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| CMS-B2G-25-005 | ||
| Search for resonances in events with four top quarks decaying to two leptons and jets with the CMS experiment | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 2026-03-11 | ||
| Abstract: A search for a heavy resonance in four top quark events is presented, and interpreted in models featuring a new vector, scalar, or pseudoscalar boson which interacts exclusively with top quarks. Proton-proton collision data at centre-of-mass energies of 13.0 TeV and 13.6 TeV are analysed, corresponding to integrated luminosities of 138 fb$ ^{-1} $ and 35 fb$ ^{-1} $, respectively. Events with two leptons (electrons or muons) and jets are selected. The mass of the heavy resonance is reconstructed from a pair of jets that are formed using a variable-radius jet clustering algorithm. A machine learning approach is used to identify if these jets originate from top quarks that decay fully hadronically. The dominant background from misidentified jets is estimated from data as a function of the invariant dijet mass. Upper limits are set on the resonance production cross section for resonance masses between 500 GeV and 4 TeV and relative widths ranging from 4 to 50%. Resonances with 50% relative width are excluded at 95% confidence level up to masses of 850 GeV, with an expected exclusion limit of 1000 GeV. | ||
| Links: CDS record (PDF) ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
A representative Feynman diagram of the main $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ production mode in $ \mathrm{p}\mathrm{p} $ collisions for the $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ process, with the $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ decaying to a further $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ pair. |
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Figure 2:
The targeted signal signature of $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ boson production. It comprises two leptonically decaying top quarks ($ \mathrm{t}_{\textrm{lept}} $) and two hadronically decaying top quarks ($ \mathrm{t}_{\textrm{had}} $), where the latter two are reconstructed from $ \textrm{VR} $ jets using a variable-radius jet clustering algorithm. |
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Figure 3:
Data-to-simulation scale factors for the BDT classifier to identify t jets in bins of $ \textrm{VR} $ jet $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ for each data-taking period. |
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Figure 4:
Distributions of the BDT classifier score in regions enriched in $ \mathrm{Z}/\gamma^{*} $+jets (left) and $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ (right) events for the 2016--2018 data-taking periods (upper row) and the 2022 data-taking period (lower row). |
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Figure 4-a:
Distributions of the BDT classifier score in regions enriched in $ \mathrm{Z}/\gamma^{*} $+jets (left) and $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ (right) events for the 2016--2018 data-taking periods (upper row) and the 2022 data-taking period (lower row). |
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Figure 4-b:
Distributions of the BDT classifier score in regions enriched in $ \mathrm{Z}/\gamma^{*} $+jets (left) and $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ (right) events for the 2016--2018 data-taking periods (upper row) and the 2022 data-taking period (lower row). |
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Figure 4-c:
Distributions of the BDT classifier score in regions enriched in $ \mathrm{Z}/\gamma^{*} $+jets (left) and $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ (right) events for the 2016--2018 data-taking periods (upper row) and the 2022 data-taking period (lower row). |
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Figure 4-d:
Distributions of the BDT classifier score in regions enriched in $ \mathrm{Z}/\gamma^{*} $+jets (left) and $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ (right) events for the 2016--2018 data-taking periods (upper row) and the 2022 data-taking period (lower row). |
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Figure 5:
Distribution of the observed and estimated $ m_{\mathrm{JJ}} $ in CR2J2T for $ \mathrm{e}^{\pm} \mathrm{e}^{\mp} $ (left) and $ \mu^{\pm} \mu^{\mp}$ (right) events for the 2016--2018 data-taking periods (upper row) and the 2022 data-taking period (lower row). The horizontal lines (blue) in the ratio panels indicate the difference in total yield between data and the estimated background distributions, as determined from a fit to the ratio plot using a constant function. The $ \chi^2 $ value of the fit is also displayed. |
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Figure 5-a:
Distribution of the observed and estimated $ m_{\mathrm{JJ}} $ in CR2J2T for $ \mathrm{e}^{\pm} \mathrm{e}^{\mp} $ (left) and $ \mu^{\pm} \mu^{\mp}$ (right) events for the 2016--2018 data-taking periods (upper row) and the 2022 data-taking period (lower row). The horizontal lines (blue) in the ratio panels indicate the difference in total yield between data and the estimated background distributions, as determined from a fit to the ratio plot using a constant function. The $ \chi^2 $ value of the fit is also displayed. |
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Figure 5-b:
