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| CMS-PAS-EXO-24-034 | ||
| Search for light scalar particles from Higgs boson decays in exclusive final states with two muons and two hadrons | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 2025-07-11 | ||
| Abstract: A search for new scalar particles of $ \mathcal{O}$(GeV) mass in exclusive final states with muons and light hadrons is presented. The analysis uses proton-proton collision data produced at the LHC in 2016-2018 at a center of mass energy of 13 TeV and collected by the CMS experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$ ^{-1} $. The search targets exotic decays of the Higgs boson to a pair of prompt or long-lived scalars with proper decay lengths up to 100 mm and masses within the range of 0.4-2 GeV. This mass window corresponds to a unique phase space where hadronic decays mostly consist only of pairs of light hadrons. The considered experimental signature is a collimated and prompt or displaced pair of muons and another pair of charged kaons or pions, arising from the decays of two new scalar particles. The analysis improves the sensitivity to very light scalar boson masses and demonstrates a novel approach to probe hadronic decays of light scalar bosons. | ||
| Links: CDS record (PDF) ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
Diagram illustrating Higgs-mediated BSM light scalar production in gluon-gluon fusion processes in the final state of a pair of muons and a pair of charged hadrons. |
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Figure 2:
Two-dimensional distribution of the invariant masses $ m_{\mathrm{hh}} $ versus $ m_{\mu\mu} $ for a BSM scalar of $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 GeV and proper lifetime $ c\tau=$ 0.1 mm (left) and the Run 2 dataset in the CR (right), after the baseline selection is applied. The red boxes denote the bounding boxes for each BSM scalar mass considered, as discussed in Section 4. The black solid lines denote the signal mass window $ m_{\mathrm{hh}}\sim m_{\mu\mu} $. The distribution of data in the CR (right) is shown for the final state containing charged pions. The boundaries along the dimuon and dihadron mass correspond to the minimum possible dimuon mass ($ \sim $0.2 GeV) and minimum possible dipion mass ($ \sim $0.3 GeV). For the search targeting charged kaons in the final state, the boundary along the dihadron mass is at the minimum possible dikaon mass ($ \sim $1 GeV). |
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Figure 2-a:
Two-dimensional distribution of the invariant masses $ m_{\mathrm{hh}} $ versus $ m_{\mu\mu} $ for a BSM scalar of $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 GeV and proper lifetime $ c\tau=$ 0.1 mm (left) and the Run 2 dataset in the CR (right), after the baseline selection is applied. The red boxes denote the bounding boxes for each BSM scalar mass considered, as discussed in Section 4. The black solid lines denote the signal mass window $ m_{\mathrm{hh}}\sim m_{\mu\mu} $. The distribution of data in the CR (right) is shown for the final state containing charged pions. The boundaries along the dimuon and dihadron mass correspond to the minimum possible dimuon mass ($ \sim $0.2 GeV) and minimum possible dipion mass ($ \sim $0.3 GeV). For the search targeting charged kaons in the final state, the boundary along the dihadron mass is at the minimum possible dikaon mass ($ \sim $1 GeV). |
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Figure 2-b:
Two-dimensional distribution of the invariant masses $ m_{\mathrm{hh}} $ versus $ m_{\mu\mu} $ for a BSM scalar of $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 GeV and proper lifetime $ c\tau=$ 0.1 mm (left) and the Run 2 dataset in the CR (right), after the baseline selection is applied. The red boxes denote the bounding boxes for each BSM scalar mass considered, as discussed in Section 4. The black solid lines denote the signal mass window $ m_{\mathrm{hh}}\sim m_{\mu\mu} $. The distribution of data in the CR (right) is shown for the final state containing charged pions. The boundaries along the dimuon and dihadron mass correspond to the minimum possible dimuon mass ($ \sim $0.2 GeV) and minimum possible dipion mass ($ \sim $0.3 GeV). For the search targeting charged kaons in the final state, the boundary along the dihadron mass is at the minimum possible dikaon mass ($ \sim $1 GeV). |
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Figure 3:
Two-dimensional distribution of the transverse displacement significance $ L^{\mathrm{h}\mathrm{h}}_{xy}/\sigma^{\mathrm{h}\mathrm{h}}_{xy} $ vs $ L^{\mu\mu}_{xy}/\sigma^{\mu\mu}_{xy} $ for BSM scalar of $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 GeV and lifetime $ c\tau= $ 0.1 mm (left) and the Run 2 dataset in the control region (right) after the baseline selection is applied. The lines denote the boundaries for each of the four categories considered - $ prompt $ (red solid), $ displaced \mu\mu $ (orange dashed), $ displaced \mathrm{h}\mathrm{h} $ (pink dotted), $ displaced $ (remaining region). The distribution of data in the CR (right) shows that majority of the background is concentrated in the $ prompt $ category. |
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Figure 3-a:
Two-dimensional distribution of the transverse displacement significance $ L^{\mathrm{h}\mathrm{h}}_{xy}/\sigma^{\mathrm{h}\mathrm{h}}_{xy} $ vs $ L^{\mu\mu}_{xy}/\sigma^{\mu\mu}_{xy} $ for BSM scalar of $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 GeV and lifetime $ c\tau= $ 0.1 mm (left) and the Run 2 dataset in the control region (right) after the baseline selection is applied. The lines denote the boundaries for each of the four categories considered - $ prompt $ (red solid), $ displaced \mu\mu $ (orange dashed), $ displaced \mathrm{h}\mathrm{h} $ (pink dotted), $ displaced $ (remaining region). The distribution of data in the CR (right) shows that majority of the background is concentrated in the $ prompt $ category. |
