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| CMS-SMP-23-008 ; CERN-EP-2025-041 | ||
| Measurement of event shapes in minimum-bias events from proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 23 May 2025 | ||
| Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. D | ||
| Abstract: A measurement of event-shape variables is presented, using a data sample produced in a special run with approximately one inelastic proton-proton collision per bunch crossing. The data were collected with the CMS detector at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 64 $\mu$b$^{-1}$. A number of observables related to the overall distribution of charged particles in the collisions are corrected for detector effects and compared with simulations. Inclusive event-shape distributions, as well as differential distributions of event shapes as functions of charged-particle multiplicity, are studied. None of the models investigated is able to satisfactorily describe the data. Moreover, there are significant features common amongst all generator setups studied, particularly showing data being more isotropic than any of the simulations. Multidimensional unfolded distributions are provided, along with their correlations. | ||
| Links: e-print arXiv:2505.17850 [hep-ex] (PDF) ; CDS record ; inSPIRE record ; HepData record ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
The unfolded results for (left) the particle multiplcity, and (right) invariant mass, compared with the nominal MC from the PYTHIA CP1 tune and predictions from the PYTHIA A14, CP5, A3 tunes, the EPOS-LHC generator, and the HERWIG CH3 tune. The statistical uncertainty on each of the predictions is shown by its shaded band. |
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Figure 1-a:
The unfolded results for (left) the particle multiplcity, and (right) invariant mass, compared with the nominal MC from the PYTHIA CP1 tune and predictions from the PYTHIA A14, CP5, A3 tunes, the EPOS-LHC generator, and the HERWIG CH3 tune. The statistical uncertainty on each of the predictions is shown by its shaded band. |
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Figure 1-b:
The unfolded results for (left) the particle multiplcity, and (right) invariant mass, compared with the nominal MC from the PYTHIA CP1 tune and predictions from the PYTHIA A14, CP5, A3 tunes, the EPOS-LHC generator, and the HERWIG CH3 tune. The statistical uncertainty on each of the predictions is shown by its shaded band. |
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Figure 2:
The unfolded results for (upper left) sphericity, (upper right) thrust, (lower left) broadening, and (lower right) isotropy compared with the nominal MC from the PYTHIA CP1 tune and MC predictions from the PYTHIA A14, CP5, A3 tunes, the EPOS-LHC generator, and the HERWIG CH3 tune. The statistical uncertainty on each of the predictions is shown by its shaded band. |
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Figure 2-a:
The unfolded results for (upper left) sphericity, (upper right) thrust, (lower left) broadening, and (lower right) isotropy compared with the nominal MC from the PYTHIA CP1 tune and MC predictions from the PYTHIA A14, CP5, A3 tunes, the EPOS-LHC generator, and the HERWIG CH3 tune. The statistical uncertainty on each of the predictions is shown by its shaded band. |
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Figure 2-b:
The unfolded results for (upper left) sphericity, (upper right) thrust, (lower left) broadening, and (lower right) isotropy compared with the nominal MC from the PYTHIA CP1 tune and MC predictions from the PYTHIA A14, CP5, A3 tunes, the EPOS-LHC generator, and the HERWIG CH3 tune. The statistical uncertainty on each of the predictions is shown by its shaded band. |
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Figure 2-c:
The unfolded results for (upper left) sphericity, (upper right) thrust, (lower left) broadening, and (lower right) isotropy compared with the nominal MC from the PYTHIA CP1 tune and MC predictions from the PYTHIA A14, CP5, A3 tunes, the EPOS-LHC generator, and the HERWIG CH3 tune. The statistical uncertainty on each of the predictions is shown by its shaded band. |
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Figure 2-d:
The unfolded results for (upper left) sphericity, (upper right) thrust, (lower left) broadening, and (lower right) isotropy compared with the nominal MC from the PYTHIA CP1 tune and MC predictions from the PYTHIA A14, CP5, A3 tunes, the EPOS-LHC generator, and the HERWIG CH3 tune. The statistical uncertainty on each of the predictions is shown by its shaded band. |
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Figure 3:
The unfolded results for (left) transverse thrust, and (right) transverse spherocity compared with the nominal MC from the PYTHIA CP1 tune and predictions from the PYTHIA A14, CP5, A3 tunes, the EPOS-LHC generator, and the HERWIG CH3 tune. The statistical uncertainty on each of the predictions is shown by its shaded band. |
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Figure 3-a:
The unfolded results for (left) transverse thrust, and (right) transverse spherocity compared with the nominal MC from the PYTHIA CP1 tune and predictions from the PYTHIA A14, CP5, A3 tunes, the EPOS-LHC generator, and the HERWIG CH3 tune. The statistical uncertainty on each of the predictions is shown by its shaded band. |
