-triplet scalar diquarks, each with a mass of 1.5 TeV. The dashed lines indicate the lower edges of the twelve $ \alpha $ bins in which the analysis is conducted. |
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Figure 5:
(Left) The $ \overline{m}_{\mathrm{2j}} $ distributions for different $ R $-parity-violating top squark signal masses, with the kinematic and b tagging selections applied. (Right) The $ m_{\mathrm{4j}} $ distributions for different $ \mathrm{S_{uu}} $ diquark masses with $ \alpha_{\mathrm{true}} = $ 0.25, with the kinematic and b tagging selections applied. Shapes are shown for the $ \alpha $ bins with the largest yield for each search, and have been normalized to have an integral of unity. |
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Figure 5-a:
(Left) The $ \overline{m}_{\mathrm{2j}} $ distributions for different $ R $-parity-violating top squark signal masses, with the kinematic and b tagging selections applied. (Right) The $ m_{\mathrm{4j}} $ distributions for different $ \mathrm{S_{uu}} $ diquark masses with $ \alpha_{\mathrm{true}} = $ 0.25, with the kinematic and b tagging selections applied. Shapes are shown for the $ \alpha $ bins with the largest yield for each search, and have been normalized to have an integral of unity. |
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Figure 5-b:
(Left) The $ \overline{m}_{\mathrm{2j}} $ distributions for different $ R $-parity-violating top squark signal masses, with the kinematic and b tagging selections applied. (Right) The $ m_{\mathrm{4j}} $ distributions for different $ \mathrm{S_{uu}} $ diquark masses with $ \alpha_{\mathrm{true}} = $ 0.25, with the kinematic and b tagging selections applied. Shapes are shown for the $ \alpha $ bins with the largest yield for each search, and have been normalized to have an integral of unity. |
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Figure 6:
The products of acceptance and efficiency for a nonresonant signal vs. the top squark mass (left), and a resonant signal vs. the diquark mass (right) inclusively, i.e., for all $ \alpha $ values, and for the three $ \alpha $ bins that contain the majority ($ \geq $ 85%) of the signal. The case where the efficiency of the mass selection is unity is shown as a solid line, and the case where both the mass selection and b tagging efficiencies are unity is shown as a dashed black line. |
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Figure 6-a:
The products of acceptance and efficiency for a nonresonant signal vs. the top squark mass (left), and a resonant signal vs. the diquark mass (right) inclusively, i.e., for all $ \alpha $ values, and for the three $ \alpha $ bins that contain the majority ($ \geq $ 85%) of the signal. The case where the efficiency of the mass selection is unity is shown as a solid line, and the case where both the mass selection and b tagging efficiencies are unity is shown as a dashed black line. |
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Figure 6-b:
The products of acceptance and efficiency for a nonresonant signal vs. the top squark mass (left), and a resonant signal vs. the diquark mass (right) inclusively, i.e., for all $ \alpha $ values, and for the three $ \alpha $ bins that contain the majority ($ \geq $ 85%) of the signal. The case where the efficiency of the mass selection is unity is shown as a solid line, and the case where both the mass selection and b tagging efficiencies are unity is shown as a dashed black line. |
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Figure 7:
(Upper panel) The measured $ \overline{m}_{\mathrm{2j}} $ distributions (points) and background fits (red curves) in each slice of $ \alpha $, in the nonresonant search. (Lower panel) Pulls for the Dijet-3p function, calculated using the statistical uncertainty of the data. In both panels, examples of predicted top squark pair production signals are shown, with cross sections equal to the observed upper limits at 95% confidence level, for top squark masses of 0.6 (blue solid) and 1.0 TeV (blue dashed). |
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Figure 8:
(Upper panel) The measured $ m_{\mathrm{4j}} $ distributions (points) and background fits (red curves) in three out of the twelve slices of $ \alpha $ in the resonant search. (Lower panel) Pulls for the Dijet-3p function, calculated using the statistical uncertainty of the data. In both panels, examples of predicted D2D signals are shown, with cross sections equal to the observed upper limits at 95% confidence level, for $ \mathrm{S_{uu}} $ diquark masses of 2.0 (blue solid), 4.0 (blue dashed), and 6.0 TeV (blue dotted) and for M( $ \mathrm{S_{\frac{2}{3}}} $)/M( $ \mathrm{S_{uu}} $) = 0.25. |
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Figure 9:
Pulls from the fit of the Dijet-3p function to the $ m_{\mathrm{4j}} $ distributions, calculated using the statistical uncertainty of the data, in all twelve $ \alpha $ slices used in the resonant search. The reduced chi-squared of the fit ($ \chi^{2} $ /NDF) for each $ \alpha $ slice is also indicated in each panel. |
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Figure 10:
The observed 95% CL upper limits (black lines with points) on the product of the cross section, branching fraction, and acceptance in the nonresonant search for $ \mathrm{X} \mathrm{X} \rightarrow (\mathrm{b} j)(\mathrm{b} j) $. The expected limits (dashed lines) and their variations at the 1 and 2 standard deviation levels (shaded bands) are also shown. Limits are compared to the predicted cross section of the RPV SUSY model [52,53] (dot-dashed). |
