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| CMS-PAS-HIN-21-007 | ||
| Observation of the $\Upsilon$(3S) meson and sequential suppression of $\Upsilon$ states in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.02 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| April 2022 | ||
| Abstract: The production of $\Upsilon$(2S) and $\Upsilon$(3S) mesons in lead-lead (PbPb) and proton-proton (pp) collisions is studied using the CMS detector at the LHC. Their nuclear modification factors, $R_{\textrm{AA}}$, derived from the ratio of yields measured in PbPb to pp collisions, are reported as functions of transverse momentum and PbPb collision centrality. The $\Upsilon$(3S) meson is observed for the first time in PbPb collisions. The suppression is found to be stronger for $\Upsilon$(3S) mesons compared to $\Upsilon$(2S) mesons, extending the pattern of sequential suppression of bottomonium states in nuclear collisions previously seen for the $\Upsilon$(1S) and $\Upsilon$(2S) states. The results provide new constraints on models describing the dynamics of quarkonium states in heavy ion collisions. | ||
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These preliminary results are superseded in this paper, PRL 133 (2024) 022302. The superseded preliminary plots can be found here. |
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| Figures & Tables | Summary | Additional Figures | References | CMS Publications |
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| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
Invariant mass distributions of selected dimuons in pp (left) and PbPb (right) collisions, for the kinematic range $ {p_{\mathrm {T}}} ^{\mu^{+} \mu^{-}} < $ 30 GeV/$c$ and $ {| y^{\mu^{+} \mu^{-}} |} < $ 2.4. The solid lines in both figures show the results of the fits to data, while the dashed and dotted lines represent the separate yields for each $\Upsilon$ state and background dimuons, respectively. |
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Figure 1-a:
Invariant mass distributions of selected dimuons in pp (left) and PbPb (right) collisions, for the kinematic range $ {p_{\mathrm {T}}} ^{\mu^{+} \mu^{-}} < $ 30 GeV/$c$ and $ {| y^{\mu^{+} \mu^{-}} |} < $ 2.4. The solid lines in both figures show the results of the fits to data, while the dashed and dotted lines represent the separate yields for each $\Upsilon$ state and background dimuons, respectively. |
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Figure 1-b:
Invariant mass distributions of selected dimuons in pp (left) and PbPb (right) collisions, for the kinematic range $ {p_{\mathrm {T}}} ^{\mu^{+} \mu^{-}} < $ 30 GeV/$c$ and $ {| y^{\mu^{+} \mu^{-}} |} < $ 2.4. The solid lines in both figures show the results of the fits to data, while the dashed and dotted lines represent the separate yields for each $\Upsilon$ state and background dimuons, respectively. |
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Figure 2:
Measured ${R_ {\text {AA}}}$ for $\Upsilon$ states as functions of $\langle {N_{\text {part}}} \rangle $ (left) including the centrality integrated bin and ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ (right). The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. In the left figure, the left-most box at unity combines the uncertainties of pp luminosity and PbPb ${N_{\mathrm {MB}}}$, while the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty of pp yields for the $\Upsilon$(2S) ($\Upsilon$(3S)) state. The box at unity in the right plot combines the uncertainties of ${T_{{\text {AA}}}}$, pp luminosity, and PbPb ${N_{\mathrm {MB}}}$. The results for the $\Upsilon$(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [18] and are not affected by the boxes at unity. |
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Figure 2-a:
Measured ${R_ {\text {AA}}}$ for $\Upsilon$ states as functions of $\langle {N_{\text {part}}} \rangle $ (left) including the centrality integrated bin and ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ (right). The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. In the left figure, the left-most box at unity combines the uncertainties of pp luminosity and PbPb ${N_{\mathrm {MB}}}$, while the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty of pp yields for the $\Upsilon$(2S) ($\Upsilon$(3S)) state. The box at unity in the right plot combines the uncertainties of ${T_{{\text {AA}}}}$, pp luminosity, and PbPb ${N_{\mathrm {MB}}}$. The results for the $\Upsilon$(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [18] and are not affected by the boxes at unity. |
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Figure 2-b:
Measured ${R_ {\text {AA}}}$ for $\Upsilon$ states as functions of $\langle {N_{\text {part}}} \rangle $ (left) including the centrality integrated bin and ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ (right). The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. In the left figure, the left-most box at unity combines the uncertainties of pp luminosity and PbPb ${N_{\mathrm {MB}}}$, while the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty of pp yields for the $\Upsilon$(2S) ($\Upsilon$(3S)) state. The box at unity in the right plot combines the uncertainties of ${T_{{\text {AA}}}}$, pp luminosity, and PbPb ${N_{\mathrm {MB}}}$. The results for the $\Upsilon$(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [18] and are not affected by the boxes at unity. |