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Figure 3-b:
The unfolded results for (left) transverse thrust, and (right) transverse spherocity compared with the nominal MC from the PYTHIA CP1 tune and predictions from the PYTHIA A14, CP5, A3 tunes, the EPOS-LHC generator, and the HERWIG CH3 tune. The statistical uncertainty on each of the predictions is shown by its shaded band. |
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Figure 4:
The unfolded distributions of sphericity (upper) and transverse spherocity (lower) in slices of charged-particle multiplicity compared with the nominal MC from the PYTHIA CP1 tune and MC predictions from the PYTHIA A14, CP5, A3 tunes, the EPOS-LHC generator, and the HERWIG CH3 tune. The statistical uncertainty on each of the predictions is shown by its shaded band. |
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Figure 4-a:
The unfolded distributions of sphericity (upper) and transverse spherocity (lower) in slices of charged-particle multiplicity compared with the nominal MC from the PYTHIA CP1 tune and MC predictions from the PYTHIA A14, CP5, A3 tunes, the EPOS-LHC generator, and the HERWIG CH3 tune. The statistical uncertainty on each of the predictions is shown by its shaded band. |
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Figure 4-b:
The unfolded distributions of sphericity (upper) and transverse spherocity (lower) in slices of charged-particle multiplicity compared with the nominal MC from the PYTHIA CP1 tune and MC predictions from the PYTHIA A14, CP5, A3 tunes, the EPOS-LHC generator, and the HERWIG CH3 tune. The statistical uncertainty on each of the predictions is shown by its shaded band. |
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Figure A1:
The unfolded distributions of event isotropy (upper) and broadening (lower) in slices of charged-particle multiplicity compared with the nominal MC from the PYTHIA CP1 tune and MC predictions from the PYTHIA A14, CP5, A3 tunes, the EPOS-LHC generator, and the HERWIG CH3 tune. The statistical uncertainty on each of the predictions is shown by its shaded band. |
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Figure A1-a:
The unfolded distributions of event isotropy (upper) and broadening (lower) in slices of charged-particle multiplicity compared with the nominal MC from the PYTHIA CP1 tune and MC predictions from the PYTHIA A14, CP5, A3 tunes, the EPOS-LHC generator, and the HERWIG CH3 tune. The statistical uncertainty on each of the predictions is shown by its shaded band. |
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Figure A1-b:
The unfolded distributions of event isotropy (upper) and broadening (lower) in slices of charged-particle multiplicity compared with the nominal MC from the PYTHIA CP1 tune and MC predictions from the PYTHIA A14, CP5, A3 tunes, the EPOS-LHC generator, and the HERWIG CH3 tune. The statistical uncertainty on each of the predictions is shown by its shaded band. |
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Figure A2:
The unfolded distributions of thrust (upper) and transverse thrust (lower) in slices of charged-particle multiplicity compared with the nominal MC from the PYTHIA CP1 tune and MC predictions from the PYTHIA A14, CP5, A3 tunes, the EPOS-LHC generator, and the HERWIG CH3 tune. The statistical uncertainty on each of the predictions is shown by its shaded band. |
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Figure A2-a:
The unfolded distributions of thrust (upper) and transverse thrust (lower) in slices of charged-particle multiplicity compared with the nominal MC from the PYTHIA CP1 tune and MC predictions from the PYTHIA A14, CP5, A3 tunes, the EPOS-LHC generator, and the HERWIG CH3 tune. The statistical uncertainty on each of the predictions is shown by its shaded band. |
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Figure A2-b:
The unfolded distributions of thrust (upper) and transverse thrust (lower) in slices of charged-particle multiplicity compared with the nominal MC from the PYTHIA CP1 tune and MC predictions from the PYTHIA A14, CP5, A3 tunes, the EPOS-LHC generator, and the HERWIG CH3 tune. The statistical uncertainty on each of the predictions is shown by its shaded band. |
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Figure A3:
The unfolded invariant mass of charged particles in slices of charged-particle multiplicity compared with the nominal MC from the PYTHIA CP1 tune and MC predictions from the PYTHIA A14, CP5, A3 tunes, the EPOS-LHC generator, and the HERWIG CH3 tune. The statistical uncertainty on each of the predictions is shown by its shaded band. |
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Figure B1:
The correlations of the unfolding systematic uncertainty between bins of the event-shape observables shown for (upper left) sphericity, (upper right) thrust, (lower left) broadening, and (lower right) transverse spherocity. |
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Figure B1-a:
The correlations of the unfolding systematic uncertainty between bins of the event-shape observables shown for (upper left) sphericity, (upper right) thrust, (lower left) broadening, and (lower right) transverse spherocity. |
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Figure B1-b:
The correlations of the unfolding systematic uncertainty between bins of the event-shape observables shown for (upper left) sphericity, (upper right) thrust, (lower left) broadening, and (lower right) transverse spherocity. |
