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| CMS-PAS-EXO-24-005 | ||
| Search for scalar leptoquarks produced via muon-quark scattering in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 2025-09-04 | ||
| Abstract: The first search for scalar leptoquarks at the TeV scale produced in muon-quark collisions is presented. It is based on a set of proton-proton (pp) collision data recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$^{-1}$. Due to quantum fluctuations, protons also contain charged leptons, making it possible to study lepton-induced processes. When a muon from one proton beam interacts with a quark from the other beam, the process allows the study of resonant single leptoquark production and its subsequent decay. The final state includes events with one or two muons plus a jet which can come from the hadronization of either a light quark or a b quark. The main physical observable is the invariant mass of the muon-jet system whose distribution peaks at the leptoquark mass. Upper limits are set on the product of the leptoquark production cross section and branching fraction to the muon-quark final state. The results exclude wide regions in the parameter plane of the leptoquark mass and the leptoquark-muon-quark coupling. | ||
| Links: CDS record (PDF) ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
Feynman diagram of the lepton-induced LQ production. |
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Figure 2:
Comparison of data and background BDT discriminant distributions at the preselection level for 1 (2) muon signal region on the left (right). The error bars are the data statistical uncertainties. The distributions of two simulated signal samples are also shown. They correspond to signal hypotheses with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 1 TeV, $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 1.0, and $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 3 TeV, $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 1.0. The signal cross section is set to a value of 1 pb for visibility. This value exceeds the expected upper cross section limit of this search by approximately two to three orders of magnitude. |
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Figure 2-a:
Comparison of data and background BDT discriminant distributions at the preselection level for 1 (2) muon signal region on the left (right). The error bars are the data statistical uncertainties. The distributions of two simulated signal samples are also shown. They correspond to signal hypotheses with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 1 TeV, $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 1.0, and $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 3 TeV, $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 1.0. The signal cross section is set to a value of 1 pb for visibility. This value exceeds the expected upper cross section limit of this search by approximately two to three orders of magnitude. |
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Figure 2-b:
Comparison of data and background BDT discriminant distributions at the preselection level for 1 (2) muon signal region on the left (right). The error bars are the data statistical uncertainties. The distributions of two simulated signal samples are also shown. They correspond to signal hypotheses with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 1 TeV, $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 1.0, and $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 3 TeV, $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 1.0. The signal cross section is set to a value of 1 pb for visibility. This value exceeds the expected upper cross section limit of this search by approximately two to three orders of magnitude. |
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Figure 3:
Empirical background fits to the $M_{\mu,\text{j}} $ invariant mass distributions for all analysis categories within the one-muon signal region: one muon BDT loose + no-btag (upper left), one muon BDT loose + btag (upper right), one muon BDT tight + no-btag (lower left), one muon BDT tight + btag (lower right). The red line is the background estimation obtained using the empirical function. The blue (green) line represents a signal hypothesis with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 2 (4) TeV and $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 1, while the orange (blue) line represents a signal hypothesis with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 2 (4) TeV and $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 2. All signals are normalized to the expected upper-limit cross section. The horizontal axis shows the value of the $M_{\mu,\text{j}} $ spectra, while the vertical axis shows the number of events in each bin. The bottom panel shows the difference between the data and the background fit function divided by the statistical uncertainty. |
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Figure 3-a:
Empirical background fits to the $M_{\mu,\text{j}} $ invariant mass distributions for all analysis categories within the one-muon signal region: one muon BDT loose + no-btag (upper left), one muon BDT loose + btag (upper right), one muon BDT tight + no-btag (lower left), one muon BDT tight + btag (lower right). The red line is the background estimation obtained using the empirical function. The blue (green) line represents a signal hypothesis with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 2 (4) TeV and $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 1, while the orange (blue) line represents a signal hypothesis with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 2 (4) TeV and $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 2. All signals are normalized to the expected upper-limit cross section. The horizontal axis shows the value of the $M_{\mu,\text{j}} $ spectra, while the vertical axis shows the number of events in each bin. The bottom panel shows the difference between the data and the background fit function divided by the statistical uncertainty. |
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Figure 3-b:
