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| CMS-EXO-16-053 ; CERN-EP-2018-248 | ||
| Search for new physics in final states with a single photon and missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 29 September 2018 | ||
| JHEP 02 (2019) 074 | ||
| Abstract: A search is conducted for new physics in final states containing a photon and missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV, using the data collected in 2016 by the CMS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb$^{-1}$. No deviations from the predictions of the standard model are observed. The results are interpreted in the context of dark matter production and models containing extra spatial dimensions, and limits on new physics parameters are calculated at 95% confidence level. For the two simplified dark matter production models considered, the observed (expected) lower limits on the mediator masses are both 950 (1150) GeV for 1 GeV dark matter mass. For an effective electroweak-dark matter contact interaction, the observed (expected) lower limit on the suppression parameter $\Lambda$ is 850 (950) GeV. Values of the effective Planck scale up to 2.85-2.90 TeV are excluded for between 3 and 6 extra spatial dimensions. | ||
| Links: e-print arXiv:1810.00196 [hep-ex] (PDF) ; CDS record ; inSPIRE record ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
Leading order diagrams of the simplified DM model (left), EWK-DM effective interaction (center), and graviton (G) production in the ADD model (right), with a final state of a photon and large ${{p_{\mathrm {T}}} ^\text {miss}}$. Particles $\chi $ and $\overline {\chi}$ are the dark matter and its antiparticle, and $\Phi $ in the simplified DM model represents a vector or axial-vector mediator. |
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Figure 1-a:
Leading order diagram of the simplified DM model, with a final state of a photon and large ${{p_{\mathrm {T}}} ^\text {miss}}$. Particles $\chi $ and $\overline {\chi}$ are the dark matter and its antiparticle, and $\Phi $ in the simplified DM model represents a vector or axial-vector mediator. |
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Figure 1-b:
Leading order diagram of the EWK-DM effective interaction, with a final state of a photon and large ${{p_{\mathrm {T}}} ^\text {miss}}$. Particles $\chi $ and $\overline {\chi}$ are the dark matter and its antiparticle. |
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Figure 1-c:
Leading order diagram of the graviton (G) production in the ADD, with a final state of a photon and large ${{p_{\mathrm {T}}} ^\text {miss}}$. |
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Figure 2:
Transfer factors $R^{\mathrm{Z}\gamma}_{\mathrm{ee\gamma}}$ (left) and $R^{\mathrm{Z}\gamma}_{\mu\mu\gamma}$ (right). The uncertainty bands in green (inner) and orange (outer) show the systematic uncertainty, and the combination of systematic and statistical uncertainty arising from limited MC sample size, respectively. The systematic uncertainties considered are the uncertainties in the data-to-simulation correction factors $\rho $ for the lepton identification efficiencies. Simulated ${{\mathrm {Z}} (\to \ell \overline {\ell}){+} {\gamma}}$ events are generated in two samples, one with generated ${E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}} $ required to be greater than 300 GeV, and one with a looser restriction. The ${E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}} $ bin centred at 270 GeV is close to the boundary between the two samples, where there are fewer generated events. The relatively large statistical fluctuation visible in the third bin of the right-hand figure results from this. |
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Figure 2-a:
Transfer factor $R^{\mathrm{Z}\gamma}_{\mathrm{ee\gamma}}$. The uncertainty bands in green (inner) and orange (outer) show the systematic uncertainty, and the combination of systematic and statistical uncertainty arising from limited MC sample size, respectively. The systematic uncertainties considered are the uncertainties in the data-to-simulation correction factors $\rho $ for the lepton identification efficiencies.Simulated ${{\mathrm {Z}} (\to \ell \overline {\ell}){+} {\gamma}}$ events are generated in two samples, one with generated ${E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}} $ required to be greater than 300 GeV, and one with a looser restriction. |
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Figure 2-b:
Transfer factor $R^{\mathrm{Z}\gamma}_{\mu\mu\gamma}$. The uncertainty bands in green (inner) and orange (outer) show the systematic uncertainty, and the combination of systematic and statistical uncertainty arising from limited MC sample size, respectively. The systematic uncertainties considered are the uncertainties in the data-to-simulation correction factors $\rho $ for the lepton identification efficiencies. Simulated ${{\mathrm {Z}} (\to \ell \overline {\ell}){+} {\gamma}}$ events are generated in two samples, one with generated ${E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}} $ required to be greater than 300 GeV, and one with a looser restriction. The ${E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}} $ bin centred at 270 GeV is close to the boundary between the two samples, where there are fewer generated events. The relatively large statistical fluctuation visible in the third bin results from this. |
