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| CMS-SUS-23-016 ; CERN-EP-2025-219 | ||
| Search for new physics in the final state with a single photon and large missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 21 November 2025 | ||
| Submitted to Phys. Rev. D | ||
| Abstract: A search for new physics in events featuring a single photon and missing transverse momentum is presented, using proton-proton $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 101 fb$ ^{-1} $ collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC between 2017 and 2018. This analysis, combined with a previous study of 36 fb$ ^{-1} $ of 2016 data (totaling 137 fb$ ^{-1} $), reveals no significant deviations from standard model expectations. The results are then used to establish 95% confidence level limits on parameters in theoretical models involving dark matter and large extra dimensions. Compared to the 2016-only analysis, this search achieves up to a 14% improvement in exclusion reach for mediator masses in simplified dark matter models, along with 11% and 10% enhancements in the limits on the effective field theory suppression scale and the fundamental Planck scale, respectively. These results are the most stringent constraints on these parameters to date. | ||
| Links: e-print arXiv:2511.17310 [hep-ex] (PDF) ; CDS record ; inSPIRE record ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
Leading-order diagrams of graviton production in the ADD model (left), simplified DM model (center), and EW-DM effective interaction (right), with a final state comprising a photon and large $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{miss} $. Particles $ \chi $ and $ \bar{\chi} $ are the DM and its antiparticle, and $ \Phi $ in the simplified DM model represents a vector or axial-vector mediator. |
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Figure 1-a:
Leading-order diagrams of graviton production in the ADD model (left), simplified DM model (center), and EW-DM effective interaction (right), with a final state comprising a photon and large $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{miss} $. Particles $ \chi $ and $ \bar{\chi} $ are the DM and its antiparticle, and $ \Phi $ in the simplified DM model represents a vector or axial-vector mediator. |
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Figure 1-b:
Leading-order diagrams of graviton production in the ADD model (left), simplified DM model (center), and EW-DM effective interaction (right), with a final state comprising a photon and large $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{miss} $. Particles $ \chi $ and $ \bar{\chi} $ are the DM and its antiparticle, and $ \Phi $ in the simplified DM model represents a vector or axial-vector mediator. |
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Figure 1-c:
Leading-order diagrams of graviton production in the ADD model (left), simplified DM model (center), and EW-DM effective interaction (right), with a final state comprising a photon and large $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{miss} $. Particles $ \chi $ and $ \bar{\chi} $ are the DM and its antiparticle, and $ \Phi $ in the simplified DM model represents a vector or axial-vector mediator. |
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Figure 2:
Distribution of $ E_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} $/$ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{miss} $ for the 2017 (left) and 2018 (right) data sets. Templates for signal hypotheses are shown overlaid as light green and magenta dashed lines along with their cross section values. The cross hatched band represents the total systematic and statistical uncertainties. Events to the right of the red dashed vertical line are excluded. |
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Figure 2-a:
Distribution of $ E_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} $/$ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{miss} $ for the 2017 (left) and 2018 (right) data sets. Templates for signal hypotheses are shown overlaid as light green and magenta dashed lines along with their cross section values. The cross hatched band represents the total systematic and statistical uncertainties. Events to the right of the red dashed vertical line are excluded. |
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Figure 2-b:
Distribution of $ E_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} $/$ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{miss} $ for the 2017 (left) and 2018 (right) data sets. Templates for signal hypotheses are shown overlaid as light green and magenta dashed lines along with their cross section values. The cross hatched band represents the total systematic and statistical uncertainties. Events to the right of the red dashed vertical line are excluded. |
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Figure 3:
Distribution of $ \Delta\phi(\vec{p}_T^{\text{miss}}, \vec{p}_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma}) $ for the 2017 (left) and 2018 (right) data sets. Templates for signal hypotheses are shown overlaid as light green and magenta dashed lines along with their cross section values. The cross hatched band represents the total systematic and statistical uncertainties. Events to the left of the red dashed vertical line are excluded. |
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Figure 3-a:
Distribution of $ \Delta\phi(\vec{p}_T^{\text{miss}}, \vec{p}_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma}) $ for the 2017 (left) and 2018 (right) data sets. Templates for signal hypotheses are shown overlaid as light green and magenta dashed lines along with their cross section values. The cross hatched band represents the total systematic and statistical uncertainties. Events to the left of the red dashed vertical line are excluded. |
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Figure 3-b:
Distribution of $ \Delta\phi(\vec{p}_T^{\text{miss}}, \vec{p}_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma}) $ for the 2017 (left) and 2018 (right) data sets. Templates for signal hypotheses are shown overlaid as light green and magenta dashed lines along with their cross section values. The cross hatched band represents the total systematic and statistical uncertainties. Events to the left of the red dashed vertical line are excluded. |
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Figure 4:
Comparison of data and background post-fit distributions in the $ \mathrm{e} \nu + \gamma $ (left) and $ \mu \nu +\gamma $ (right) CRs for the combination of 2017 and 2018 data sets. The last bin of the distribution includes the overflow events. The ratios of data to the background predictions are shown in the lower panels, with the cross hatched uncertainty bands including the combination of all systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 4-a:
Comparison of data and background post-fit distributions in the $ \mathrm{e} \nu + \gamma $ (left) and $ \mu \nu +\gamma $ (right) CRs for the combination of 2017 and 2018 data sets. The last bin of the distribution includes the overflow events. The ratios of data to the background predictions are shown in the lower panels, with the cross hatched uncertainty bands including the combination of all systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 4-b:
Comparison of data and background post-fit distributions in the $ \mathrm{e} \nu + \gamma $ (left) and $ \mu \nu +\gamma $ (right) CRs for the combination of 2017 and 2018 data sets. The last bin of the distribution includes the overflow events. The ratios of data to the background predictions are shown in the lower panels, with the cross hatched uncertainty bands including the combination of all systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 5:
Comparison of data and background post-fit distributions in the $ \mathrm{e}\mathrm{e} + \gamma $ (left) and $ \mu\mu+ \gamma $ (right) CRs for the combination of 2017 and 2018 data sets. The last bin of the distribution includes the overflow events. The ratios of data to the background predictions are shown in the lower panels, with the cross hatched uncertainty bands including the combination of all systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 5-a:
Comparison of data and background post-fit distributions in the $ \mathrm{e}\mathrm{e} + \gamma $ (left) and $ \mu\mu+ \gamma $ (right) CRs for the combination of 2017 and 2018 data sets. The last bin of the distribution includes the overflow events. The ratios of data to the background predictions are shown in the lower panels, with the cross hatched uncertainty bands including the combination of all systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 5-b:
Comparison of data and background post-fit distributions in the $ \mathrm{e}\mathrm{e} + \gamma $ (left) and $ \mu\mu+ \gamma $ (right) CRs for the combination of 2017 and 2018 data sets. The last bin of the distribution includes the overflow events. The ratios of data to the background predictions are shown in the lower panels, with the cross hatched uncertainty bands including the combination of all systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 6:
Comparison of data and background post-fit distributions for the vertical (left) and horizontal (right) regions for the combination of 2017 and 2018 data sets. Templates for signal hypotheses are shown overlaid as light green and magenta dashed lines along with their cross section values. The last bin of the distribution includes the overflow events. |
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Figure 6-a:
Comparison of data and background post-fit distributions for the vertical (left) and horizontal (right) regions for the combination of 2017 and 2018 data sets. Templates for signal hypotheses are shown overlaid as light green and magenta dashed lines along with their cross section values. The last bin of the distribution includes the overflow events. |
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Figure 6-b:
Comparison of data and background post-fit distributions for the vertical (left) and horizontal (right) regions for the combination of 2017 and 2018 data sets. Templates for signal hypotheses are shown overlaid as light green and magenta dashed lines along with their cross section values. The last bin of the distribution includes the overflow events. |
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Figure 7:
The ratio of 95% CL upper cross section limits to the theoretical cross section ($ \mu_{95} $), for simplified DM models with vector (left) and axial-vector (right) mediators, using the full 2016-2018 data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb$ ^{-1} $, assuming $ g_{\mathrm{q}} = $ 0.25 and $ g_\text{DM} = $ 1. Expected $ \mu_{95} = $ 1 contours are overlaid in red. The region below and to the left of the observed contour is excluded. For simplified DM model parameters in the region below the lower green dash contour, and also above the corresponding upper contour in the right hand plot, cosmological DM abundance exceeds the density observed by the Planck satellite experiment. |
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Figure 7-a:
The ratio of 95% CL upper cross section limits to the theoretical cross section ($ \mu_{95} $), for simplified DM models with vector (left) and axial-vector (right) mediators, using the full 2016-2018 data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb$ ^{-1} $, assuming $ g_{\mathrm{q}} = $ 0.25 and $ g_\text{DM} = $ 1. Expected $ \mu_{95} = $ 1 contours are overlaid in red. The region below and to the left of the observed contour is excluded. For simplified DM model parameters in the region below the lower green dash contour, and also above the corresponding upper contour in the right hand plot, cosmological DM abundance exceeds the density observed by the Planck satellite experiment. |