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Figure 3:
The double ratio of $\Upsilon$(3S)/$\Upsilon$(2S) as functions of $\langle {N_{\text {part}}} \rangle $ (left) and ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ (right). The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes are the systematic uncertainties. The box at unity on the left figure shows the combined systematic and statistical uncertainties from pp data, which is common to all of the points. |
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Figure 3-a:
The double ratio of $\Upsilon$(3S)/$\Upsilon$(2S) as functions of $\langle {N_{\text {part}}} \rangle $ (left) and ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ (right). The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes are the systematic uncertainties. The box at unity on the left figure shows the combined systematic and statistical uncertainties from pp data, which is common to all of the points. |
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Figure 3-b:
The double ratio of $\Upsilon$(3S)/$\Upsilon$(2S) as functions of $\langle {N_{\text {part}}} \rangle $ (left) and ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ (right). The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes are the systematic uncertainties. The box at unity on the left figure shows the combined systematic and statistical uncertainties from pp data, which is common to all of the points. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
Systematic uncertainties from various sources in pp and PbPb collisions listed in percentage. The global uncertainties are not included in the total uncertainties. |
| Summary |
| In summary, data from lead-lead (PbPb) and proton-proton (pp) collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV collected with the CMS detector were analyzed to measure the nuclear modification factors ($R_{\textrm{AA}}$) of $\Upsilon$(2S) and $\Upsilon$(3S) mesons, and double ratios $\Upsilon$(3S)/$\Upsilon$(2S). The values of the observables are given as functions of $\Upsilon$ transverse momentum ($p_{\mathrm{T}}$) and PbPb collision centrality. The $\Upsilon$(3S) meson is observed for the first time in PbPb collisions, and the amount of suppression is found to be stronger than for the $\Upsilon$(2S) meson. The values of $R_{\textrm{AA}}$ for both $\Upsilon$(2S) and $\Upsilon$(3S) are observed to decrease gradually for more central collisions. On the other hand, the $R_{\textrm{AA}}$ values suggest at most a small increase with increasing $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ for the $\Upsilon$(3S) meson. The double ratios are found to be smaller than unity, showing a stronger suppression for the $\Upsilon$(3S) meson compared to the $\Upsilon$(2S) meson. No significant $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ dependence is observed for the double ratios $\Upsilon$(3S)/$\Upsilon$(2S), indicating the relative modification between the two states to be similar in the studied $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ region. Combined with previous measurements, the results in this note reveal the sequential suppression of $\Upsilon$(1S), $\Upsilon$(2S), and $\Upsilon$(3S) mesons, which provides new constraints on the understanding of quarkonium suppression in heavy ion collisions. |
| Additional Figures | |
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Additional Figure 1:
Nuclear modification factors for the $\Upsilon$(1S), $\Upsilon$(2S), and $\Upsilon$(3S) mesons as a function of $\langle {N_{\text {part}}} \rangle $, including the centrality integrated bin. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The left-most box at unity combines the uncertainties of pp luminosity and PbPb ${N_{\mathrm {MB}}}$, while the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty of pp yields for the $\Upsilon$(2S) ($\Upsilon$(3S)) state. Results for the $\Upsilon$(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [18]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [7]. |
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Additional Figure 2:
Nuclear modification factors for the $\Upsilon$(1S), $\Upsilon$(2S), and $\Upsilon$(3S) mesons as a function of $\langle {N_{\text {part}}} \rangle $, including the centrality integrated bin. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The left-most box at unity combines the uncertainties of pp luminosity and PbPb ${N_{\mathrm {MB}}}$, while the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty of pp yields for the $\Upsilon$(2S) ($\Upsilon$(3S)) state. Results for the $\Upsilon$(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [18]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [6]. |