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Figure 3:
Transfer factors $R^{\mathrm{W}\gamma}_{\mathrm{e\gamma}}$ (left) and $R^{\mathrm{W}\gamma}_{\mu\gamma}$ (right). The uncertainty bands in green (inner) and orange (outer) show the systematic uncertainty, and the combination of systematic and statistical uncertainty arising from limited MC sample size, respectively. The systematic uncertainties considered are the uncertainties in the data-to-simulation correction factors $\rho $ for the lepton identification efficiencies. |
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Figure 3-a:
Transfer factor $R^{\mathrm{W}\gamma}_{\mathrm{e\gamma}}$. The uncertainty bands in green (inner) and orange (outer) show the systematic uncertainty, and the combination of systematic and statistical uncertainty arising from limited MC sample size, respectively. The systematic uncertainties considered are the uncertainties in the data-to-simulation correction factors $\rho $ for the lepton identification efficiencies. |
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Figure 3-b:
Transfer factor $R^{\mathrm{W}\gamma}_{\mu\gamma}$. The uncertainty bands in green (inner) and orange (outer) show the systematic uncertainty, and the combination of systematic and statistical uncertainty arising from limited MC sample size, respectively. The systematic uncertainties considered are the uncertainties in the data-to-simulation correction factors $\rho $ for the lepton identification efficiencies. |
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Figure 4:
Transfer factor $f^{\mathrm{Z}\gamma}_{\mathrm{W}\gamma}$. The uncertainty bands in green (inner) and orange (outer) show the systematic uncertainty, and the combination of systematic and statistical uncertainty arising from limited MC sample size, respectively. The systematic uncertainties considered are the uncertainties from higher-order theoretical corrections. |
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Figure 5:
Comparison between data and MC simulation in the four control regions: ${\mathrm {e}} {\mathrm {e}} {\gamma}$ (upper left), ${{\mu}} {{\mu}} {\gamma}$ (upper right), ${\mathrm {e}} {\gamma}$ (lower left), ${{\mu}} {\gamma}$ (lower right) before and after performing the simultaneous fit across all the control samples and signal region, and assuming absence of any signal. The last bin of the distribution includes all events with ${E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}} > $ 1000 GeV. The ratios of data with the pre-fit background prediction (red dashed) and post-fit background prediction (blue solid) are shown in the lower panels. The bands in the lower panels show the post-fit uncertainty after combining all the systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 5-a:
Comparison between data and MC simulation in the ${\mathrm {e}} {\mathrm {e}} {\gamma}$ control region, before and after performing the simultaneous fit across all the control samples and signal region, and assuming absence of any signal. The last bin of the distribution includes all events with ${E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}} > $ 1000 GeV. The ratios of data with the pre-fit background prediction (red dashed) and post-fit background prediction (blue solid) are shown in the lower panels. The bands in the lower panels show the post-fit uncertainty after combining all the systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 5-b:
Comparison between data and MC simulation in the ${{\mu}} {{\mu}} {\gamma}$ control region, before and after performing the simultaneous fit across all the control samples and signal region, and assuming absence of any signal. The last bin of the distribution includes all events with ${E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}} > $ 1000 GeV. The ratios of data with the pre-fit background prediction (red dashed) and post-fit background prediction (blue solid) are shown in the lower panels. The bands in the lower panels show the post-fit uncertainty after combining all the systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 5-c:
Comparison between data and MC simulation in the ${\mathrm {e}} {\gamma}$ control region, before and after performing the simultaneous fit across all the control samples and signal region, and assuming absence of any signal. The last bin of the distribution includes all events with ${E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}} > $ 1000 GeV. The ratios of data with the pre-fit background prediction (red dashed) and post-fit background prediction (blue solid) are shown in the lower panels. The bands in the lower panels show the post-fit uncertainty after combining all the systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 5-d:
Comparison between data and MC simulation in the ${{\mu}} {\gamma}$ control region, before and after performing the simultaneous fit across all the control samples and signal region, and assuming absence of any signal. The last bin of the distribution includes all events with ${E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}} > $ 1000 GeV. The ratios of data with the pre-fit background prediction (red dashed) and post-fit background prediction (blue solid) are shown in the lower panels. The bands in the lower panels show the post-fit uncertainty after combining all the systematic uncertainties. |
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Figure 6:
Observed ${E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}}$ distributions in the horizontal (left) and vertical (right) signal regions compared with the post-fit background expectations for various SM processes. The last bin of the distribution includes all events with $ {E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}} > $ 1000 GeV. The expected background distributions are evaluated after performing a combined fit to the data in all the control samples and the signal region. The ratios of data with the pre-fit background prediction (red dashed) and post-fit background prediction (blue solid) are shown in the lower panels. The bands in the lower panels show the post-fit uncertainty after combining all the systematic uncertainties. The expected signal distribution from a 1 TeV vector mediator decaying to 1 GeV DM particles is overlaid. |
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Figure 6-a:
Observed ${E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}}$ distribution in the horizontal signal region compared with the post-fit background expectations for various SM processes. The last bin of the distribution includes all events with $ {E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}} > $ 1000 GeV. The expected background distributions are evaluated after performing a combined fit to the data in all the control samples and the signal region. The ratios of data with the pre-fit background prediction (red dashed) and post-fit background prediction (blue solid) are shown in the lower panel. The bands in the lower panel show the post-fit uncertainty after combining all the systematic uncertainties. The expected signal distribution from a 1 TeV vector mediator decaying to 1 GeV DM particles is overlaid. |
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Figure 6-b:
Observed ${E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}}$ distribution in the vertical signal region compared with the post-fit background expectations for various SM processes. The last bin of the distribution includes all events with $ {E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}} > $ 1000 GeV. The expected background distributions are evaluated after performing a combined fit to the data in all the control samples and the signal region. The ratios of data with the pre-fit background prediction (red dashed) and post-fit background prediction (blue solid) are shown in the lower panel. The bands in the lower panel show the post-fit uncertainty after combining all the systematic uncertainties. The expected signal distribution from a 1 TeV vector mediator decaying to 1 GeV DM particles is overlaid. |
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Figure 7:
The ratio of 95% CL upper cross section limits to the theoretical cross section ($\mu _{95}$), for DM simplified models with vector (left) and axial-vector (right) mediators, assuming $ g_{\mathrm{q}}=$ 0.25 and $ g_{\mathrm{DM}}=$ 1. Expected $\mu _{95} = $ 1 contours are overlaid in red. The region under the observed contour is excluded. For DM simplified model parameters in the region below the lower violet dot-dash contour, and also above the corresponding upper contour in the right hand plot, cosmological DM abundance exceeds the density observed by the Planck satellite experiment. |
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Figure 7-a:
The ratio of 95% CL upper cross section limits to the theoretical cross section ($\mu _{95}$), for DM simplified models with vector (left) and axial-vector (right) mediators, assuming $ g_{\mathrm{q}}=$ 0.25 and $ g_{\mathrm{DM}}=$ 1. Expected $\mu _{95} = $ 1 contours are overlaid in red. The region under the observed contour is excluded. For DM simplified model parameters in the region below the lower violet dot-dash contour, and also above the corresponding upper contour in the right hand plot, cosmological DM abundance exceeds the density observed by the Planck satellite experiment. |
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Figure 7-b:
The ratio of 95% CL upper cross section limits to the theoretical cross section ($\mu _{95}$), for DM simplified models with vector (left) and axial-vector (right) mediators, assuming $ g_{\mathrm{q}}=$ 0.25 and $ g_{\mathrm{DM}}=$ 1. Expected $\mu _{95} = $ 1 contours are overlaid in red. The region under the observed contour is excluded. For DM simplified model parameters in the region below the lower violet dot-dash contour, and also above the corresponding upper contour in the right hand plot, cosmological DM abundance exceeds the density observed by the Planck satellite experiment. |
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Figure 8:
The 90% CL exclusion limits on the $\chi $-nucleon spin-independent (left) and spin-dependent (right) scattering cross sections involving vector and axial-vector operators, respectively, as a function of the ${m_{\text {DM}}}$. Simplified model DM parameters of $ g_{\mathrm{q}}=$ 0.25 and $ g_{\mathrm{DM}}=$ 1 are assumed. The region to the upper left of the contour is excluded. On the plots, the median expected 90% CL curve overlaps the observed 90% CL curve. Also shown are corresponding exclusion contours, where regions above the curves are excluded, from the recent results by CDMSLite [42], LUX [43], PandaX-II [44], XENON1T [45], CRESST-II [46], PICO-60 [47], IceCube [48], PICASSO [49] and Super-Kamiokande [50] Collaborations. |
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Figure 8-a:
The 90% CL exclusion limits on the $\chi $-nucleon spin-independent scattering cross section involving vector operators, as a function of the ${m_{\text {DM}}}$. Simplified model DM parameters of $ g_{\mathrm{q}}=$ 0.25 and $ g_{\mathrm{DM}}=$ 1 are assumed. The region to the upper left of the contour is excluded. The median expected 90% CL curve overlaps the observed 90% CL curve. Also shown are corresponding exclusion contours, where regions above the curves are excluded, from the recent results by CDMSLite [42], LUX [43], PandaX-II [44], XENON1T [45], and CRESST-II [46] Collaborations. |
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Figure 8-b:
The 90% CL exclusion limits on the $\chi $-nucleon spin-dependent scattering cross section involving axial-vector operators, as a function of the ${m_{\text {DM}}}$. Simplified model DM parameters of $ g_{\mathrm{q}}=$ 0.25 and $ g_{\mathrm{DM}}=$ 1 are assumed. The region to the upper left of the contour is excluded. The median expected 90% CL curve overlaps the observed 90% CL curve. Also shown are corresponding exclusion contours, where regions above the curves are excluded, from the recent results by PICO-60 [47], IceCube [48], PICASSO [49] and Super-Kamiokande [50] Collaborations. |
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Figure 9:
The 95% CL observed and expected lower limits on $\Lambda $ for an effective EWK-DM contact interaction, as a function of dark matter mass ${m_{\text {DM}}}$. |
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Figure 10:
The 95% CL upper limits on the ADD graviton production cross section as a function of ${M_\mathrm {D}}$, for $n=3$ extra dimensions. |
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Figure 11:
Lower limit on ${M_\mathrm {D}}$ as a function of $n$, the number of ADD extra dimensions. |
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Figure 12:
Electroweak NLO cross section corrections as a function of photon ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ for ${\mathrm {Z}} (\to {\nu} {\overline {\nu}})$+${\gamma}$ (top), $ {\mathrm {W}}^{+}$+ ${\gamma}$ (bottom left), and $ {\mathrm {W}}^{-}+ {\gamma}$ (bottom right) processes, overlaid with uncertainty bands. See text for descriptions of the individual components of the uncertainty. Uncertainty due to ${\gamma}$-induced production is negligible in ${\mathrm {Z}} (\to {\nu} {\overline {\nu}})$+$ {\gamma}$ production. |
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Figure 12-a:
Electroweak NLO cross section corrections as a function of photon ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ for the ${\mathrm {Z}} (\to {\nu} {\overline {\nu}})$+${\gamma}$ process, overlaid with uncertainty bands. See text for descriptions of the individual components of the uncertainty. Uncertainty due to ${\gamma}$-induced production is negligible in ${\mathrm {Z}} (\to {\nu} {\overline {\nu}})$+$ {\gamma}$ production. |
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Figure 12-b:
Electroweak NLO cross section corrections as a function of photon ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ for the $ {\mathrm {W}}^{+}$+ ${\gamma}$ process, overlaid with uncertainty bands. See text for descriptions of the individual components of the uncertainty. Uncertainty due to ${\gamma}$-induced production is negligible in ${\mathrm {Z}} (\to {\nu} {\overline {\nu}})$+$ {\gamma}$ production. |
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Figure 12-c:
Electroweak NLO cross section corrections as a function of photon ${p_{\mathrm {T}}}$ for the $ {\mathrm {W}}^{-}+ {\gamma}$ process, overlaid with uncertainty bands. See text for descriptions of the individual components of the uncertainty. Uncertainty due to ${\gamma}$-induced production is negligible in ${\mathrm {Z}} (\to {\nu} {\overline {\nu}})$+$ {\gamma}$ production. |
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Figure 13:
Systematic uncertainty in the transfer factors for ${\mathrm {Z}} (\to {\nu} {\overline {\nu}})$+$ {\gamma}$ (left) and ${\mathrm {W}}(\to \ell {\nu})$+$ {\gamma}$ (right). The last bin includes all events with ${E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}} > $ 1000 GeV. |
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Figure 13-a:
Systematic uncertainty in the transfer factors for ${\mathrm {Z}} (\to {\nu} {\overline {\nu}})$+$ {\gamma}$. ${\mathrm {W}}(\to \ell {\nu})$+$ {\gamma}$. The last bin includes all events with ${E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}} > $ 1000 GeV. |
