Compact Muon Solenoid
LHC, CERN
Visit us: CMS Public Website, CMS Physics ;
Contact us: CMS Publications Committee
| CMS-PAS-B2G-24-009 | ||
| Search for a heavy resonance produced in association with and decaying to a top quark pair in the single lepton final state in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 12 April 2025 | ||
| Abstract: A search for a top-philic Z' boson in the final state with one electron or muon and jets is presented. The Z' boson is produced in association with and decays to a top quark-antiquark pair, coupling exclusively to top quarks. The analysis aims to identify a heavy Z' boson that results in Lorentz-boosted top quarks, whose hadronic decay products are merged into large-radius jets. We employ a machine learning algorithm (ParticleNet) to identify such jets. The distribution of invariant mass for the two most energetic top quark candidates is used to search for a Z' boson in the mass range of 0.5 to 3 TeV with decay widths of 4%, 10%, 20%, and 50% relative to its mass. They are found to be in agreement with the standard model background prediction. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are set on the production cross section of the Z' boson as a function of its mass, for each of the considered decay widths. These results represent the most stringent constraints to date on the existence of the Z' boson in the scenario where the Z' boson exclusively couples to top quarks. The data were recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$ ^{-1} $. | ||
| Links: CDS record (PDF) ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
png pdf |
Figure 1:
Example of tree-level Feynman diagram for a $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ boson produced in association with and decaying to a pair of top quarks. |
png pdf |
Figure 2:
The pre-fit distributions of the variable m$ _{\mathrm{Z}^{'}} $ are shown for the expected background (stacked histograms), data (black points), and two $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ signal hypotheses at mass of 1 TeV with a $ \Gamma/m_{Z'} $ of 4% (blue line) and 50% (dashed blue line), for events passing the control region with the muon (left) and electron (right) channels. The cross sections for all signals displayed are normalized to 0.1 fb. The hatched band in the upper panels represents the total uncertainty. The lower panel displays the ratio, along with the total uncertainty, between the observation and the SM expectation. |
png |
Figure 2-a:
The pre-fit distributions of the variable m$ _{\mathrm{Z}^{'}} $ are shown for the expected background (stacked histograms), data (black points), and two $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ signal hypotheses at mass of 1 TeV with a $ \Gamma/m_{Z'} $ of 4% (blue line) and 50% (dashed blue line), for events passing the control region with the muon (left) and electron (right) channels. The cross sections for all signals displayed are normalized to 0.1 fb. The hatched band in the upper panels represents the total uncertainty. The lower panel displays the ratio, along with the total uncertainty, between the observation and the SM expectation. |
png |
Figure 2-b:
The pre-fit distributions of the variable m$ _{\mathrm{Z}^{'}} $ are shown for the expected background (stacked histograms), data (black points), and two $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ signal hypotheses at mass of 1 TeV with a $ \Gamma/m_{Z'} $ of 4% (blue line) and 50% (dashed blue line), for events passing the control region with the muon (left) and electron (right) channels. The cross sections for all signals displayed are normalized to 0.1 fb. The hatched band in the upper panels represents the total uncertainty. The lower panel displays the ratio, along with the total uncertainty, between the observation and the SM expectation. |
png pdf |
Figure 3:
The post-fit distribution of the variable m$ _{\mathrm{Z}^{'}} $ is shown for the expected background (stacked plot), data (black points), and two $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ signal hypotheses at mass of 1 TeV with a $ \Gamma/m_{Z'} $ of 4% (blue line) and 50% (dashed blue line), in the signal (top) and control (bottom) regions for the muon (left) and electron (right) channels. The cross sections for all signals displayed are normalized to 0.1 fb. The cross-hatched band in the upper panels represents the total uncertainty. |
png |
Figure 3-a:
The post-fit distribution of the variable m$ _{\mathrm{Z}^{'}} $ is shown for the expected background (stacked plot), data (black points), and two $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ signal hypotheses at mass of 1 TeV with a $ \Gamma/m_{Z'} $ of 4% (blue line) and 50% (dashed blue line), in the signal (top) and control (bottom) regions for the muon (left) and electron (right) channels. The cross sections for all signals displayed are normalized to 0.1 fb. The cross-hatched band in the upper panels represents the total uncertainty. |
png |
Figure 3-b:
The post-fit distribution of the variable m$ _{\mathrm{Z}^{'}} $ is shown for the expected background (stacked plot), data (black points), and two $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ signal hypotheses at mass of 1 TeV with a $ \Gamma/m_{Z'} $ of 4% (blue line) and 50% (dashed blue line), in the signal (top) and control (bottom) regions for the muon (left) and electron (right) channels. The cross sections for all signals displayed are normalized to 0.1 fb. The cross-hatched band in the upper panels represents the total uncertainty. |
png |
Figure 3-c:
The post-fit distribution of the variable m$ _{\mathrm{Z}^{'}} $ is shown for the expected background (stacked plot), data (black points), and two $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ signal hypotheses at mass of 1 TeV with a $ \Gamma/m_{Z'} $ of 4% (blue line) and 50% (dashed blue line), in the signal (top) and control (bottom) regions for the muon (left) and electron (right) channels. The cross sections for all signals displayed are normalized to 0.1 fb. The cross-hatched band in the upper panels represents the total uncertainty. |
png |
Figure 3-d:
The post-fit distribution of the variable m$ _{\mathrm{Z}^{'}} $ is shown for the expected background (stacked plot), data (black points), and two $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ signal hypotheses at mass of 1 TeV with a $ \Gamma/m_{Z'} $ of 4% (blue line) and 50% (dashed blue line), in the signal (top) and control (bottom) regions for the muon (left) and electron (right) channels. The cross sections for all signals displayed are normalized to 0.1 fb. The cross-hatched band in the upper panels represents the total uncertainty. |
png pdf |
Figure 4:
Upper limits on $ \sigma( \mathrm{pp}\rightarrow \mathrm{t \bar{t} } Z') \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{Z}^{'} \rightarrow {\mathrm{ t \bar{t} }} ) $ as a function to $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ boson mass of different $ \Gamma/m_{Z'} $: 4% (top left), 10% (top right), 20% (bottom left) and 50% (bottom right), for the electron and muon channels combined using 2016-18 data. The bands represent the one (yellow) and two (cyan) standard deviation variations of the expected limit. The dashed green curve indicates the theoretical predictions at LO based on the model implementation in [47]. |
png pdf |
Figure 4-a:
Upper limits on $ \sigma( \mathrm{pp}\rightarrow \mathrm{t \bar{t} } Z') \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{Z}^{'} \rightarrow {\mathrm{ t \bar{t} }} ) $ as a function to $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ boson mass of different $ \Gamma/m_{Z'} $: 4% (top left), 10% (top right), 20% (bottom left) and 50% (bottom right), for the electron and muon channels combined using 2016-18 data. The bands represent the one (yellow) and two (cyan) standard deviation variations of the expected limit. The dashed green curve indicates the theoretical predictions at LO based on the model implementation in [47]. |