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Figure 3-b:
Two-dimensional distribution of the transverse displacement significance $ L^{\mathrm{h}\mathrm{h}}_{xy}/\sigma^{\mathrm{h}\mathrm{h}}_{xy} $ vs $ L^{\mu\mu}_{xy}/\sigma^{\mu\mu}_{xy} $ for BSM scalar of $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 GeV and lifetime $ c\tau= $ 0.1 mm (left) and the Run 2 dataset in the control region (right) after the baseline selection is applied. The lines denote the boundaries for each of the four categories considered - $ prompt $ (red solid), $ displaced \mu\mu $ (orange dashed), $ displaced \mathrm{h}\mathrm{h} $ (pink dotted), $ displaced $ (remaining region). The distribution of data in the CR (right) shows that majority of the background is concentrated in the $ prompt $ category. |
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Figure 4:
The four-object invariant mass is shown for data (black) and for BSM scalar of proper lifetime $ c\tau= $ 1 mm and $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 GeV (red) for the prompt (left) and the displaced category (right). All the event selection criteria in the analysis have been applied. The signal event yield is scaled to the luminosity and weighted to the gluon-gluon fusion cross section [50], $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S})= $ 1%, $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\mu\mu) $ and $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\pi\pi) $ for $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 GeV as in Table 1. |
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Figure 4-a:
The four-object invariant mass is shown for data (black) and for BSM scalar of proper lifetime $ c\tau= $ 1 mm and $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 GeV (red) for the prompt (left) and the displaced category (right). All the event selection criteria in the analysis have been applied. The signal event yield is scaled to the luminosity and weighted to the gluon-gluon fusion cross section [50], $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S})= $ 1%, $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\mu\mu) $ and $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\pi\pi) $ for $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 GeV as in Table 1. |
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Figure 4-b:
The four-object invariant mass is shown for data (black) and for BSM scalar of proper lifetime $ c\tau= $ 1 mm and $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 GeV (red) for the prompt (left) and the displaced category (right). All the event selection criteria in the analysis have been applied. The signal event yield is scaled to the luminosity and weighted to the gluon-gluon fusion cross section [50], $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S})= $ 1%, $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\mu\mu) $ and $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\pi\pi) $ for $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 GeV as in Table 1. |
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Figure 5:
The average di-object invariant mass is shown for the events in the signal region, background prediction and for BSM scalars of proper lifetime $ c\tau= $ 1 mm and $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6, 1 GeV for the $ prompt $ (top left), $ displaced \mu\mu $ (top right), $ displaced \mathrm{h}\mathrm{h} $ (bottom left) and $ displaced $ (bottom right) categories. All the event selection criteria in the analysis have been applied. The observed number of events in the signal region are denoted in black while the background prediction from the events in the control region are shown in blue solid. The signal event yield is scaled to the luminosity and weighted to the gluon-gluon fusion cross-section [50], $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}) $=1%, $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\mu\mu) $ and $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\pi\pi) $ for $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 and $ = $ 1 GeV respectively, according to the branching ratios listed in Table 1. |
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Figure 5-a:
The average di-object invariant mass is shown for the events in the signal region, background prediction and for BSM scalars of proper lifetime $ c\tau= $ 1 mm and $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6, 1 GeV for the $ prompt $ (top left), $ displaced \mu\mu $ (top right), $ displaced \mathrm{h}\mathrm{h} $ (bottom left) and $ displaced $ (bottom right) categories. All the event selection criteria in the analysis have been applied. The observed number of events in the signal region are denoted in black while the background prediction from the events in the control region are shown in blue solid. The signal event yield is scaled to the luminosity and weighted to the gluon-gluon fusion cross-section [50], $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}) $=1%, $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\mu\mu) $ and $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\pi\pi) $ for $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 and $ = $ 1 GeV respectively, according to the branching ratios listed in Table 1. |
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Figure 5-b:
The average di-object invariant mass is shown for the events in the signal region, background prediction and for BSM scalars of proper lifetime $ c\tau= $ 1 mm and $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6, 1 GeV for the $ prompt $ (top left), $ displaced \mu\mu $ (top right), $ displaced \mathrm{h}\mathrm{h} $ (bottom left) and $ displaced $ (bottom right) categories. All the event selection criteria in the analysis have been applied. The observed number of events in the signal region are denoted in black while the background prediction from the events in the control region are shown in blue solid. The signal event yield is scaled to the luminosity and weighted to the gluon-gluon fusion cross-section [50], $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}) $=1%, $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\mu\mu) $ and $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\pi\pi) $ for $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 and $ = $ 1 GeV respectively, according to the branching ratios listed in Table 1. |
png pdf |
Figure 5-c:
The average di-object invariant mass is shown for the events in the signal region, background prediction and for BSM scalars of proper lifetime $ c\tau= $ 1 mm and $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6, 1 GeV for the $ prompt $ (top left), $ displaced \mu\mu $ (top right), $ displaced \mathrm{h}\mathrm{h} $ (bottom left) and $ displaced $ (bottom right) categories. All the event selection criteria in the analysis have been applied. The observed number of events in the signal region are denoted in black while the background prediction from the events in the control region are shown in blue solid. The signal event yield is scaled to the luminosity and weighted to the gluon-gluon fusion cross-section [50], $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}) $=1%, $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\mu\mu) $ and $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\pi\pi) $ for $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 and $ = $ 1 GeV respectively, according to the branching ratios listed in Table 1. |
png pdf |
Figure 5-d:
The average di-object invariant mass is shown for the events in the signal region, background prediction and for BSM scalars of proper lifetime $ c\tau= $ 1 mm and $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6, 1 GeV for the $ prompt $ (top left), $ displaced \mu\mu $ (top right), $ displaced \mathrm{h}\mathrm{h} $ (bottom left) and $ displaced $ (bottom right) categories. All the event selection criteria in the analysis have been applied. The observed number of events in the signal region are denoted in black while the background prediction from the events in the control region are shown in blue solid. The signal event yield is scaled to the luminosity and weighted to the gluon-gluon fusion cross-section [50], $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}) $=1%, $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\mu\mu) $ and $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\pi\pi) $ for $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 and $ = $ 1 GeV respectively, according to the branching ratios listed in Table 1. |
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Figure 6:
The four-object invariant mass distribution for the 2018 data set is shown in the prompt (left) and merged nonprompt (right) categories after application of the mass window for $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 GeV. The distributions are not weighted by the relevant transfer factors to measure the background yield. |
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Figure 6-a:
The four-object invariant mass distribution for the 2018 data set is shown in the prompt (left) and merged nonprompt (right) categories after application of the mass window for $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 GeV. The distributions are not weighted by the relevant transfer factors to measure the background yield. |
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Figure 6-b:
The four-object invariant mass distribution for the 2018 data set is shown in the prompt (left) and merged nonprompt (right) categories after application of the mass window for $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 GeV. The distributions are not weighted by the relevant transfer factors to measure the background yield. |
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Figure 7:
Observed (solid black line) and expected (dashed black line) exclusion limits on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}) $ as function of signal proper lifetime $ c\tau $ for $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 GeV (left) and 1 GeV (right) for the most minimal extension of the SM Higgs sector [12], assuming $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\mu^+\mu^-) $ and $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\pi^{+}\pi^{-}) $ from Ref. [25]. The inner green (outer yellow) indicates the region containing 68% (95%) of the limits. The limits are obtained using the combination of all eras of Run 2 and the four different lifetime categories. |
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Figure 7-a:
Observed (solid black line) and expected (dashed black line) exclusion limits on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}) $ as function of signal proper lifetime $ c\tau $ for $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 GeV (left) and 1 GeV (right) for the most minimal extension of the SM Higgs sector [12], assuming $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\mu^+\mu^-) $ and $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\pi^{+}\pi^{-}) $ from Ref. [25]. The inner green (outer yellow) indicates the region containing 68% (95%) of the limits. The limits are obtained using the combination of all eras of Run 2 and the four different lifetime categories. |