Empirical background fits to the $M_{\mu,\text{j}} $ invariant mass distributions for all analysis categories within the one-muon signal region: one muon BDT loose + no-btag (upper left), one muon BDT loose + btag (upper right), one muon BDT tight + no-btag (lower left), one muon BDT tight + btag (lower right). The red line is the background estimation obtained using the empirical function. The blue (green) line represents a signal hypothesis with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 2 (4) TeV and $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 1, while the orange (blue) line represents a signal hypothesis with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 2 (4) TeV and $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 2. All signals are normalized to the expected upper-limit cross section. The horizontal axis shows the value of the $M_{\mu,\text{j}} $ spectra, while the vertical axis shows the number of events in each bin. The bottom panel shows the difference between the data and the background fit function divided by the statistical uncertainty. |
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Figure 3-c:
Empirical background fits to the $M_{\mu,\text{j}} $ invariant mass distributions for all analysis categories within the one-muon signal region: one muon BDT loose + no-btag (upper left), one muon BDT loose + btag (upper right), one muon BDT tight + no-btag (lower left), one muon BDT tight + btag (lower right). The red line is the background estimation obtained using the empirical function. The blue (green) line represents a signal hypothesis with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 2 (4) TeV and $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 1, while the orange (blue) line represents a signal hypothesis with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 2 (4) TeV and $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 2. All signals are normalized to the expected upper-limit cross section. The horizontal axis shows the value of the $M_{\mu,\text{j}} $ spectra, while the vertical axis shows the number of events in each bin. The bottom panel shows the difference between the data and the background fit function divided by the statistical uncertainty. |
png pdf |
Figure 3-d:
Empirical background fits to the $M_{\mu,\text{j}} $ invariant mass distributions for all analysis categories within the one-muon signal region: one muon BDT loose + no-btag (upper left), one muon BDT loose + btag (upper right), one muon BDT tight + no-btag (lower left), one muon BDT tight + btag (lower right). The red line is the background estimation obtained using the empirical function. The blue (green) line represents a signal hypothesis with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 2 (4) TeV and $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 1, while the orange (blue) line represents a signal hypothesis with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 2 (4) TeV and $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 2. All signals are normalized to the expected upper-limit cross section. The horizontal axis shows the value of the $M_{\mu,\text{j}} $ spectra, while the vertical axis shows the number of events in each bin. The bottom panel shows the difference between the data and the background fit function divided by the statistical uncertainty. |
png pdf |
Figure 4:
Empirical background fits to the $M_{\mu,\text{j}} $ invariant mass distributions for all analysis categories within the two-muon signal region: two muons BDT loose + no-btag (upper left), two muon BDT loose + btag (upper right), two muons BDT tight + no-btag (lower left), two muons BDT tight + btag (lower right). The red line is the background estimation obtained using the empirical function. The blue (green) line represents a signal hypothesis with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 2 (4) TeV and $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 1, while the orange (blue) line represents a signal hypothesis with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 2 (4) TeV and $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 2. All signals are normalized to the expected upper-limit cross section. The horizontal axis shows the value of the $M_{\mu,\text{j}} $ spectra, while the vertical axis shows the number of events in each bin. The bottom panel shows the difference between the data and the background fit function divided by the statistical uncertainty. |
png pdf |
Figure 4-a:
Empirical background fits to the $M_{\mu,\text{j}} $ invariant mass distributions for all analysis categories within the two-muon signal region: two muons BDT loose + no-btag (upper left), two muon BDT loose + btag (upper right), two muons BDT tight + no-btag (lower left), two muons BDT tight + btag (lower right). The red line is the background estimation obtained using the empirical function. The blue (green) line represents a signal hypothesis with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 2 (4) TeV and $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 1, while the orange (blue) line represents a signal hypothesis with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 2 (4) TeV and $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 2. All signals are normalized to the expected upper-limit cross section. The horizontal axis shows the value of the $M_{\mu,\text{j}} $ spectra, while the vertical axis shows the number of events in each bin. The bottom panel shows the difference between the data and the background fit function divided by the statistical uncertainty. |
png pdf |
Figure 4-b:
Empirical background fits to the $M_{\mu,\text{j}} $ invariant mass distributions for all analysis categories within the two-muon signal region: two muons BDT loose + no-btag (upper left), two muon BDT loose + btag (upper right), two muons BDT tight + no-btag (lower left), two muons BDT tight + btag (lower right). The red line is the background estimation obtained using the empirical function. The blue (green) line represents a signal hypothesis with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 2 (4) TeV and $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 1, while the orange (blue) line represents a signal hypothesis with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 2 (4) TeV and $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 2. All signals are normalized to the expected upper-limit cross section. The horizontal axis shows the value of the $M_{\mu,\text{j}} $ spectra, while the vertical axis shows the number of events in each bin. The bottom panel shows the difference between the data and the background fit function divided by the statistical uncertainty. |