png pdf |
Figure 4-b:
Upper limits on $ \sigma( \mathrm{pp}\rightarrow \mathrm{t \bar{t} } Z') \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{Z}^{'} \rightarrow {\mathrm{ t \bar{t} }} ) $ as a function to $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ boson mass of different $ \Gamma/m_{Z'} $: 4% (top left), 10% (top right), 20% (bottom left) and 50% (bottom right), for the electron and muon channels combined using 2016-18 data. The bands represent the one (yellow) and two (cyan) standard deviation variations of the expected limit. The dashed green curve indicates the theoretical predictions at LO based on the model implementation in [47]. |
png pdf |
Figure 4-c:
Upper limits on $ \sigma( \mathrm{pp}\rightarrow \mathrm{t \bar{t} } Z') \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{Z}^{'} \rightarrow {\mathrm{ t \bar{t} }} ) $ as a function to $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ boson mass of different $ \Gamma/m_{Z'} $: 4% (top left), 10% (top right), 20% (bottom left) and 50% (bottom right), for the electron and muon channels combined using 2016-18 data. The bands represent the one (yellow) and two (cyan) standard deviation variations of the expected limit. The dashed green curve indicates the theoretical predictions at LO based on the model implementation in [47]. |
png pdf |
Figure 4-d:
Upper limits on $ \sigma( \mathrm{pp}\rightarrow \mathrm{t \bar{t} } Z') \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{Z}^{'} \rightarrow {\mathrm{ t \bar{t} }} ) $ as a function to $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ boson mass of different $ \Gamma/m_{Z'} $: 4% (top left), 10% (top right), 20% (bottom left) and 50% (bottom right), for the electron and muon channels combined using 2016-18 data. The bands represent the one (yellow) and two (cyan) standard deviation variations of the expected limit. The dashed green curve indicates the theoretical predictions at LO based on the model implementation in [47]. |
| Summary |
| A search for a top-philic $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ boson produced in association with two top quarks and decaying into a top quark pair has been presented. The investigation focuses on the single-lepton (electron or muon) channel, along with hadronically decaying top quarks. The case of a significant Z'-top quark mass splitting is considered, resulting in boosted top quarks. These are reconstructed using the PARTICLENET algorithm that employs advanced machine learning techniques to improve signal-to-background separation and enhance the search sensitivity. The reconstructed $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ boson mass, defined as the invariant mass of the two highest-transverse-momentum top quark candidates, is used to probe for the presence of a signal beyond the standard model (SM) expectations. The data used in this search correspond to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$^{-1} $, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV. The observations are consistent with standard model predictions. For the first time, exclusion limits are provided for $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ boson widths ranging from 4 to 50% and as a function of the $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ boson mass. The lower limits on the $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ production cross section, at 95% confidence level, range between 170 and 3 fb for a value of $ \Gamma/m_{Z'} $, over the mass range between 500 and 3000 GeV. For values of $ \Gamma/m_{Z'} $ of 10, 20 and 50% the ranges are 160 to 6 fb, 160 to 9 fb and 110 to 17 fb. They correspond to an upper limit on the $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ mass of 564, 849, and 1125 GeV for values of $ \Gamma/m_{Z'} $ of 10, 20, and 50%. These results represent the most stringent limits to date on the existence of a $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ boson, in the scenario where the $ \mathrm{Z}^{'} $ boson exclusively couples to top quarks. |
