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| CMS-PAS-HIN-25-014 | ||
| Charged particle nuclear modification factor in neon-neon collisions and system-size dependence of nuclear suppression effects | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 2025-09-15 | ||
| Abstract: Measurements of high transverse momentum ($ p_{\mathrm{T}} $) charged particles in light ion collisions probe the onset of medium-induced parton energy loss and the formation of a hot, deconfined medium in small systems. In this Note, we report the first measurement of the $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $-differential invariant cross section for charged particles in minimum-bias neon-neon collisions at $ \sqrt {\smash [b]{s_{_{\mathrm {NN}}}}} = $ 5.36 TeV, in the range 3 $ < p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 100 GeV, using 0.76 nb$^{-1}$ of data collected with the CMS detector in 2025. The corresponding nuclear modification factor, computed using a proton-proton reference at the same energy, is also presented. The results are compared to theoretical predictions and to a recent measurement in oxygen-oxygen collisions by the CMS experiment. When examined together with existing oxygen-oxygen, xenon-xenon, and lead-lead data, the neon-neon data allow for a comparative study of system-size dependence of nuclear suppression effects in a model-independent way. These measurements provide experimental constraints on the minimal conditions needed for the emergence of a collective state of deconfined quarks and gluons created in nucleus-nucleus collisions. | ||
| Links: CDS record (PDF) ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
(Upper panel) Charged particle spectra for NeNe collisions. The markers show the average cross section across the entire bin width, not the cross section value at the center of each bin. Statistical uncertainties are represented by error bars and are smaller than the markers for most points. (Lower panel) Boxes show the total systematic uncertainties for the measurements after normalization uncertainties have been excluded. The pp spectrum and uncertainties are the ones from Ref. [12]. |
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Figure 2:
Charged particle $ R_{\text{AA}} $ as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $, measured by CMS in NeNe and OO [12] collisions at 5.36 TeV, 0-80% centrality XeXe [25] at 5.44 TeV, and PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV [22,53]. Error bars represent statistical uncertainties and boxes represent systematic uncertainties. Normalization uncertainties are not included in the systematic uncertainties and are instead shown by the various boxes on the left around unity. |
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Figure 3:
Comparison of the CMS NeNe and OO $ R_{\text{AA}} $ measurements with the predictions from various pQCD calculations [56,58,59,60]. The CMS data are shown in purple and blue for NeNe and OO collisions, respectively. The normalization uncertainty for OO and NeNe is indicated by the boxes on the upper right in blue and purple, respectively, at the line at unity. |
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Figure 3-a:
Comparison of the CMS NeNe and OO $ R_{\text{AA}} $ measurements with the predictions from various pQCD calculations [56,58,59,60]. The CMS data are shown in purple and blue for NeNe and OO collisions, respectively. The normalization uncertainty for OO and NeNe is indicated by the boxes on the upper right in blue and purple, respectively, at the line at unity. |
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Figure 3-b:
Comparison of the CMS NeNe and OO $ R_{\text{AA}} $ measurements with the predictions from various pQCD calculations [56,58,59,60]. The CMS data are shown in purple and blue for NeNe and OO collisions, respectively. The normalization uncertainty for OO and NeNe is indicated by the boxes on the upper right in blue and purple, respectively, at the line at unity. |
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Figure 3-c:
Comparison of the CMS NeNe and OO $ R_{\text{AA}} $ measurements with the predictions from various pQCD calculations [56,58,59,60]. The CMS data are shown in purple and blue for NeNe and OO collisions, respectively. The normalization uncertainty for OO and NeNe is indicated by the boxes on the upper right in blue and purple, respectively, at the line at unity. |
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Figure 3-d:
Comparison of the CMS NeNe and OO $ R_{\text{AA}} $ measurements with the predictions from various pQCD calculations [56,58,59,60]. The CMS data are shown in purple and blue for NeNe and OO collisions, respectively. The normalization uncertainty for OO and NeNe is indicated by the boxes on the upper right in blue and purple, respectively, at the line at unity. |
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Figure 4:
Comparison of the CMS NeNe and OO $ R_{\text{AA}} $ measurements with the predictions from three different models [63] with nuclear structure input from NLEFT (left column) and PGCM (right column). The two plots show comparisons with a so-called Simple model [64]. The normalization uncertainty for OO and NeNe is indicated by the boxes on the upper right in blue and purple, respectively, at the line at unity. |
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Figure 4-a:
Comparison of the CMS NeNe and OO $ R_{\text{AA}} $ measurements with the predictions from three different models [63] with nuclear structure input from NLEFT (left column) and PGCM (right column). The two plots show comparisons with a so-called Simple model [64]. The normalization uncertainty for OO and NeNe is indicated by the boxes on the upper right in blue and purple, respectively, at the line at unity. |
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Figure 4-b:
Comparison of the CMS NeNe and OO $ R_{\text{AA}} $ measurements with the predictions from three different models [63] with nuclear structure input from NLEFT (left column) and PGCM (right column). The two plots show comparisons with a so-called Simple model [64]. The normalization uncertainty for OO and NeNe is indicated by the boxes on the upper right in blue and purple, respectively, at the line at unity. |
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Figure 5:
Comparison of the CMS NeNe and OO $ R_{\text{AA}} $ measurements with the predictions from two different models [63] with nuclear structure input from NLEFT (left column) and PGCM (right column). The upper row shows comparisons with a model combining Trajectum [65,66] and JEWEL [67,68,69]. The lower row shows comparisons with a path-length dependent energy loss model [70]. The normalization uncertainty for OO and NeNe is indicated by the boxes on the upper right in blue and purple, respectively, at the line at unity. |
png pdf |
Figure 5-a:
Comparison of the CMS NeNe and OO $ R_{\text{AA}} $ measurements with the predictions from two different models [63] with nuclear structure input from NLEFT (left column) and PGCM (right column). The upper row shows comparisons with a model combining Trajectum [65,66] and JEWEL [67,68,69]. The lower row shows comparisons with a path-length dependent energy loss model [70]. The normalization uncertainty for OO and NeNe is indicated by the boxes on the upper right in blue and purple, respectively, at the line at unity. |
png pdf |
Figure 5-b:
Comparison of the CMS NeNe and OO $ R_{\text{AA}} $ measurements with the predictions from two different models [63] with nuclear structure input from NLEFT (left column) and PGCM (right column). The upper row shows comparisons with a model combining Trajectum [65,66] and JEWEL [67,68,69]. The lower row shows comparisons with a path-length dependent energy loss model [70]. The normalization uncertainty for OO and NeNe is indicated by the boxes on the upper right in blue and purple, respectively, at the line at unity. |
png pdf |
Figure 5-c:
Comparison of the CMS NeNe and OO $ R_{\text{AA}} $ measurements with the predictions from two different models [63] with nuclear structure input from NLEFT (left column) and PGCM (right column). The upper row shows comparisons with a model combining Trajectum [65,66] and JEWEL [67,68,69]. The lower row shows comparisons with a path-length dependent energy loss model [70]. The normalization uncertainty for OO and NeNe is indicated by the boxes on the upper right in blue and purple, respectively, at the line at unity. |
png pdf |
Figure 5-d:
Comparison of the CMS NeNe and OO $ R_{\text{AA}} $ measurements with the predictions from two different models [63] with nuclear structure input from NLEFT (left column) and PGCM (right column). The upper row shows comparisons with a model combining Trajectum [65,66] and JEWEL [67,68,69]. The lower row shows comparisons with a path-length dependent energy loss model [70]. The normalization uncertainty for OO and NeNe is indicated by the boxes on the upper right in blue and purple, respectively, at the line at unity. |
png pdf |
Figure 6:
$ R_{\text{AA}} $ values, in intervals of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $, measured by CMS as a function of the nucleon number $ A $ of the nucleus-nucleus colliding systems. Results are reported for NeNe, OO [12], XeXe [25] and PbPb collisions [22,53]. Normalization uncertainties for each dataset are shown in the light gray boxes around unity. A point for pp collisions at $ A = $ 1, in which the $ R_{\text{AA}} $ is unity by definition, is also included on the upper left. |
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Figure 7:
$ R_{\text{AA}} $ values, in intervals of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $, measured by CMS as a function of the cubic root of the nucleon number $ A^{1/3} $ of the nucleus-nucleus colliding systems. Results are reported for NeNe, OO [12], XeXe [25] and PbPb collisions [22,53]. Normalization uncertainties for each dataset are shown in the light gray boxes around unity. A point for pp collisions at $ A = $ 1, in which the $ R_{\text{AA}} $ is unity by definition, is also included on the upper left. |