Distribution of the observed and estimated $ m_{\mathrm{JJ}} $ in CR2J2T for $ \mathrm{e}^{\pm} \mathrm{e}^{\mp} $ (left) and $ \mu^{\pm} \mu^{\mp}$ (right) events for the 2016--2018 data-taking periods (upper row) and the 2022 data-taking period (lower row). The horizontal lines (blue) in the ratio panels indicate the difference in total yield between data and the estimated background distributions, as determined from a fit to the ratio plot using a constant function. The $ \chi^2 $ value of the fit is also displayed. |
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Figure 5-c:
Distribution of the observed and estimated $ m_{\mathrm{JJ}} $ in CR2J2T for $ \mathrm{e}^{\pm} \mathrm{e}^{\mp} $ (left) and $ \mu^{\pm} \mu^{\mp}$ (right) events for the 2016--2018 data-taking periods (upper row) and the 2022 data-taking period (lower row). The horizontal lines (blue) in the ratio panels indicate the difference in total yield between data and the estimated background distributions, as determined from a fit to the ratio plot using a constant function. The $ \chi^2 $ value of the fit is also displayed. |
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Figure 5-d:
Distribution of the observed and estimated $ m_{\mathrm{JJ}} $ in CR2J2T for $ \mathrm{e}^{\pm} \mathrm{e}^{\mp} $ (left) and $ \mu^{\pm} \mu^{\mp}$ (right) events for the 2016--2018 data-taking periods (upper row) and the 2022 data-taking period (lower row). The horizontal lines (blue) in the ratio panels indicate the difference in total yield between data and the estimated background distributions, as determined from a fit to the ratio plot using a constant function. The $ \chi^2 $ value of the fit is also displayed. |
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Figure 6:
The post-fit distribution of $ m_{\mathrm{JJ}} $ for the background prediction (red line), including contributions estimated directly from simulation (filled bins) in the merged SR1b2T and SR2b2T for the 2016--2018 (left) and 2022 (right) data-taking periods. The $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ signal scenarios with $ m_{\mathrm{Z}^{'}}= $ 500 GeV and $ \Gamma_{\mathrm{Z}^{'}}/m_{\mathrm{Z}^{'}}=4% $, and $ m_{\mathrm{Z}^{'}}= $ 3000 GeV and $ \Gamma_{\mathrm{Z}^{'}}/m_{\mathrm{Z}^{'}}= $ 4 and 50%, are overlaid. The signal cross sections are scaled as indicated in the legends. |
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Figure 7:
Expected and observed upper limits at 95% CL on the $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ production cross section times branching fraction at 13 TeV as a function of $ m_{\mathrm{Z}^{'}} $ for various relative decay widths $ \Gamma_{\mathrm{Z}^{'}}/m_{\mathrm{Z}^{'}} $ as indicated in the legends. |
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Figure 7-a:
Expected and observed upper limits at 95% CL on the $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ production cross section times branching fraction at 13 TeV as a function of $ m_{\mathrm{Z}^{'}} $ for various relative decay widths $ \Gamma_{\mathrm{Z}^{'}}/m_{\mathrm{Z}^{'}} $ as indicated in the legends. |
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Figure 7-b:
Expected and observed upper limits at 95% CL on the $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ production cross section times branching fraction at 13 TeV as a function of $ m_{\mathrm{Z}^{'}} $ for various relative decay widths $ \Gamma_{\mathrm{Z}^{'}}/m_{\mathrm{Z}^{'}} $ as indicated in the legends. |
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Figure 7-c:
Expected and observed upper limits at 95% CL on the $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ production cross section times branching fraction at 13 TeV as a function of $ m_{\mathrm{Z}^{'}} $ for various relative decay widths $ \Gamma_{\mathrm{Z}^{'}}/m_{\mathrm{Z}^{'}} $ as indicated in the legends. |
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Figure 7-d:
Expected and observed upper limits at 95% CL on the $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ production cross section times branching fraction at 13 TeV as a function of $ m_{\mathrm{Z}^{'}} $ for various relative decay widths $ \Gamma_{\mathrm{Z}^{'}}/m_{\mathrm{Z}^{'}} $ as indicated in the legends. |
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Figure 8:
Expected and observed upper limits at 95% CL on the $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} \phi $ production cross section times branching fraction at 13 TeV as a function of $ m_{\phi} $ for various relative decay widths $ \Gamma_{\phi}/m_{\phi} $ as indicated in the legends. |
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Figure 8-a:
Expected and observed upper limits at 95% CL on the $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} \phi $ production cross section times branching fraction at 13 TeV as a function of $ m_{\phi} $ for various relative decay widths $ \Gamma_{\phi}/m_{\phi} $ as indicated in the legends. |
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Figure 8-b:
Expected and observed upper limits at 95% CL on the $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} \phi $ production cross section times branching fraction at 13 TeV as a function of $ m_{\phi} $ for various relative decay widths $ \Gamma_{\phi}/m_{\phi} $ as indicated in the legends. |
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Figure 8-c:
Expected and observed upper limits at 95% CL on the $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} \phi $ production cross section times branching fraction at 13 TeV as a function of $ m_{\phi} $ for various relative decay widths $ \Gamma_{\phi}/m_{\phi} $ as indicated in the legends. |
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Figure 8-d:
Expected and observed upper limits at 95% CL on the $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} \phi $ production cross section times branching fraction at 13 TeV as a function of $ m_{\phi} $ for various relative decay widths $ \Gamma_{\phi}/m_{\phi} $ as indicated in the legends. |
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Figure 9:
Expected and observed upper limits at 95% CL on the $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} {\mathrm{a}} $ production cross section times branching fraction at 13 TeV as a function of $ m_{{\mathrm{a}} } $ for various relative decay widths $ \Gamma_{{\mathrm{a}} }/m_{{\mathrm{a}} } $ as indicated in the legends. |
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Figure 9-a:
Expected and observed upper limits at 95% CL on the $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} {\mathrm{a}} $ production cross section times branching fraction at 13 TeV as a function of $ m_{{\mathrm{a}} } $ for various relative decay widths $ \Gamma_{{\mathrm{a}} }/m_{{\mathrm{a}} } $ as indicated in the legends. |
png pdf |
Figure 9-b:
Expected and observed upper limits at 95% CL on the $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} {\mathrm{a}} $ production cross section times branching fraction at 13 TeV as a function of $ m_{{\mathrm{a}} } $ for various relative decay widths $ \Gamma_{{\mathrm{a}} }/m_{{\mathrm{a}} } $ as indicated in the legends. |
png pdf |
Figure 9-c:
Expected and observed upper limits at 95% CL on the $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} {\mathrm{a}} $ production cross section times branching fraction at 13 TeV as a function of $ m_{{\mathrm{a}} } $ for various relative decay widths $ \Gamma_{{\mathrm{a}} }/m_{{\mathrm{a}} } $ as indicated in the legends. |
png pdf |
Figure 9-d:
Expected and observed upper limits at 95% CL on the $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} {\mathrm{a}} $ production cross section times branching fraction at 13 TeV as a function of $ m_{{\mathrm{a}} } $ for various relative decay widths $ \Gamma_{{\mathrm{a}} }/m_{{\mathrm{a}} } $ as indicated in the legends. |
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Figure 10:
Expected (dashed lines) and observed (solid lines, shaded areas) upper limits at 95% CL on ALP-top coupling divided by the decay constant, $ c_t/f_{\mathrm{A}} $, from different searches: red - t/ $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ +$ {\vec p}_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mkern3mu\text{miss}} $ limits from [23]; light blue - $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $ resonance limits from [18] including a contribution from $ \eta_{t} $ in the background and, darker blue, the limits from the same search when not considering $ \eta_{t} $ in the background; orange - four top quark limits from this search. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
Selections for the control, transfer and signal regions used in this analysis. |
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Table 2:
Background jet flavour composition (in %) in each signal or transfer region, as predicted by simulated samples. Jet flavours are determined by matching $ \textrm{VR} $ jets geometrically to generator-level particles, requiring the distance in the $ \eta-\phi $ plane to be less than $ R_\textrm{eff} $. |
| Summary |
| A search for a heavy resonance is presented, examining models where a new boson interacts exclusively with top quarks, resulting in events comprising four top quarks. Two proton-proton collision data sets are analysed corresponding to 138 fb$ ^{-1} $ and 35 fb$ ^{-1} $ for centre-of-mass energies of 13 and 13.6 TeV, respectively. The mass of the new boson is reconstructed from a pair of variable-radius jets with a boosted decision tree used for identification of hadronically decaying top quarks. The additional top quarks are assumed to decay each into a b quark, a lepton (electron or muon), and a neutrino, resulting in a signature with two leptons, two b quark jets, and two large-radius jets. Contributions from background processes are estimated using a data-driven approach. Exclusion limits on the production cross section are determined for boson masses between 500 GeV and 4 TeV and relative decay widths ranging between 4 and 50% of the mediator mass. The analysis is sensitive to scalar, pseudoscalar, or vector bosons decaying to $ \mathrm{t} \overline{\mathrm{t}} $, and further interpretations are provided in the context of extended Higgs sectors and models with axion-like particles. For the 50% width hypothesis, vector mediators with masses up to 850 GeV are excluded (1000 GeV expected). The largest deviation from the background hypothesis for the vector scenario has a local significance of 2.2 standard deviations, with similar results for the scalar and pseudoscalar mediators. The obtained upper limits are the first results from the CMS collaboration for this signature that incorporates a proton-proton collision data set at 13.6 TeV and the first dedicated search of this type in the two-lepton channel. |
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Compact Muon Solenoid LHC, CERN |
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