| References | ||||
| 1 | S. Cullen, M. Perelstein, and M. E. Peskin | TeV strings and collider probes of large extra dimensions | PRD 62 (2000) 055012 | hep-ph/0001166 |
| 2 | J. L. Hewett and T. G. Rizzo | Low-energy phenomenology of superstring-inspired E(6) models | Phys. Rept. 183 (1989) 193 | |
| 3 | U. Baur, M. Spira, and P. M. Zerwas | Excited quark and lepton production at hadron colliders | PRD 42 (1990) 815 | |
| 4 | P. H. Frampton and S. L. Glashow | Chiral color: An alternative to the standard model | PLB 190 (1987) 157 | |
| 5 | R. S. Chivukula, A. Farzinnia, E. H. Simmons, and R. Foadi | Production of massive color-octet vector bosons at next-to-leading order | PRD 85 (2012) 054005 | 1111.7261 |
| 6 | E. H. Simmons | Coloron phenomenology | PRD 55 (1997) 1678 | hep-ph/9608269 |
| 7 | T. Han, I. Lewis, and Z. Liu | Colored resonant signals at the LHC: largest rate and simplest topology | JHEP 12 (2010) 085 | 1010.4309 |
| 8 | A. Leike | The phenomenology of extra neutral gauge bosons | Phys. Rept. 317 (1999) 143 | hep-ph/9805494 |
| 9 | P. Langacker | The physics of heavy $ {\mathrm{Z}^{'}} $ gauge bosons | Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 (2009) 1199 | 0801.1345 |
| 10 | N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dimopoulos, and G. Dvali | Phenomenology, astrophysics and cosmology of theories with sub-millimeter dimensions and TeV scale quantum gravity | PRD 59 (1999) 086004 | hep-ph/9807344 |
| 11 | LHC New Physics Working Group Collaboration | Simplified models for LHC new physics searches | JPG 39 (2012) 105005 | 1105.2838 |
| 12 | H. Harari | Composite models for quarks and leptons | Phys. Rep. 104 (1984) 159 | |
| 13 | O. W. Greenberg and C. A. Nelson | Composite models of leptons | PRD 10 (1974) 2567 | |
| 14 | J. C. Pati, A. Salam, and J. A. Strathdee | Are quarks composite? | PLB 59 (1975) 265 | |
| 15 | R. Leonardi et al. | Hunting for heavy composite Majorana neutrinos at the LHC | EPJC 76 (2016) 593 | 1510.07988 |
| 16 | R. N. Mohapatra and J. C. Pati | A natural left-right symmetry | PRD 11 (1975) 2558 | |
| 17 | W.-Y. Keung and G. Senjanović | Majorana neutrinos and the production of the right-handed charged gauge boson | PRL 50 (1983) 1427 | |
| 18 | C. O. Dib, C. S. Kim, K. Wang, and J. Zhang | Distinguishing Dirac/Majorana sterile neutrinos at the LHC | PRD 94 (2016) 013005 | 1605.01123 |
| 19 | Y. Cai, T. Han, T. Li, and R. Ruiz | Lepton-number violation: Seesaw models and their collider tests | Front. in Phys. 6 (2018) 40 | 1711.02180 |
| 20 | B. Gripaios | Composite leptoquarks at the LHC | JHEP 02 (2010) 045 | 0910.1789 |
| 21 | S. Ajmal et al. | Searching for exclusive leptoquarks with the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio composite model at the LHC and HL-LHC | JHEP 08 (2024) 176 | 2311.18472 |
| 22 | M. Kramer, T. Plehn, M. Spira, and P. M. Zerwas | Pair production of scalar leptoquarks at the CERN LHC | PRD 71 (2005) 057503 | hep-ph/0411038 |
| 23 | I. Doršner et al. | Physics of leptoquarks in precision experiments and at particle colliders | Phys. Rept. 641 (2016) 1 | 1603.04993 |
| 24 | G. R. Farrar and P. Fayet | Phenomenology of the production, decay, and detection of new hadronic states associated with supersymmetry | PLB 76 (1978) 575 | |
| 25 | D. Barbosa et al. | Probing a $ \textrm{Z}^{\prime } $ with non-universal fermion couplings through top quark fusion, decays to bottom quarks, and machine learning techniques | EPJC 83 (2023) 413 | 2210.15813 |