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Figure 13-b:
Systematic uncertainty in the transfer factors for ${\mathrm {Z}} (\to {\nu} {\overline {\nu}})$+$ {\gamma}$. ${\mathrm {W}}(\to \ell {\nu})$+$ {\gamma}$. The last bin includes all events with ${E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}} > $ 1000 GeV. |
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Figure 14:
Observed ${E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}}$ distribution in the horizontal (left) and vertical (right) signal regions compared with the post-fit background expectations for various SM processes. The last bin includes all events with $ {E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}} > $ 1000 GeV. The expected background distributions are evaluated after performing a combined fit to the data in all the control samples, not including the signal region. |
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Figure 14-a:
Observed ${E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}}$ distribution in the horizontal signal region compared with the post-fit background expectations for various SM processes. The last bin includes all events with $ {E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}} > $ 1000 GeV. The expected background distributions are evaluated after performing a combined fit to the data in all the control samples, not including the signal region. |
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Figure 14-b:
Observed ${E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}}$ distribution in the vertical signal region compared with the post-fit background expectations for various SM processes. The last bin includes all events with $ {E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}} > $ 1000 GeV. The expected background distributions are evaluated after performing a combined fit to the data in all the control samples, not including the signal region. |
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Figure 15:
Covariances between the predicted background yields in all the ${E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}}$ bins of the horizontal and vertical signal regions. The bin labels specify which signal region the bin belongs to and what number bin it is for that region. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
Expected event yields in each ${E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}}$ bin for various background processes in the horizontal signal region. The background yields and the corresponding uncertainties are obtained after performing a combined fit to data in all the control samples, excluding data in the signal region. The observed event yields in the horizontal signal region are also reported. |
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Table 2:
Expected event yields in each ${E_{\mathrm {T}}^{{\gamma}}}$ bin for various background processes in the vertical signal region. The background yields and the corresponding uncertainties are obtained after performing a combined fit to data in all the control samples, excluding data in the signal regions. The observed event yields in the vertical signal region are also reported. |
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Table 3:
The 95% CL observed and expected lower limits on ${M_\mathrm {D}}$ as a function of $n$, the number of ADD extra dimensions. |
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Table 4:
Step-by-step efficiencies of various selections for irreducible $ {\mathrm {Z}} {\gamma}$ and $ {\mathrm {W}} {\gamma}$ processes as well as two representative signal models: a 1 TeV vector mediator decaying to 1 GeV DM particles and an ADD graviton model with 8 extra dimensions and $ {M_\mathrm {D}} = $ 3 TeV. The statistical uncertainties on these values are generally on the order of half a percent. |
| Summary |
| Proton-proton collisions producing a high transverse momentum photon and large missing transverse momentum have been investigated to search for new phenomena, using a data set corresponding to 35.9 fb$^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity recorded at $\sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV at the LHC. An analysis strategy of performing a simultaneous fit to multiple signal and control regions is employed on this final state for the first time, enhancing the sensitivity to potential signal events. No deviations from the standard model predictions are observed. For the simplified dark matter production models considered, the observed (expected) lower limit on the mediator mass is 950 (1150) GeV in both cases for 1 GeV dark matter mass. For an effective electroweak-dark matter contact interaction, the observed (expected) lower limit on the suppression parameter $\Lambda$ is 850 (950) GeV. For the model with extra spatial dimensions, values of the effective Planck scale $ {M_\mathrm{D}} $ up to 2.85-2.90 TeV are excluded for between 3 and 6 extra dimensions. These limits on $\Lambda$ and $ {M_\mathrm{D}} $ are the most sensitive monophoton limits to date. |
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