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Additional Figure 3:
Nuclear modification factors for the $\Upsilon$(1S), $\Upsilon$(2S), and $\Upsilon$(3S) mesons as a function of $\langle {N_{\text {part}}} \rangle $, including the centrality integrated bin. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The left-most box at unity combines the uncertainties of pp luminosity and PbPb ${N_{\mathrm {MB}}}$, while the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty of pp yields for the $\Upsilon$(2S) ($\Upsilon$(3S)) state. Results for the $\Upsilon$(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [18]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [50]. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 4:
Nuclear modification factors for the $\Upsilon$(1S), $\Upsilon$(2S), and $\Upsilon$(3S) mesons as a function of $\langle {N_{\text {part}}} \rangle $, including the centrality integrated bin. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The left-most box at unity combines the uncertainties of pp luminosity and PbPb ${N_{\mathrm {MB}}}$, while the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty of pp yields for the $\Upsilon$(2S) ($\Upsilon$(3S) state. Results for the $\Upsilon$(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [18]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [10]. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 5:
Nuclear modification factors for the $\Upsilon$(1S), $\Upsilon$(2S), and $\Upsilon$(3S) mesons as a function of ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The box at unity represents the global uncertainty, which combines uncertainties from ${T_{{\text {AA}}}}$, pp luminosity, and PbPb ${N_{\mathrm {MB}}}$. Results for the $\Upsilon$(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [18]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [7]. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 6:
Nuclear modification factors for the $\Upsilon$(1S), $\Upsilon$(2S), and $\Upsilon$(3S) mesons as a function of ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The box at unity represents the global uncertainty, which combines uncertainties from ${T_{{\text {AA}}}}$, pp luminosity, and PbPb ${N_{\mathrm {MB}}}$. Results for the $\Upsilon$(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [18]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [6]. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 7:
Nuclear modification factors for the $\Upsilon$(1S), $\Upsilon$(2S), and $\Upsilon$(3S) mesons as a function of ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The box at unity represents the global uncertainty, which combines uncertainties from ${T_{{\text {AA}}}}$, pp luminosity, and PbPb ${N_{\mathrm {MB}}}$. Results for the $\Upsilon$(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [18]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [10]. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 8:
The double ratio of $\Upsilon$(3S) /$\Upsilon$(2S) as functions of $\langle {N_{\text {part}}} \rangle $. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes are the systematic uncertainties. The box at unity shows the combined systematic and statistical uncertainties from pp data. The three different types of bands represent calculations from Ref. [7,6,50,10]. |
png pdf |
Additional Figure 9:
The double ratio of $\Upsilon$(3S) /$\Upsilon$(2S) as functions of ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes are the systematic uncertainties. The two bands represent calculations from Ref. [7,6,10]. |
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Additional Figure 10:
The nuclear modification factors for various quarkonium mesons as a function of quarkonium binding energy at $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}=$ 5.02 TeV. The values for the binding energy of each quarkonium state are taken from Ref. [5]. The error bars and boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The results for the $\Upsilon$(1S) meson and charmonium states (J/$\psi$ and $\psi$(2S)) are taken from Ref. [18] and Ref. [51], respectively. |
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Additional Figure 11:
The nuclear modification factors for the $\Upsilon$(2S) and $\Upsilon$(3S) mesons as a function of ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$. The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes represent the systematic uncertainties. The solid (dashed) lines are the results of the fit to the ${R_ {\text {AA}}}$ values for the $\Upsilon$(2S) ($\Upsilon$(3S)) state using a constant and a linear function. A F-test [52] is performed to examine the significance of the dependence of the two functions. The significance for the preference of the linear fit is found to be more than 3 standard deviations for the $\Upsilon$(3S) meson and less than 2 standard deviations for the $\Upsilon$(2S) meson, thus verifying an increasing trend of the ${R_ {\text {AA}}}$ of $\Upsilon$(3S) with increasing ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$. |
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