| 26 | P. Cox, A. D. Medina, T. S. Ray, and A. Spray | Novel collider and dark matter phenomenology of a top-philic Z$ ^{′} $ | JHEP 06 (2016) 110 | 1512.00471 |
| 27 | Y. Zhang | Top Quark Mediated Dark Matter | PLB 720 (2013) 137 | 1212.2730 |
| 28 | S. Baek, P. Ko, and P. Wu | Top-philic Scalar Dark Matter with a Vector-like Fermionic Top Partner | JHEP 10 (2016) 117 | 1606.00072 |
| 29 | C. Arina et al. | A comprehensive approach to dark matter studies: exploration of simplified top-philic models | JHEP 11 (2016) 111 | 1605.09242 |
| 30 | M. R. Buckley, D. Feld, and D. Goncalves | Scalar Simplified Models for Dark Matter | PRD 91 (2015) 015017 | 1410.6497 |
| 31 | J. D'Hondt et al. | Signatures of top flavour-changing dark matter | JHEP 03 (2016) 060 | 1511.07463 |
| 32 | G. Ferretti and D. Karateev | Fermionic UV completions of Composite Higgs models | JHEP 03 (2014) 077 | 1312.5330 |
| 33 | L. Vecchi | A dangerous irrelevant UV-completion of the composite Higgs | JHEP 02 (2017) 094 | 1506.00623 |
| 34 | K. Agashe, A. Delgado, M. J. May, and R. Sundrum | RS1, custodial isospin and precision tests | JHEP 08 (2003) 050 | hep-ph/0308036 |
| 35 | S.-S. Xue | Higgs boson origin from a gauge symmetric theory of massive composite particles and massless W\ensuremath\pm and Z0 bosons at the TeV scale | NPB 990 (2023) 116168 | 2210.04825 |
| 36 | K. Agashe, R. Contino, and A. Pomarol | The Minimal composite Higgs model | NPB 719 (2005) 165 | hep-ph/0412089 |
| 37 | N. Arkani-Hamed, A. G. Cohen, E. Katz, and A. E. Nelson | The Littlest Higgs | JHEP 07 (2002) 034 | hep-ph/0206021 |
| 38 | A. Pomarol and J. Serra | Top Quark Compositeness: Feasibility and Implications | PRD 78 (2008) 074026 | 0806.3247 |
| 39 | P. J. Fox, I. Low, and Y. Zhang | Top-philic $ Z' $ forces at the LHC | JHEP 03 (2018) 074 | 1801.03505 |
| 40 | S.-S. Xue | Why is the top quark much heavier than other fermions? | PLB 721 (2013) 347 | 1301.4254 |
| 41 | D. Liu and R. Mahbubani | Probing top-antitop resonances with $ t\bar{t} $ scattering at LHC14 | JHEP 04 (2016) 116 | 1511.09452 |
| 42 | M. Abdullah et al. | A heavy neutral gauge boson near the Z boson mass pole via third generation fermions at the LHC | PLB 803 (2020) 135326 | 1912.00102 |
| 43 | R. Leonardi et al. | Phenomenology at the LHC of composite particles from strongly interacting Standard Model fermions via four-fermion operators of NJL type | EPJC 80 (2020) 309 | 1810.11420 |
| 44 | Y. Chung | Naturalness-motivated composite Higgs model for generating the top Yukawa coupling | PRD 109 (2024) 095021 | 2309.00072 |
| 45 | N. Craig | Naturalness: past, present, and future | EPJC 83 (2023) 825 | 2205.05708 |
| 46 | G. F. Giudice | Naturally Speaking: The Naturalness Criterion and Physics at the LHC | link | 0801.2562 |
| 47 | J. H. Kim, K. Kong, S. J. Lee, and G. Mohlabeng | Probing TeV scale Top-Philic Resonances with Boosted Top-Tagging at the High Luminosity LHC | PRD 94 (2016) 035023 | 1604.07421 |
| 48 | ATLAS Collaboration | Evidence for $ t\bar{t}t\bar{t} $ production in the multilepton final state in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 $ \text {TeV} $ with the ATLAS detector | EPJC 80 (2020) 1085 | 2007.14858 |
| 49 | ATLAS Collaboration | Measurement of the t$ \overline{t} $t$ \overline{t} $ production cross section in $ pp $ collisions at $ \sqrt{s} $ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector | JHEP 11 (2021) 118 | 2106.11683 |
| 50 | CMS Collaboration | Search for production of four top quarks in final states with same-sign or multiple leptons in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV | EPJC 80 (2020) 75 | CMS-TOP-18-003 1908.06463 |
| 51 | CMS Collaboration | Evidence for Four-Top Quark Production in Proton-Proton Collisions at s=13TeV | PLB 844 (2023) 138076 | CMS-TOP-21-005 2303.03864 |
