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| CMS-PAS-B2G-24-013 | ||
| Search for single production of a vector-like B' quark decaying to tW in the single-lepton final state | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 2026-03-15 | ||
| Abstract: A search is presented for the single production of a narrow-width vector-like B' quark that decays to a t quark and a W boson, with one of the decay products yielding an electron or muon. The data were collected from 2016 to 2018 by the CMS experiment at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$ ^{-1} $. The search is performed in a single-lepton final state, where the B' quark candidate is reconstructed from an electron or muon, missing transverse momentum, and one or more jets. The originating particles of large-radius jets are identified using a neural-network-based tagger, and the dominant background contributions are modeled from data using a neural autoregressive flow network. This search is the first to be sensitive to single production of narrow-width B' quarks via the electroweak interaction, excluding singlet B' quarks with $ \Gamma/m_{B'}=5% $ for masses between 0.8 and 1.23$ \mathrm{TeV} $. Limits are also placed on the single production cross section for B' quarks produced in association with t quarks, and on the coupling of the B' quark to electroweak bosons. | ||
| Links: CDS record (PDF) ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
Tree-level Feynman diagram showing the single production of a B' quark decaying in the $ \mathrm{t}\mathrm{W} $ channel, in association with a SM b quark or t quark. |
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Figure 2:
Distributions of the reconstructed B' quark mass, $ m_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}} $, (left) and of the reconstruction case (right) for all selected events. The observed data are shown as black markers. Predicted $ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ quark signals with masses of 0.8 and 1.4 TeV are shown as solid and dashed lines, respectively. Simulated background estimates are displayed as filled histograms. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the background prediction. Statistical and systematic uncertainties in the background estimate are indicated by the hatched bands. |
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Figure 2-a:
Distributions of the reconstructed B' quark mass, $ m_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}} $, (left) and of the reconstruction case (right) for all selected events. The observed data are shown as black markers. Predicted $ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ quark signals with masses of 0.8 and 1.4 TeV are shown as solid and dashed lines, respectively. Simulated background estimates are displayed as filled histograms. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the background prediction. Statistical and systematic uncertainties in the background estimate are indicated by the hatched bands. |
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Figure 2-b:
Distributions of the reconstructed B' quark mass, $ m_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}} $, (left) and of the reconstruction case (right) for all selected events. The observed data are shown as black markers. Predicted $ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ quark signals with masses of 0.8 and 1.4 TeV are shown as solid and dashed lines, respectively. Simulated background estimates are displayed as filled histograms. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the background prediction. Statistical and systematic uncertainties in the background estimate are indicated by the hatched bands. |
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Figure 3:
Distributions of the b-tagged jet multiplicity (left) and forward jet multiplicity (right) for all selected events. The observed data are shown as black markers. Predicted $ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ quark signals with masses of 0.8 and 1.4 TeV are shown as solid and dashed lines, respectively. Simulated background estimates are displayed as filled histograms. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the background prediction. Statistical and systematic uncertainties in the background estimate are indicated by the hatched bands. |
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Figure 3-a:
Distributions of the b-tagged jet multiplicity (left) and forward jet multiplicity (right) for all selected events. The observed data are shown as black markers. Predicted $ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ quark signals with masses of 0.8 and 1.4 TeV are shown as solid and dashed lines, respectively. Simulated background estimates are displayed as filled histograms. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the background prediction. Statistical and systematic uncertainties in the background estimate are indicated by the hatched bands. |
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Figure 3-b:
Distributions of the b-tagged jet multiplicity (left) and forward jet multiplicity (right) for all selected events. The observed data are shown as black markers. Predicted $ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ quark signals with masses of 0.8 and 1.4 TeV are shown as solid and dashed lines, respectively. Simulated background estimates are displayed as filled histograms. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the background prediction. Statistical and systematic uncertainties in the background estimate are indicated by the hatched bands. |
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Figure 4:
Diagrams illustrating the definitions and labels of the control regions and signal region (left), and the subsets of the signal region used for validation (right). |
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Figure 5:
Distributions of $ m_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}} $ in the control regions for the lepW ABCDnn model are normalized to unity. The observed data are shown as black markers with statistical uncertainties. The major background distributions from simulation are shown as orange solid lines with statistical uncertainties and are labeled ``MC''. The ABCDnn predictions are shown as blue filled histograms. Statistical uncertainties in the ABCDnn predictions are indicated by hatched bands, although they are too small to be visible in these plots. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the ABCDnn prediction. |
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Figure 6:
Distributions of $ m_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}} $ in the control regions for the lepT ABCDnn model are normalized to unity. The observed data are shown as black markers with statistical uncertainties. The major background distributions from simulation are shown as orange solid lines with statistical uncertainties and are labeled ``MC''. The ABCDnn predictions are shown as blue filled histograms. Statistical uncertainties in the ABCDnn predictions are indicated by hatched bands, although they are too small to be visible in these plots. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the ABCDnn prediction. |
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Figure 7:
Distributions of $ m_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}} $ for validation region events in Case 1 (upper left) through Case 4 (lower right). The observed data are shown as black markers. Predicted $ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ quark signals with masses of 0.8 and 1.4 TeV are shown as solid and dashed lines, respectively. Background estimates are displayed as filled histograms, with the ABCDnn prediction shown prior to application of the closure correction. The contributions from $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} \mathrm{X} $ and DY+VV processes are too small to be visible. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the background prediction. Statistical and systematic uncertainties in the background estimate are indicated by the hatched bands. For Cases 1 and 2, the distributions are shown in units of events per 20 GeV to provide improved visibility in the high-$ m_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}} $ region where statistical uncertainties are larger. |
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Figure 7-a:
Distributions of $ m_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}} $ for validation region events in Case 1 (upper left) through Case 4 (lower right). The observed data are shown as black markers. Predicted $ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ quark signals with masses of 0.8 and 1.4 TeV are shown as solid and dashed lines, respectively. Background estimates are displayed as filled histograms, with the ABCDnn prediction shown prior to application of the closure correction. The contributions from $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} \mathrm{X} $ and DY+VV processes are too small to be visible. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the background prediction. Statistical and systematic uncertainties in the background estimate are indicated by the hatched bands. For Cases 1 and 2, the distributions are shown in units of events per 20 GeV to provide improved visibility in the high-$ m_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}} $ region where statistical uncertainties are larger. |
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Figure 7-b:
Distributions of $ m_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}} $ for validation region events in Case 1 (upper left) through Case 4 (lower right). The observed data are shown as black markers. Predicted $ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ quark signals with masses of 0.8 and 1.4 TeV are shown as solid and dashed lines, respectively. Background estimates are displayed as filled histograms, with the ABCDnn prediction shown prior to application of the closure correction. The contributions from $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} \mathrm{X} $ and DY+VV processes are too small to be visible. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the background prediction. Statistical and systematic uncertainties in the background estimate are indicated by the hatched bands. For Cases 1 and 2, the distributions are shown in units of events per 20 GeV to provide improved visibility in the high-$ m_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}} $ region where statistical uncertainties are larger. |
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Figure 7-c:
Distributions of $ m_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}} $ for validation region events in Case 1 (upper left) through Case 4 (lower right). The observed data are shown as black markers. Predicted $ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ quark signals with masses of 0.8 and 1.4 TeV are shown as solid and dashed lines, respectively. Background estimates are displayed as filled histograms, with the ABCDnn prediction shown prior to application of the closure correction. The contributions from $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} \mathrm{X} $ and DY+VV processes are too small to be visible. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the background prediction. Statistical and systematic uncertainties in the background estimate are indicated by the hatched bands. For Cases 1 and 2, the distributions are shown in units of events per 20 GeV to provide improved visibility in the high-$ m_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}} $ region where statistical uncertainties are larger. |
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Figure 7-d:
Distributions of $ m_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}} $ for validation region events in Case 1 (upper left) through Case 4 (lower right). The observed data are shown as black markers. Predicted $ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ quark signals with masses of 0.8 and 1.4 TeV are shown as solid and dashed lines, respectively. Background estimates are displayed as filled histograms, with the ABCDnn prediction shown prior to application of the closure correction. The contributions from $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} \mathrm{X} $ and DY+VV processes are too small to be visible. The lower panels show the ratio of the data to the background prediction. Statistical and systematic uncertainties in the background estimate are indicated by the hatched bands. For Cases 1 and 2, the distributions are shown in units of events per 20 GeV to provide improved visibility in the high-$ m_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}} $ region where statistical uncertainties are larger. |