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Figure 8:
Charged particle $ R_{\text{AA}} $ as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ using the same binning across systems with the procedure described in the text. The data are measured by the CMS experiment in minimum-bias NeNe and OO [12] collisions at 5.36 TeV, 0-80% centrality XeXe [25] at 5.44 TeV, minimum-bias PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV, and minimum-bias pPb collisions [22,53]. Error bars represent statistical uncertainties and boxes represent systematic uncertainties. Normalization uncertainties are not included in the systematic uncertainties and are instead shown by the various boxes on the left around unity. |
png pdf |
Figure 9:
Charged particle $ R_{\text{AA}} $ as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ using the same binning across systems with the procedure described in the text. The data are measured by the CMS experiment in minimum-bias NeNe and OO [12] collisions at 5.36 TeV, 0-80% centrality XeXe [25] at 5.44 TeV, and minimum-bias PbPb collisions at 5.02 TeV [22,53]. Error bars represent statistical uncertainties and boxes represent systematic uncertainties. Normalization uncertainties are not included in the systematic uncertainties and are instead shown by the various boxes on the left around unity. |
png pdf |
Figure 10:
$ R_{\text{AA}} $ values, in intervals of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $, measured by CMS as a function of the nucleon number $ A $ of the nucleus-nucleus colliding systems, presented for more $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ bins than in the main body of the paper. Results are reported for NeNe, OO [12], XeXe [25] and PbPb collisions [22,53]. Normalization uncertainties for each dataset are shown in the light gray boxes around unity. A point for pp collisions at $ A = $ 1, in which the $ R_{\text{AA}} $ is unity by definition, is also included on the upper left. |
png pdf |
Figure 11:
$ R_{\text{AA}} $ values, in intervals of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $, measured by CMS as a function of the cubic root of the nucleon number $ A^{1/3} $ of the nucleus-nucleus colliding systems, presented for more $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ bins than in the main body of the paper. Results are reported for NeNe, OO [12], XeXe [25] and PbPb collisions [22,53]. Normalization uncertainties for each dataset are shown in the light gray boxes around unity. A point for pp collisions at $ A = $ 1, in which the $ R_{\text{AA}} $ is unity by definition, is also included on the upper left. |
png pdf |
Figure 12:
$ R_{\text{AA}} $ values, in intervals of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $, measured by CMS as a function of the average number of participant nucleons ($ \langle N_\text{part}) \rangle $ of the nucleus-nucleus colliding systems, presented for more $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ bins than in the main body of the paper. Results are reported for NeNe, OO [12], XeXe [25] and PbPb collisions [22,53]. Normalization uncertainties for each dataset are shown in the light gray boxes around unity. A point for pp collisions at $ A = $ 1, in which the $ R_{\text{AA}} $ is unity by definition, is also included on the upper left. |
png pdf |
Figure 13:
$ R_{\text{AA}} $ values, in intervals of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $, measured by CMS as a function of the average number of participant nucleons ($ \langle N_\text{part} \rangle) $ of the nucleus-nucleus colliding systems, presented for more $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ bins than in the main body of the paper. Results are reported for NeNe, OO [12], XeXe [25] and PbPb collisions [22,53]. Normalization uncertainties for each dataset are shown in the light gray boxes around unity. A point for pp collisions at $ A = $ 1, in which the $ R_{\text{AA}} $ is unity by definition, is also included on the upper left. |
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Figure 14:
The $ R_{\text{AA}} $ of OO, and NeNe, alongside pPb, peripheral XeXe(70-80%), and PbPb(70-90%) are shown as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. Data for XeXe are taken from [25], while data for pPb and PbPb are taken from [22]. Only the central values for $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $ are shown for OO and NeNe, calculated in [82]. |
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Figure 15:
The nuclear modification factors of PbPb, XeXe, NeNe, OO, and pPb, plotted as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $ for charged particle $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ within 28.8 to 35.2 GeV. Data for XeXe are taken from [25], while data for pPb and PbPb are taken from [22]. The normalization uncertainties are included in the error bands of each data point. |