| 52 | ATLAS Collaboration | Observation of four-top-quark production in the multilepton final state with the ATLAS detector | EPJC 83 (2023) 496 | 2303.15061 |
| 53 | CMS Collaboration | Observation of four top quark production in proton-proton collisions at s=13TeV | PLB 847 (2023) 138290 | CMS-TOP-22-013 2305.13439 |
| 54 | ATLAS Collaboration | Search for top-philic heavy resonances in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector | EPJC 84 (2024) 157 | 2304.01678 |
| 55 | ATLAS Collaboration | Search for $ t\overline{t}H/A\to t\overline{t}t\overline{t} $ production in the multilepton final state in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} $ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector | JHEP 07 (2023) 203 | 2211.01136 |
| 56 | H. Qu and L. Gouskos | ParticleNet: Jet Tagging via Particle Clouds | PRD 101 (2020) 056019 | 1902.08570 |
| 57 | CMS Collaboration | The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC | JINST 3 (2008) S08004 | |
| 58 | CMS Collaboration | Development of the CMS detector for the CERN LHC Run 3 | JINST 19 (2024) P05064 | |
| 59 | NNPDF Collaboration | Parton distributions from high-precision collider data | EPJC 77 (2017) 663 | 1706.00428 |
| 60 | T. Sjöstrand et al. | An introduction to PYTHIA 8.2 | Comput. Phys. Commun. 191 (2015) 159 | 1410.3012 |
| 61 | CMS Collaboration | Extraction and validation of a new set of CMS PYTHIA8 tunes from underlying-event measurements | EPJC 80 (2020) 4 | CMS-GEN-17-001 1903.12179 |
| 62 | J. Alwall et al. | The automated computation of tree-level and next-to-leading order differential cross sections, and their matching to parton shower simulations | JHEP 07 (2014) 079 | 1405.0301 |
| 63 | C. Degrande | Automatic evaluation of UV and R2 terms for beyond the standard model Lagrangians: a proof-of-principle | Comput. Phys. Commun. 197 (2015) 239 | 1406.3030 |
| 64 | G. C. Branco, L. Lavoura, and J. P. Silva | CP Violation | volume 103. Clarandon Press, Oxford, 1999 | |
| 65 | C. Degrande et al. | UFO - the Universal FeynRules Output | Comput. Phys. Commun. 183 (2012) 1201 | 1108.2040 |
| 66 | P. Nason | A new method for combining NLO QCD with shower Monte Carlo algorithms | JHEP 11 (2004) 040 | hep-ph/0409146 |
| 67 | S. Frixione, P. Nason, and C. Oleari | Matching NLO QCD computations with Parton Shower simulations: the POWHEG method | JHEP 11 (2007) 070 | 0709.2092 |
| 68 | S. Alioli, P. Nason, C. Oleari, and E. Re | A general framework for implementing NLO calculations in shower Monte Carlo programs: the POWHEG BOX | JHEP 06 (2010) 043 | 1002.2581 |
| 69 | T. Ježo and P. Nason | On the treatment of resonances in next-to-leading order calculations matched to a parton shower | JHEP 12 (2015) 065 | 1509.09071 |
| 70 | M. Beneke, P. Falgari, S. Klein, and C. Schwinn | Hadronic top-quark pair production with NNLL threshold resummation | NPB 855 (2012) 695 | 1109.1536 |
| 71 | M. Cacciari et al. | Top-pair production at hadron colliders with next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic soft-gluon resummation | PLB 710 (2012) 612 | 1111.5869 |
| 72 | P. Bärnreuther, M. Czakon, and A. Mitov | Percent-level-precision physics at the tevatron: next-to-next-to-leading order QCD corrections to $ \mathrm{q}\overline{\mathrm{q}}\to\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}\text{+X} $ | PRL 109 (2012) 132001 | 1204.5201 |
| 73 | M. Czakon and A. Mitov | NNLO corrections to top-pair production at hadron colliders: the all-fermionic scattering channels | JHEP 12 (2012) 054 | 1207.0236 |
| 74 | M. Czakon and A. Mitov | NNLO corrections to top pair production at hadron colliders: the quark-gluon reaction | JHEP 01 (2013) 080 | 1210.6832 |
| 75 | M. Czakon, P. Fiedler, and A. Mitov | Total top-quark pair-production cross section at hadron colliders through $ o(\alpha\frac{4}{S}) $ | PRL 110 (2013) 252004 | 1303.6254 |