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Figure 11:
The observed 95% CL upper limits (black lines with points) on the product of the cross section, branching fraction, and acceptance in the resonant search for $ \mathrm{Y} \rightarrow \mathrm{X} \mathrm{X} \rightarrow (\mathrm{b} j)(\mathrm{b} j) $ with $ \alpha_{\mathrm{true}} = M(\mathrm{X})/M( \mathrm{Y} ) = $ 0.25. The expected limits (dashed lines) and their variations at the 1 and 2 standard deviation levels (shaded bands) are also shown. Limits are compared to the predicted cross section of the D2D diquark model [12] (dot-dashed) for M( $ \mathrm{S_{\frac{2}{3}}} $)/M( $ \mathrm{S_{uu}} $) = 0.25. |
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Figure 12:
The observed 95% CL upper limits (black lines with points) on the product of the cross section, branching fraction, and acceptance in the resonant search for $ \mathrm{Y} \rightarrow \mathrm{X} \mathrm{X} \rightarrow (\mathrm{b} j)(\mathrm{b} j) $ for the other twelve values of $ \alpha_{\mathrm{true}} = M(\mathrm{X})/M( \mathrm{Y} ) $. The expected limits (dashed lines) and their variations at the 1 and 2 standard deviation levels (shaded bands) are also shown. Limits are compared to the predicted cross section of the D2D diquark model [12] (dot-dashed). |
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Figure 13:
The observed $p$-values corresponding to the nonresonant production of pairs of dijet resonances, each decaying to a b jet and a light flavor jet. The vertical axis represents the local $p$-value for a signal across all $ \alpha $ bins. Dashed lines indicate the corresponding levels of local significance, expressed in units of standard deviation (s.d.). |
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Figure 14:
The observed $p$-values are shown for $ \mathrm{Y} \rightarrow \mathrm{X} \mathrm{X} \rightarrow (\mathrm{b} j)(\mathrm{b} j) $ for thirteen values of $ \alpha_{\mathrm{true}} = M(\mathrm{X})/M( \mathrm{Y} ) $. The vertical axis represents the local $p$-value for a signal across all $ \alpha $ slices. Dashed lines denote the corresponding levels of local significance, expressed in units of standard deviation (s.d.). |
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Figure 15:
Three-dimensional display of the event with the highest $ m_{\mathrm{4j}} = $ 5.5 TeV and highest $ \overline{m}_{\mathrm{2j}} = $ 1.5 TeV. The display shows the energy deposited in the electromagnetic (red) and hadronic (blue) calorimeters and the reconstructed tracks of charged particles (green). The two b jets in the event have passing b tagging scores, shown in green, and the two other jets in the event have failing b tagging scores, shown in red. The grouping of the four observed jets into two dijet pairs (purple box) is discussed in the text. |
| Summary |
| A search for nonresonant and resonant production of pairs of dijet resonances, with a b jet within each dijet, has been performed. Data from proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV were used in this search, collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$ ^{-1} $. The steeply falling dijet and four-jet mass distributions are fit with empirical background functions and the simulated shapes of resonance signals. We observe no significant evidence for new resonances. Upper limits at the 95% confidence level (CL) are provided for the production cross section multiplied by the branching fraction and acceptance, for models predicting pair produced dijet resonances, decaying to quarks. These are the first LHC limits on resonant production of pairs of dijet resonances involving b jets, and the first to extend the previous search for nonresonant dijet production to 138 fb$ ^{-1} $ data. For nonresonant production, the limits are presented as a function of the mass of the spin-0 dijet resonance, in the range 0.5 to 2.0 TeV. For resonant production, the limits are given for values of four-jet resonance mass between 2 and 8 TeV. Limits from the nonresonant search are compared to a model [11,10] of $ R $-parity-violating supersymmetry, with pair produced top squarks decaying to bottom and strange quarks. Top squarks with masses between 0.5 and 0.8 TeV are excluded at 95% CL. This significantly extends the prior best mass limit on these top squark decays, which was roughly 0.5 TeV [9]. The most significant signal hypothesis seen in the nonresonant search occurs at a dijet resonance mass of 1.0 TeV and has a local significance of 2.1 standard deviations. Limits from the resonant search are compared to a recent model [12] of massive intermediate scalar diquarks ( $ \mathrm{S_{uu}} $) decaying to pairs of final state diquarks ( $ \mathrm{S_{\frac{2}{3}}} $), and exclude the $ \mathrm{S_{uu}} $ for masses between 2 and 7 TeV, for nearly all values of the $ \mathrm{S_{\frac{2}{3}}} $ mass considered. We note that these are the first limits on this model of $ \mathrm{S_{uu}} $ decays, and that the $ \mathrm{S_{\frac{2}{3}}} $ is indistinguishable from an $ R $-parity-violating top squark. The most significant signal hypothesis seen in the resonant search occurs at an $ \mathrm{S_{uu}} $ mass of 3.1 TeV, and an $ \mathrm{S_{\frac{2}{3}}} $ mass of 1.3 TeV, and has a local significance of 2.6 standard deviations. |
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