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Figure 8:
Distributions of $ m_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}} $ for signal region events in Case 1 (upper left) through Case 4 (lower right). The observed data are shown as black markers. Predicted $ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ quark signals with masses of 0.8 and 1.4 TeV are shown as solid and dashed lines, respectively. The best-fit background prediction from a background-only fit to data is shown as filled histograms. The lower panels show the difference between the data and the background prediction, divided by the total uncertainty in the background estimate. |
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Figure 8-a:
Distributions of $ m_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}} $ for signal region events in Case 1 (upper left) through Case 4 (lower right). The observed data are shown as black markers. Predicted $ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ quark signals with masses of 0.8 and 1.4 TeV are shown as solid and dashed lines, respectively. The best-fit background prediction from a background-only fit to data is shown as filled histograms. The lower panels show the difference between the data and the background prediction, divided by the total uncertainty in the background estimate. |
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Figure 8-b:
Distributions of $ m_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}} $ for signal region events in Case 1 (upper left) through Case 4 (lower right). The observed data are shown as black markers. Predicted $ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ quark signals with masses of 0.8 and 1.4 TeV are shown as solid and dashed lines, respectively. The best-fit background prediction from a background-only fit to data is shown as filled histograms. The lower panels show the difference between the data and the background prediction, divided by the total uncertainty in the background estimate. |
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Figure 8-c:
Distributions of $ m_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}} $ for signal region events in Case 1 (upper left) through Case 4 (lower right). The observed data are shown as black markers. Predicted $ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ quark signals with masses of 0.8 and 1.4 TeV are shown as solid and dashed lines, respectively. The best-fit background prediction from a background-only fit to data is shown as filled histograms. The lower panels show the difference between the data and the background prediction, divided by the total uncertainty in the background estimate. |
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Figure 8-d:
Distributions of $ m_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}} $ for signal region events in Case 1 (upper left) through Case 4 (lower right). The observed data are shown as black markers. Predicted $ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ quark signals with masses of 0.8 and 1.4 TeV are shown as solid and dashed lines, respectively. The best-fit background prediction from a background-only fit to data is shown as filled histograms. The lower panels show the difference between the data and the background prediction, divided by the total uncertainty in the background estimate. |
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Figure 9:
Observed (black solid lines) and expected (dashed lines) 95% CL upper limits on the product of the cross section $ \sigma(\mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} ) $ (upper) or $ \sigma(\mathrm{t}\mathrm{q}{B'} ) $ (lower) and the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}) $ as a function of $ m_{{B'} } $. Predicted cross sections for a singlet B' quark (upper, lower left) or a (T',B' ) doublet (lower right) are shown as red and blue lines, respectively. Bands around the predicted cross sections represent the associated energy scale and PDF uncertainties. |
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Figure 9-a:
Observed (black solid lines) and expected (dashed lines) 95% CL upper limits on the product of the cross section $ \sigma(\mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} ) $ (upper) or $ \sigma(\mathrm{t}\mathrm{q}{B'} ) $ (lower) and the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}) $ as a function of $ m_{{B'} } $. Predicted cross sections for a singlet B' quark (upper, lower left) or a (T',B' ) doublet (lower right) are shown as red and blue lines, respectively. Bands around the predicted cross sections represent the associated energy scale and PDF uncertainties. |
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Figure 9-b:
Observed (black solid lines) and expected (dashed lines) 95% CL upper limits on the product of the cross section $ \sigma(\mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} ) $ (upper) or $ \sigma(\mathrm{t}\mathrm{q}{B'} ) $ (lower) and the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}) $ as a function of $ m_{{B'} } $. Predicted cross sections for a singlet B' quark (upper, lower left) or a (T',B' ) doublet (lower right) are shown as red and blue lines, respectively. Bands around the predicted cross sections represent the associated energy scale and PDF uncertainties. |
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Figure 9-c:
Observed (black solid lines) and expected (dashed lines) 95% CL upper limits on the product of the cross section $ \sigma(\mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} ) $ (upper) or $ \sigma(\mathrm{t}\mathrm{q}{B'} ) $ (lower) and the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W}) $ as a function of $ m_{{B'} } $. Predicted cross sections for a singlet B' quark (upper, lower left) or a (T',B' ) doublet (lower right) are shown as red and blue lines, respectively. Bands around the predicted cross sections represent the associated energy scale and PDF uncertainties. |