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Figure 16:
The nuclear modification factors of PbPb, XeXe, NeNe, OO, and pPb, plotted as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $ for charged particle $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ within 4.8 to 5.6 GeV (left), and 9.6 to 12.0 GeV (right). Datapoints for XeXe are taken from [25], while data for pPb and PbPb are taken from [22]. Only the central values for $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $ are shown for OO and NeNe, calculated in [82]. The normalization uncertainties are included in the error bands of each data point. |
png pdf |
Figure 16-a:
The nuclear modification factors of PbPb, XeXe, NeNe, OO, and pPb, plotted as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $ for charged particle $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ within 4.8 to 5.6 GeV (left), and 9.6 to 12.0 GeV (right). Datapoints for XeXe are taken from [25], while data for pPb and PbPb are taken from [22]. Only the central values for $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $ are shown for OO and NeNe, calculated in [82]. The normalization uncertainties are included in the error bands of each data point. |
png pdf |
Figure 16-b:
The nuclear modification factors of PbPb, XeXe, NeNe, OO, and pPb, plotted as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $ for charged particle $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ within 4.8 to 5.6 GeV (left), and 9.6 to 12.0 GeV (right). Datapoints for XeXe are taken from [25], while data for pPb and PbPb are taken from [22]. Only the central values for $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $ are shown for OO and NeNe, calculated in [82]. The normalization uncertainties are included in the error bands of each data point. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
Information about collision size ($ \langle N_{\text{coll}} \rangle $, $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $ ) as well as collision specifics ($ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} $, luminosity) are displayed for each collision system compared in this section. |
| Summary |
| In summary, this Note presented the first measurement of the invariant differential cross section of charged particles as a function of the transverse momentum ($ p_{\mathrm{T}} $) of charged particles in minimum-bias neon-neon (NeNe) collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}= $ 5.36 TeV for charged particles with 3 $ < p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 100 GeV and $ |\eta| < $ 1, using 0.76 nb$^{-1}$ of data collected in 2025. The corresponding nuclear modification factor $ R_{\text{AA}} $ is also presented and shows a sizable suppression at intermediate $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $, reaching a local minimum of $ {\approx} $ 0.65 near $ p_{\mathrm{T}}\approx $ 6 GeV, and rises toward unity with increasing $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. There are hints of stronger suppression in NeNe collisions compared to OO collisions at low $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ and compatibility between the two at high $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $, with current limitations from the preliminary luminosity determination for both systems. Placing these new results on a common $ R_{\text{AA}} $-$ A $ plane together with previous CMS measurements in OO, XeXe, and PbPb collisions, we observe a clear system-size trend: at fixed $ A $, $ R_{\text{AA}} $ increases with $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $, while at fixed $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $, the suppression strengthens with $ A $ with a nonlinear $ A $ dependence. A comparison with $ A^{1/3} $, used as a proxy for a linear length metric, is also presented. A detailed study of the trends observed in the $ R_{\text{AA}} $-$ A $ plane will require a careful examination of the correlations between the systematic uncertainties across all measurements. The potential connection between $ A^{1/3} $ and the path length used in parton energy loss models might be of interest, given the model-independence nature of the former, but there are other quantities that evolve with $ A $ that might be at play, such as the medium temperature and nPDF effects, that would need to be taken into consideration carefully for the theory interpretation. Taken together, these measurements provide quantitative constraints on the $ A $ dependence of charged-particle yield suppression effects as a function of their $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. These observations highlight the need for a thorough examination of light-ion run data at the Large Hadron Collider and further motivates the collection of data using different ion species. |
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