png pdf |
Figure 7-b:
Observed (solid black line) and expected (dashed black line) exclusion limits on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}) $ as function of signal proper lifetime $ c\tau $ for $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 GeV (left) and 1 GeV (right) for the most minimal extension of the SM Higgs sector [12], assuming $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\mu^+\mu^-) $ and $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\pi^{+}\pi^{-}) $ from Ref. [25]. The inner green (outer yellow) indicates the region containing 68% (95%) of the limits. The limits are obtained using the combination of all eras of Run 2 and the four different lifetime categories. |
png pdf |
Figure 8:
Observed (solid black line) and expected (dashed black line) exclusion limits on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}) $ as function of signal proper lifetime $ c\tau $ for $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 1.1 GeV (left) and 1.6 GeV (right) for the most minimal extension of the SM Higgs sector [12], assuming $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\mu^+\mu^-) $ and $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to \mathrm{K^+}\mathrm{K^-}) $ from Ref. [25]. The inner green (outer yellow) indicates the region containing 68% (95%) of the limits. The limits are obtained using the combination of all eras of Run 2 and the four different lifetime categories. |
png pdf |
Figure 8-a:
Observed (solid black line) and expected (dashed black line) exclusion limits on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}) $ as function of signal proper lifetime $ c\tau $ for $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 1.1 GeV (left) and 1.6 GeV (right) for the most minimal extension of the SM Higgs sector [12], assuming $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\mu^+\mu^-) $ and $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to \mathrm{K^+}\mathrm{K^-}) $ from Ref. [25]. The inner green (outer yellow) indicates the region containing 68% (95%) of the limits. The limits are obtained using the combination of all eras of Run 2 and the four different lifetime categories. |
png pdf |
Figure 8-b:
Observed (solid black line) and expected (dashed black line) exclusion limits on the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}) $ as function of signal proper lifetime $ c\tau $ for $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 1.1 GeV (left) and 1.6 GeV (right) for the most minimal extension of the SM Higgs sector [12], assuming $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to\mu^+\mu^-) $ and $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{S}\to \mathrm{K^+}\mathrm{K^-}) $ from Ref. [25]. The inner green (outer yellow) indicates the region containing 68% (95%) of the limits. The limits are obtained using the combination of all eras of Run 2 and the four different lifetime categories. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
Branching fractions for the BSM scalar decays to a muon pair and to a pion or kaon pair [25], in the targeted range of BSM scalar masses ($ m_{\mathrm{S}} $). For $ m_{\mathrm{S}}\leq $ 1 GeV, the hadronic decay mode to kaons is not allowed because of kinematic constraints. The charged kaon decay mode dominates over the charged pion decay mode for $ m_{\mathrm{S}}\geq $ 1.1 GeV. |
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Table 2:
Summary of the event selection requirements for the analysis. The set of criteria up to (and including) the loose invariant mass row defines the baseline selection. The subscript 1 and 2 refer to the leading and subleading object, respectively. |
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Table 3:
Number of observed events and background predictions for the full Run 2 dataset in the signal region under the BSM scalar mass hypothesis, $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 0.6 GeV (top) and $ m_{\mathrm{S}}= $ 1.6 GeV (bottom). In comparison, the signal yield expected in the full Run 2 dataset, assuming $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to \mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}) = $ 1%, is quoted. |
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Table 4:
Summary of systematic uncertainties. |
| Summary |
| An exclusive search for light exotic scalars is performed using 138 fb$ ^{-1} $ of proton-proton collision data collected at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV. The analysis accesses a unique hadronic decay mode where the low mass of the scalar restricts hadronization and dominantly allows decays to only a pair of light hadrons. The Higgs-mediated production of a pair of light scalars is searched for in the final state of two muons and two charged hadrons, with decays within the tracker system. Scalar masses below 2 GeV with a proper lifetime $ c\tau $ up to 100 mm are probed. The boosted topology, the isolation, and mass constraints between the reconstructed dimuon and dihadron resonances are used to reduce the background. Considering the benchmark signal model in [25], this search excludes at 95% confidence level branching fractions of the Higgs boson to light scalars greater than 10$^{-4} $ and covers a largely unexplored phase space of light long-lived particles. |
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