png pdf |
Figure 4-c:
Empirical background fits to the $M_{\mu,\text{j}} $ invariant mass distributions for all analysis categories within the two-muon signal region: two muons BDT loose + no-btag (upper left), two muon BDT loose + btag (upper right), two muons BDT tight + no-btag (lower left), two muons BDT tight + btag (lower right). The red line is the background estimation obtained using the empirical function. The blue (green) line represents a signal hypothesis with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 2 (4) TeV and $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 1, while the orange (blue) line represents a signal hypothesis with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 2 (4) TeV and $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 2. All signals are normalized to the expected upper-limit cross section. The horizontal axis shows the value of the $M_{\mu,\text{j}} $ spectra, while the vertical axis shows the number of events in each bin. The bottom panel shows the difference between the data and the background fit function divided by the statistical uncertainty. |
png pdf |
Figure 4-d:
Empirical background fits to the $M_{\mu,\text{j}} $ invariant mass distributions for all analysis categories within the two-muon signal region: two muons BDT loose + no-btag (upper left), two muon BDT loose + btag (upper right), two muons BDT tight + no-btag (lower left), two muons BDT tight + btag (lower right). The red line is the background estimation obtained using the empirical function. The blue (green) line represents a signal hypothesis with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 2 (4) TeV and $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 1, while the orange (blue) line represents a signal hypothesis with $M_{\text{LQ}} = $ 2 (4) TeV and $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 2. All signals are normalized to the expected upper-limit cross section. The horizontal axis shows the value of the $M_{\mu,\text{j}} $ spectra, while the vertical axis shows the number of events in each bin. The bottom panel shows the difference between the data and the background fit function divided by the statistical uncertainty. |
png pdf |
Figure 5:
Signal efficiency as a function of the LQ mass for $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 1.0 (2.0) on the upper left (upper right). Signal efficiency as a function of the LQ mass for $\lambda_{\mathrm{b}\mu} = $ 1.0 (2.0) on the lower left (lower right). The black points are the total efficiency, defined as the sum of the efficiency of the two signal regions. The red and blue points are the efficiency for the one- and two-muon signal regions, respectively. |
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Figure 5-a:
Signal efficiency as a function of the LQ mass for $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 1.0 (2.0) on the upper left (upper right). Signal efficiency as a function of the LQ mass for $\lambda_{\mathrm{b}\mu} = $ 1.0 (2.0) on the lower left (lower right). The black points are the total efficiency, defined as the sum of the efficiency of the two signal regions. The red and blue points are the efficiency for the one- and two-muon signal regions, respectively. |
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Figure 5-b:
Signal efficiency as a function of the LQ mass for $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 1.0 (2.0) on the upper left (upper right). Signal efficiency as a function of the LQ mass for $\lambda_{\mathrm{b}\mu} = $ 1.0 (2.0) on the lower left (lower right). The black points are the total efficiency, defined as the sum of the efficiency of the two signal regions. The red and blue points are the efficiency for the one- and two-muon signal regions, respectively. |
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Figure 5-c:
Signal efficiency as a function of the LQ mass for $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 1.0 (2.0) on the upper left (upper right). Signal efficiency as a function of the LQ mass for $\lambda_{\mathrm{b}\mu} = $ 1.0 (2.0) on the lower left (lower right). The black points are the total efficiency, defined as the sum of the efficiency of the two signal regions. The red and blue points are the efficiency for the one- and two-muon signal regions, respectively. |
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Figure 5-d:
Signal efficiency as a function of the LQ mass for $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 1.0 (2.0) on the upper left (upper right). Signal efficiency as a function of the LQ mass for $\lambda_{\mathrm{b}\mu} = $ 1.0 (2.0) on the lower left (lower right). The black points are the total efficiency, defined as the sum of the efficiency of the two signal regions. The red and blue points are the efficiency for the one- and two-muon signal regions, respectively. |
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Figure 6:
Expected and observed 95$ % $ CL upper limits on $\sigma(\text{LQ}) \times \text{BR}$ as a function of $M_{\text{LQ}} $ are shown, respectively, with a dashed and solid black line, for fixed $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} =$ 1 ($\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 2) on the upper left (upper right). Uncertainty bands ($\pm$1$\sigma$, $\pm$2$\sigma $) on expected limits are also shown. Expected limits for the 1 (2) muon category are also shown with a red (green) dashed line. The same results are shown in the lower plots for the heavy quark scenario. |
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Figure 6-a:
Expected and observed 95$ % $ CL upper limits on $\sigma(\text{LQ}) \times \text{BR}$ as a function of $M_{\text{LQ}} $ are shown, respectively, with a dashed and solid black line, for fixed $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} =$ 1 ($\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 2) on the upper left (upper right). Uncertainty bands ($\pm$1$\sigma$, $\pm$2$\sigma $) on expected limits are also shown. Expected limits for the 1 (2) muon category are also shown with a red (green) dashed line. The same results are shown in the lower plots for the heavy quark scenario. |
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Figure 6-b:
Expected and observed 95$ % $ CL upper limits on $\sigma(\text{LQ}) \times \text{BR}$ as a function of $M_{\text{LQ}} $ are shown, respectively, with a dashed and solid black line, for fixed $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} =$ 1 ($\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 2) on the upper left (upper right). Uncertainty bands ($\pm$1$\sigma$, $\pm$2$\sigma $) on expected limits are also shown. Expected limits for the 1 (2) muon category are also shown with a red (green) dashed line. The same results are shown in the lower plots for the heavy quark scenario. |
png pdf |
Figure 6-c:
Expected and observed 95$ % $ CL upper limits on $\sigma(\text{LQ}) \times \text{BR}$ as a function of $M_{\text{LQ}} $ are shown, respectively, with a dashed and solid black line, for fixed $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} =$ 1 ($\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 2) on the upper left (upper right). Uncertainty bands ($\pm$1$\sigma$, $\pm$2$\sigma $) on expected limits are also shown. Expected limits for the 1 (2) muon category are also shown with a red (green) dashed line. The same results are shown in the lower plots for the heavy quark scenario. |
png pdf |
Figure 6-d:
Expected and observed 95$ % $ CL upper limits on $\sigma(\text{LQ}) \times \text{BR}$ as a function of $M_{\text{LQ}} $ are shown, respectively, with a dashed and solid black line, for fixed $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} =$ 1 ($\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} = $ 2) on the upper left (upper right). Uncertainty bands ($\pm$1$\sigma$, $\pm$2$\sigma $) on expected limits are also shown. Expected limits for the 1 (2) muon category are also shown with a red (green) dashed line. The same results are shown in the lower plots for the heavy quark scenario. |
png pdf |
Figure 7:
Expected and observed 95% CL upper limits on $\sigma(\text{LQ}) $, as a function of $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} $ ($\lambda_{\mathrm{b}\mu} $) vs. $M_{\text{LQ}} $, for a LQ decaying into muons and light (heavy) quark on the left (right). For the light quark model the excluded regions are compared with those obtained from previous CMS searches [70,71]. This analysis improves the CMS sensitivity in the high mass (1.5 TeV $< M_{\text{LQ}} < $ 3.6 TeV) and high coupling (0.2 $< \lambda < $ 0.6) regions of the parameter space. For the heavy quark model, the excluded regions are compared with those obtained from previous CMS searches [69]. This analysis improves the CMS sensitivity in the high mass ($M_{\text{LQ}}>1.8 $) TeV and high coupling ($\lambda> $ 1) regions of the parameter space. |
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Figure 7-a:
Expected and observed 95% CL upper limits on $\sigma(\text{LQ}) $, as a function of $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} $ ($\lambda_{\mathrm{b}\mu} $) vs. $M_{\text{LQ}} $, for a LQ decaying into muons and light (heavy) quark on the left (right). For the light quark model the excluded regions are compared with those obtained from previous CMS searches [70,71]. This analysis improves the CMS sensitivity in the high mass (1.5 TeV $< M_{\text{LQ}} < $ 3.6 TeV) and high coupling (0.2 $< \lambda < $ 0.6) regions of the parameter space. For the heavy quark model, the excluded regions are compared with those obtained from previous CMS searches [69]. This analysis improves the CMS sensitivity in the high mass ($M_{\text{LQ}}>1.8 $) TeV and high coupling ($\lambda> $ 1) regions of the parameter space. |
png pdf |
Figure 7-b:
Expected and observed 95% CL upper limits on $\sigma(\text{LQ}) $, as a function of $\lambda_{\mathrm{u}\mu} $ ($\lambda_{\mathrm{b}\mu} $) vs. $M_{\text{LQ}} $, for a LQ decaying into muons and light (heavy) quark on the left (right). For the light quark model the excluded regions are compared with those obtained from previous CMS searches [70,71]. This analysis improves the CMS sensitivity in the high mass (1.5 TeV $< M_{\text{LQ}} < $ 3.6 TeV) and high coupling (0.2 $< \lambda < $ 0.6) regions of the parameter space. For the heavy quark model, the excluded regions are compared with those obtained from previous CMS searches [69]. This analysis improves the CMS sensitivity in the high mass ($M_{\text{LQ}}>1.8 $) TeV and high coupling ($\lambda> $ 1) regions of the parameter space. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
Preselection region for both channels. |
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Table 2:
Final category selection for the signal regions. |
| Summary |
| This note presents a novel search for physics beyond the standard model using 138 fb$ ^{-1} $ of proton-proton collision data collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC. The analysis extends the search for leptoquarks coupling to muons by exploiting a new production mechanism that leverages the charged lepton content of protons arising from quantum fluctuations. This mechanism enables the study of lepton-induced processes and resonant single leptoquark production and decay at the LHC. Upper limits on the product of the leptoquark production cross section and branching fraction to a muon-quark final state are derived, excluding leptoquarks with masses between 1.5 and 3.6 TeV and couplings between 0.2 and 0.6 for the light quark scenario, and masses above 1.8 TeV and couplings above 1 for the heavy quark scenario. These results significantly extend the mass and coupling range probed by previous searches in other production modes. |
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