| 76 | M. Czakon and A. Mitov | Top++: a program for the calculation of the top-pair cross-section at hadron colliders | Comput. Phys. Commun. 185 (2014) 2930 | 1112.5675 |
| 77 | GEANT4 Collaboration | GEANT 4---a simulation toolkit | NIM A 506 (2003) 250 | |
| 78 | CMS Collaboration | Performance of the CMS Level-1 trigger in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV | JINST 15 (2020) P10017 | CMS-TRG-17-001 2006.10165 |
| 79 | CMS Collaboration | The CMS trigger system | JINST 12 (2017) P01020 | CMS-TRG-12-001 1609.02366 |
| 80 | CMS Collaboration | Performance of the CMS high-level trigger during LHC Run 2 | JINST 19 (2024) P11021 | CMS-TRG-19-001 2410.17038 |
| 81 | CMS Collaboration | Particle-flow reconstruction and global event description with the CMS detector | JINST 12 (2017) P10003 | CMS-PRF-14-001 1706.04965 |
| 82 | CMS Collaboration | Electron and photon reconstruction and identification with the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC | JINST 16 (2021) P05014 | CMS-EGM-17-001 2012.06888 |
| 83 | CMS Collaboration | ECAL 2016 refined calibration and Run2 summary plots | CMS Detector Performance Summary CMS-DP-2020-021, 2020 CDS |
|
| 84 | CMS Collaboration | Performance of the CMS muon detector and muon reconstruction with proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV | JINST 13 (2018) P06015 | CMS-MUO-16-001 1804.04528 |
| 85 | CMS Collaboration | Performance of missing transverse momentum reconstruction in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV using the CMS detector | JINST 14 (2019) P07004 | CMS-JME-17-001 1903.06078 |
| 86 | M. Cacciari, G. P. Salam, and G. Soyez | The anti-$ k_t $ jet clustering algorithm | JHEP 04 (2008) 063 | 0802.1189 |
| 87 | M. Cacciari, G. P. Salam, and G. Soyez | FastJet User Manual | EPJC 72 (2012) 1896 | 1111.6097 |
| 88 | CMS Collaboration | Jet energy scale and resolution in the CMS experiment in pp collisions at 8 TeV | JINST 12 (2017) P02014 | CMS-JME-13-004 1607.03663 |
| 89 | CMS Collaboration | Identification of heavy-flavour jets with the CMS detector in pp collisions at 13 TeV | JINST (2018) P05011 | |
| 90 | E. Bols et al. | Jet flavour classification using DeepJet | JINST 15 (2020) P12012 | |
| 91 | CMS Collaboration | Machine learning-based identification of highly Lorentz-boosted hadronically decaying particles at the CMS experiment | technical report, CERN, Geneva, 2019 CDS |
|
| 92 | CMS Collaboration | Precision luminosity measurement in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016 at CMS | EPJC 81 (2021) 800 | CMS-LUM-17-003 2104.01927 |
| 93 | CMS Collaboration | CMS luminosity measurement for the 2017 data-taking period at $ \sqrt{s} $ = 13 TeV | CMS Physics Analysis Summary, 2018 link |
CMS-PAS-LUM-17-004 |
| 94 | CMS Collaboration | CMS luminosity measurement for the 2018 data-taking period at $ \sqrt{s} $ = 13 TeV | CMS Physics Analysis Summary, 2019 link |
CMS-PAS-LUM-18-002 |
| 95 | ATLAS Collaboration | Measurement of the Inelastic Proton-Proton Cross Section at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC | PRL 117 (2016) 182002 | 1606.02625 |
| 96 | J. Butterworth et al. | PDF4LHC recommendations for LHC Run II | JPG 43 (2016) 023001 | 1510.03865 |
| 97 | R. J. Barlow and C. Beeston | Fitting using finite Monte Carlo samples | Comput. Phys. Commun. 77 (1993) 219 | |
| 98 | J. S. Conway | Incorporating nuisance parameters in likelihoods for multisource spectra | PHYSTAT 201 (2011) 115 | 1103.0354 |
| 99 | CMS Collaboration | The CMS statistical analysis and combination tool: \textscCombine | Comput. Softw. Big Sci. 8 (2024) 19 | CMS-CAT-23-001 2404.06614 |
| 100 | W. Verkerke and D. Kirkby | The roofit toolkit for data modeling | link | |
| 101 | L. Moneta et al. | The roostats project | link | |
|
|
Compact Muon Solenoid LHC, CERN |
|
|
|
|
|
|