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Figure B1-c:
The correlations of the unfolding systematic uncertainty between bins of the event-shape observables shown for (upper left) sphericity, (upper right) thrust, (lower left) broadening, and (lower right) transverse spherocity. |
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Figure B1-d:
The correlations of the unfolding systematic uncertainty between bins of the event-shape observables shown for (upper left) sphericity, (upper right) thrust, (lower left) broadening, and (lower right) transverse spherocity. |
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Figure B2:
The correlations of the unfolding systematic uncertainty between bins of the event-shape observables shown for (upper left) transverse thrust, (upper right) isotropy, (lower left) particle multiplicity, (lower right) invariant mass. |
png pdf |
Figure B2-a:
The correlations of the unfolding systematic uncertainty between bins of the event-shape observables shown for (upper left) transverse thrust, (upper right) isotropy, (lower left) particle multiplicity, (lower right) invariant mass. |
png pdf |
Figure B2-b:
The correlations of the unfolding systematic uncertainty between bins of the event-shape observables shown for (upper left) transverse thrust, (upper right) isotropy, (lower left) particle multiplicity, (lower right) invariant mass. |
png pdf |
Figure B2-c:
The correlations of the unfolding systematic uncertainty between bins of the event-shape observables shown for (upper left) transverse thrust, (upper right) isotropy, (lower left) particle multiplicity, (lower right) invariant mass. |
png pdf |
Figure B2-d:
The correlations of the unfolding systematic uncertainty between bins of the event-shape observables shown for (upper left) transverse thrust, (upper right) isotropy, (lower left) particle multiplicity, (lower right) invariant mass. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
Samples of simulated minimum-bias events used for the unfolding. The value of the strong coupling constant, $ \alpha_\mathrm{S} $, corresponds to that used in the parton distribution function (PDF) set. The samples are simulated without additional pileup interactions. |
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Table 2:
Samples of simulated minimum-bias events used for validation. The value of $ \alpha_\mathrm{S} $ corresponds to that used in the PDF set. |
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Table C1:
Relative uncertainties of unfolding from different sources, averaged over bins of transverse sphericity. The uncertainty from regularization and that from the model deficiency of the migration are estimated from the square root of the quadrature sum of the differences between the unfolding result using the nominal MC simulation and those using reweighted MC samples to systematic variations. The MC statistical uncertainty is estimated from the statistical uncertainty of the histogram of weighted MC samples after the unfolding. The data statistical uncertainty is estimated from the standard deviations of the unfolding results to alternative data samples with weight following a Poisson(1) distribution. The average relative uncertainties for the distributions of other observables are similar in size. |
| Summary |
| A measurement of event shapes in a minimum-bias selection of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV has been presented. Low-pileup data collected with the CMS detector in 2018 were used, and the kinematics of reconstructed tracks were used to unfold the distributions to the level of stable charged particles. An unbinned multidimensional unfolding algorithm was used to obtain these results. All one- and two-dimensional distributions as well as their covariances are provided. The results show a consistent trend of mismodeling event shapes common across all simulation configurations considered. The simulations under study include several different underlying physics models, from the PYTHIA, EPOS-LHC, and HERWIG generators, as well as a number of tunes of the PYTHIA generator. For each of these simulations, the isotropy of the event shapes is underpredicted across a range of six different event-shape observables. Some mismodeling of the charged-particle multiplicity and the invariant mass of the charged particles is also observed. The interplay between these two trends was investigated by considering the event-shape observables in slices of charged-particle multiplicity. These investigations show that the observed data continue to prefer more isotropic distributions even within slices of charged-particle multiplicity and when considering only the plane transverse to the beam direction. These observations suggest that the mismodeling of event shapes is likely not coming only from the distribution of the number of charged particles or poorly modeled longitudinal components. These event-shape observables are important in probing soft and nonperturbative effects in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) at the LHC. The unfolded data should be used by the community to improve and develop existing proton-proton collision models. The continued development of this models will be critical for understanding phenomena such as quark-gluon plasma and topological effects in non-Abelian gauge theories, such as QCD instantons. |
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