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Figure 10:
Observed (black solid lines) and expected (dashed lines) 95% CL upper limits on the coupling strength $ \kappa $ in a singlet (left) or (T',B' ) doublet scenario (right), as a function of $ m_{{B'} } $. Limits from the $ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ ($ \mathrm{t}\mathrm{q}{B'} $) production hypothesis are shown in the upper (lower) row. Predicted coupling values are shown as red and blue lines. |
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Figure 10-a:
Observed (black solid lines) and expected (dashed lines) 95% CL upper limits on the coupling strength $ \kappa $ in a singlet (left) or (T',B' ) doublet scenario (right), as a function of $ m_{{B'} } $. Limits from the $ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ ($ \mathrm{t}\mathrm{q}{B'} $) production hypothesis are shown in the upper (lower) row. Predicted coupling values are shown as red and blue lines. |
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Figure 10-b:
Observed (black solid lines) and expected (dashed lines) 95% CL upper limits on the coupling strength $ \kappa $ in a singlet (left) or (T',B' ) doublet scenario (right), as a function of $ m_{{B'} } $. Limits from the $ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ ($ \mathrm{t}\mathrm{q}{B'} $) production hypothesis are shown in the upper (lower) row. Predicted coupling values are shown as red and blue lines. |
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Figure 10-c:
Observed (black solid lines) and expected (dashed lines) 95% CL upper limits on the coupling strength $ \kappa $ in a singlet (left) or (T',B' ) doublet scenario (right), as a function of $ m_{{B'} } $. Limits from the $ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ ($ \mathrm{t}\mathrm{q}{B'} $) production hypothesis are shown in the upper (lower) row. Predicted coupling values are shown as red and blue lines. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
Values of $ \hat{\sigma} $ and $ \kappa $ used to compute the cross section for the production of a B' quark that is either a singlet or a member of a (T',B' ) doublet. The value of $ \hat{\sigma} $ depends on the B' quark mass and production mode. The value of $ \kappa $ depends on the B' quark mass, width, and multiplet structure. All numerical values are rounded to two significant figures, and uncertainties due to renormalization and factorization scale are provided for $ \hat{\sigma} $. |
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Table 2:
Definition of the signal region and control regions. |
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Table 3:
Summary of the ABCDnn architectures for the lepW and lepT models. The lepW model is trained on events in reconstruction Cases 1 and 4, and the lepT model is trained on events in reconstruction Cases 2 and 3. |
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Table 4:
Summary of systematic uncertainties. Unless otherwise noted, all uncertainties are applied as rate and shape variations using alternate template histograms. The numerical values represent the prefit rate impact and are shown as ranges across the four reconstruction cases for either the 1.4 TeV signal or the ABCDnn background prediction, unless specified differently. The functional form indicates the quantities on which the uncertainty magnitude depends, where $ \textrm{s.d.} $ is defined as one standard deviation. The final column indicates which predictions are affected: simulated samples (including signal), ``minor'' refers to simulated minor background processes, and ``ABCDnn'' refers to the major background predicted using the ABCDnn method. |
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Table 5:
Numbers of predicted and observed signal region events in each reconstruction case after the background-only fit to data. Predicted signal yields are shown for comparison, normalized to the theoretical production cross sections for a 1%-width singlet B' quark: 59fb at 0.8 TeV and 2.7fb at 1.4 TeV. Uncertainties include both statistical and systematic contributions. |
| Summary |
| This note presents a search for the single production of a B' quark that decays to a t quark and a W boson via the electroweak interaction, using 138 fb$ ^{-1} $ of Run 2 proton-proton collision data collected by the CMS detector. Events are selected with one electron or muon, missing transverse momentum, and at least one large-radius jet that is well separated from the charged lepton. A B' quark candidate is reconstructed and categorized according to the PARTICLENET identification of the large-radius jet. Minor background processes are modeled using simulation, while the major background contribution in the signal region is modeled from data in five control regions using a neural autoregressive flow network, referred to as ABCDnn. For $ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ production, singlet B' quarks with a 5% relative decay width and masses below 1.23 TeV are excluded. Limits are also set on the product of the single production cross section and the $ {B'} \to\mathrm{t}\mathrm{W} $ branching fraction for $ \mathrm{t}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ production, excluding the 0.9 and 1.0 TeV mass points for both the 5%-width singlet and 1%-width doublet scenarios. For singlet $ \mathrm{b}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ production, coupling values above 0.30 are excluded for B' quark masses of 0.8--1.8 TeV. For $ \mathrm{t}\mathrm{q}{B'} $ production, coupling values above 0.41 are excluded for singlet B' quark masses of 0.8--1.2 TeV, and values above 0.29 are excluded for doublet B' quark masses of 0.8--2.0 TeV. This is the first dedicated search for single production of B' quarks using the full Run 2 dataset collected by the CMS detector, and the first to provide sensitivity to single B' quarks with narrow decay widths. \newpage |
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