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Figure 7-b:
The ratio of 95% CL upper cross section limits to the theoretical cross section ($ \mu_{95} $), for simplified DM models with vector (left) and axial-vector (right) mediators, using the full 2016-2018 data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb$ ^{-1} $, assuming $ g_{\mathrm{q}} = $ 0.25 and $ g_\text{DM} = $ 1. Expected $ \mu_{95} = $ 1 contours are overlaid in red. The region below and to the left of the observed contour is excluded. For simplified DM model parameters in the region below the lower green dash contour, and also above the corresponding upper contour in the right hand plot, cosmological DM abundance exceeds the density observed by the Planck satellite experiment. |
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Figure 8:
The 90% CL exclusion limits on the $ \chi $-nucleon spin-independent (left) and spin-dependent (right) scattering cross sections involving vector and axial-vector operators, respectively, are shown as a function of $ M_{\text{DM}} $, using the 2016-2018 data set. Simplified model DM parameters $ g_{\mathrm{q}} = $ 0.25 and $ g_\text{DM} = $ 1 are assumed. Also shown are corresponding exclusion contours, where regions above the curves are excluded, from recent results by the CDMSLite [52], LUX-ZEPLIN [53], PandaX-II [54], XENONnT [55], CRESST-II [56], PICO-60 [57], IceCube [58], PICASSO [59], and Super-Kamiokande [60] Collaborations. |
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Figure 8-a:
The 90% CL exclusion limits on the $ \chi $-nucleon spin-independent (left) and spin-dependent (right) scattering cross sections involving vector and axial-vector operators, respectively, are shown as a function of $ M_{\text{DM}} $, using the 2016-2018 data set. Simplified model DM parameters $ g_{\mathrm{q}} = $ 0.25 and $ g_\text{DM} = $ 1 are assumed. Also shown are corresponding exclusion contours, where regions above the curves are excluded, from recent results by the CDMSLite [52], LUX-ZEPLIN [53], PandaX-II [54], XENONnT [55], CRESST-II [56], PICO-60 [57], IceCube [58], PICASSO [59], and Super-Kamiokande [60] Collaborations. |
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Figure 8-b:
The 90% CL exclusion limits on the $ \chi $-nucleon spin-independent (left) and spin-dependent (right) scattering cross sections involving vector and axial-vector operators, respectively, are shown as a function of $ M_{\text{DM}} $, using the 2016-2018 data set. Simplified model DM parameters $ g_{\mathrm{q}} = $ 0.25 and $ g_\text{DM} = $ 1 are assumed. Also shown are corresponding exclusion contours, where regions above the curves are excluded, from recent results by the CDMSLite [52], LUX-ZEPLIN [53], PandaX-II [54], XENONnT [55], CRESST-II [56], PICO-60 [57], IceCube [58], PICASSO [59], and Super-Kamiokande [60] Collaborations. |
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Figure 9:
The 95% CL observed and expected lower limits on $ \Lambda $ for an effective EW-DM contact interaction, as a function of $ M_{\text{DM}} $ using the 2016-2018 data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb$ ^{-1} $. |
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Figure 10:
The 95% CL upper limits on the ADD graviton production cross section as a function of $ M_\text{D} $, for $ n= $ 3 extra dimensions. |
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Figure 11:
Lower limit on the fundamental Planck scale $ M_\text{D} $ as a function of the number of extra dimensions $ n $, using the 2016-2018 data sets with an integrated luminosity of 137 fb$ ^{-1} $. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
Event selection criteria for the SR. The requirements on the trigger, photon identification, and $ \Delta\phi $ are listed. |
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Table 2:
Event selection in the CRs. |
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Table 3:
Summary of systematic uncertainties considered in the analysis. `W/Z Ratio' refers to correlated uncertainties propagated from $ \mathrm{W}({\to}\ell\overline{\nu}){+}\gamma $ to $ \mathrm{Z}({\to}\nu\overline{\nu}){+}\gamma $ background estimation (due to higher-order corrections and PDFs), `TF' denotes transfer factors, `MisID' represents misidentification backgrounds (electrons or jets misidentified as photons), and `Other' includes additional minor backgrounds. |
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Table 4:
Total yield in vertical and horizontal regions using the combined 2017 and 2018 data set. |
| Summary |
| Proton-proton collisions producing a high transverse momentum photon and large missing transverse momentum have been investigated to search for new phenomena, using a data set corresponding to 137 fb$ ^{-1} $ of integrated luminosity recorded at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV at the LHC. No deviations from the standard model predictions are observed. For the simplified dark matter production models considered, the observed (expected) lower limit on the mediator mass is 1085 (1300) GeV in both cases for a 1 GeV dark matter particle mass. For an effective electroweak dark matter contact interaction, the observed (expected) lower limit on the suppression parameter $ \Lambda $ is 940 (1000) GeV, which is an improvement of 10% (5%) over the 2016 analysis, while for the model with extra spatial dimensions, values of the effective Planck scale $ M_\text{D} $ up to 3.2 TeV are excluded between 3 and 6 extra dimensions, improving upon the 2016 results by 10% (11%). These results set the most stringent limits to date on these parameters of the electroweak contact interaction and extra dimension models in the monophoton final state. |
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