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| CMS-PAS-FSQ-15-009 | ||
| Femtoscopic Bose-Einstein correlations of charged hadrons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| May 2018 | ||
| Abstract: Femtoscopic correlations between charged hadrons are measured over a broad multiplicity range, from a few particles up to about 250 reconstructed charged hadrons, in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV. The results are based on data collected by the CMS detector at the CERN LHC. Three methods with different dependencies on simulations, when extracting and fitting the correlation functions, are compared and are found to give consistent results. The measured lengths of homogeneity are studied as functions of particle multiplicity and pair transverse mass. The results are compared with those from lower energies and other experiments, as well as with theoretical predictions. | ||
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These preliminary results are superseded in this paper, JHEP 03 (2020) 014. The superseded preliminary plots can be found here. |
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| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
Same-sign and opposite-sign SR employing PYTHIA6 (Z2*) in different bins of $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ with the respective Gaussian fit from Equation (4). The following $ {q_\text {inv}} $ ranges are excluded from the fits: 0.2 $ < {q_\text {inv}} < $ 0.3 GeV, 0.4 $ < {q_\text {inv}} < $ 0.9 GeV and 0.95 $ < {q_\text {inv}} < $ 1.2 GeV. Coulomb interactions are not included in the simulation. |
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Figure 1-a:
Same-sign and opposite-sign SR employing PYTHIA6 (Z2*) in different bins of $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ with the respective Gaussian fit from Equation (4). The following $ {q_\text {inv}} $ ranges are excluded from the fits: 0.2 $ < {q_\text {inv}} < $ 0.3 GeV, 0.4 $ < {q_\text {inv}} < $ 0.9 GeV and 0.95 $ < {q_\text {inv}} < $ 1.2 GeV. Coulomb interactions are not included in the simulation. |
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Figure 1-b:
Same-sign and opposite-sign SR employing PYTHIA6 (Z2*) in different bins of $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ with the respective Gaussian fit from Equation (4). The following $ {q_\text {inv}} $ ranges are excluded from the fits: 0.2 $ < {q_\text {inv}} < $ 0.3 GeV, 0.4 $ < {q_\text {inv}} < $ 0.9 GeV and 0.95 $ < {q_\text {inv}} < $ 1.2 GeV. Coulomb interactions are not included in the simulation. |
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Figure 1-c:
Same-sign and opposite-sign SR employing PYTHIA6 (Z2*) in different bins of $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ with the respective Gaussian fit from Equation (4). The following $ {q_\text {inv}} $ ranges are excluded from the fits: 0.2 $ < {q_\text {inv}} < $ 0.3 GeV, 0.4 $ < {q_\text {inv}} < $ 0.9 GeV and 0.95 $ < {q_\text {inv}} < $ 1.2 GeV. Coulomb interactions are not included in the simulation. |
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Figure 1-d:
Same-sign and opposite-sign SR employing PYTHIA6 (Z2*) in different bins of $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ with the respective Gaussian fit from Equation (4). The following $ {q_\text {inv}} $ ranges are excluded from the fits: 0.2 $ < {q_\text {inv}} < $ 0.3 GeV, 0.4 $ < {q_\text {inv}} < $ 0.9 GeV and 0.95 $ < {q_\text {inv}} < $ 1.2 GeV. Coulomb interactions are not included in the simulation. |
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Figure 1-e:
Same-sign and opposite-sign SR employing PYTHIA6 (Z2*) in different bins of $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ with the respective Gaussian fit from Equation (4). The following $ {q_\text {inv}} $ ranges are excluded from the fits: 0.2 $ < {q_\text {inv}} < $ 0.3 GeV, 0.4 $ < {q_\text {inv}} < $ 0.9 GeV and 0.95 $ < {q_\text {inv}} < $ 1.2 GeV. Coulomb interactions are not included in the simulation. |
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Figure 1-f:
Same-sign and opposite-sign SR employing PYTHIA6 (Z2*) in different bins of $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ with the respective Gaussian fit from Equation (4). The following $ {q_\text {inv}} $ ranges are excluded from the fits: 0.2 $ < {q_\text {inv}} < $ 0.3 GeV, 0.4 $ < {q_\text {inv}} < $ 0.9 GeV and 0.95 $ < {q_\text {inv}} < $ 1.2 GeV. Coulomb interactions are not included in the simulation. |
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Figure 2:
Relations between same- and opposite-sign fit parameters from Eq. (4), as a function of $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ and $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ for events in MB (i.e., higher $(\sigma _{B})^{-1}$ and lower $\text {Log}(B)$) and HM (i.e., lower $(\sigma _{B})^{-1}$ and higher $\text {Log}(B)$) ranges. For a given $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ range, each point represents an $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ bin. The line in the left plot is the fit to all the data. |
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Figure 2-a:
Relations between same- and opposite-sign fit parameters from Eq. (4), as a function of $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ and $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ for events in MB (i.e., higher $(\sigma _{B})^{-1}$ and lower $\text {Log}(B)$) and HM (i.e., lower $(\sigma _{B})^{-1}$ and higher $\text {Log}(B)$) ranges. For a given $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ range, each point represents an $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ bin. The line in the left plot is the fit to all the data. |
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Figure 2-b:
Relations between same- and opposite-sign fit parameters from Eq. (4), as a function of $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ and $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ for events in MB (i.e., higher $(\sigma _{B})^{-1}$ and lower $\text {Log}(B)$) and HM (i.e., lower $(\sigma _{B})^{-1}$ and higher $\text {Log}(B)$) ranges. For a given $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ range, each point represents an $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ bin. The line in the left plot is the fit to all the data. |
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Figure 3:
Same-sign and opposite-sign single ratios in data for different bins of $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $, with their respective fits. The label "(Exp. $\times $ Gauss) Fit'' refers to the same-sign data and is given by Eq. (7). The label "Gauss Fit'' corresponds to Eq. (4) applied to opposite-sign data and "Background'' is the component of Eq. (7) that is found from Gauss Fit by using Eqs. (5) and (6) to convert the fit parameters. Coulomb corrections are accounted for using the Gamow factor. |
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Figure 3-a:
Same-sign and opposite-sign single ratios in data for different bins of $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $, with their respective fits. The label "(Exp. $\times $ Gauss) Fit'' refers to the same-sign data and is given by Eq. (7). The label "Gauss Fit'' corresponds to Eq. (4) applied to opposite-sign data and "Background'' is the component of Eq. (7) that is found from Gauss Fit by using Eqs. (5) and (6) to convert the fit parameters. Coulomb corrections are accounted for using the Gamow factor. |
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Figure 3-b:
Same-sign and opposite-sign single ratios in data for different bins of $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $, with their respective fits. The label "(Exp. $\times $ Gauss) Fit'' refers to the same-sign data and is given by Eq. (7). The label "Gauss Fit'' corresponds to Eq. (4) applied to opposite-sign data and "Background'' is the component of Eq. (7) that is found from Gauss Fit by using Eqs. (5) and (6) to convert the fit parameters. Coulomb corrections are accounted for using the Gamow factor. |
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Figure 3-c:
Same-sign and opposite-sign single ratios in data for different bins of $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $, with their respective fits. The label "(Exp. $\times $ Gauss) Fit'' refers to the same-sign data and is given by Eq. (7). The label "Gauss Fit'' corresponds to Eq. (4) applied to opposite-sign data and "Background'' is the component of Eq. (7) that is found from Gauss Fit by using Eqs. (5) and (6) to convert the fit parameters. Coulomb corrections are accounted for using the Gamow factor. |
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Figure 3-d:
Same-sign and opposite-sign single ratios in data for different bins of $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $, with their respective fits. The label "(Exp. $\times $ Gauss) Fit'' refers to the same-sign data and is given by Eq. (7). The label "Gauss Fit'' corresponds to Eq. (4) applied to opposite-sign data and "Background'' is the component of Eq. (7) that is found from Gauss Fit by using Eqs. (5) and (6) to convert the fit parameters. Coulomb corrections are accounted for using the Gamow factor. |
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Figure 3-e:
Same-sign and opposite-sign single ratios in data for different bins of $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $, with their respective fits. The label "(Exp. $\times $ Gauss) Fit'' refers to the same-sign data and is given by Eq. (7). The label "Gauss Fit'' corresponds to Eq. (4) applied to opposite-sign data and "Background'' is the component of Eq. (7) that is found from Gauss Fit by using Eqs. (5) and (6) to convert the fit parameters. Coulomb corrections are accounted for using the Gamow factor. |
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Figure 3-f:
Same-sign and opposite-sign single ratios in data for different bins of $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $, with their respective fits. The label "(Exp. $\times $ Gauss) Fit'' refers to the same-sign data and is given by Eq. (7). The label "Gauss Fit'' corresponds to Eq. (4) applied to opposite-sign data and "Background'' is the component of Eq. (7) that is found from Gauss Fit by using Eqs. (5) and (6) to convert the fit parameters. Coulomb corrections are accounted for using the Gamow factor. |
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Figure 4:
Results for $ {R_\text {inv}} $ (left) and $\lambda $ (right) from the three methods as a function of multiplicity (top) and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ (bottom). In the top plots, statistical and systematical uncertainties are represented by internal and external error bars, respectively. In the bottom plots, statistical and systematic uncertainties are shown as error bars and open boxes, respectively. |
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Figure 4-a:
Results for $ {R_\text {inv}} $ (left) and $\lambda $ (right) from the three methods as a function of multiplicity (top) and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ (bottom). In the top plots, statistical and systematical uncertainties are represented by internal and external error bars, respectively. In the bottom plots, statistical and systematic uncertainties are shown as error bars and open boxes, respectively. |
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Figure 4-b:
Results for $ {R_\text {inv}} $ (left) and $\lambda $ (right) from the three methods as a function of multiplicity (top) and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ (bottom). In the top plots, statistical and systematical uncertainties are represented by internal and external error bars, respectively. In the bottom plots, statistical and systematic uncertainties are shown as error bars and open boxes, respectively. |
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Figure 4-c:
Results for $ {R_\text {inv}} $ (left) and $\lambda $ (right) from the three methods as a function of multiplicity (top) and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ (bottom). In the top plots, statistical and systematical uncertainties are represented by internal and external error bars, respectively. In the bottom plots, statistical and systematic uncertainties are shown as error bars and open boxes, respectively. |
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Figure 4-d:
Results for $ {R_\text {inv}} $ (left) and $\lambda $ (right) from the three methods as a function of multiplicity (top) and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ (bottom). In the top plots, statistical and systematical uncertainties are represented by internal and external error bars, respectively. In the bottom plots, statistical and systematic uncertainties are shown as error bars and open boxes, respectively. |
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Figure 5:
Radius fit parameters as a function of particle level multiplicities using the HCS method in pp collisions at 13 TeV compared to results for pp collisions at 7 TeV from CMS (left) and ATLAS (right). Both the ordinate and abscissa for the CMS data in the right plot have been adjusted for compatibility with the ATLAS analysis procedure. See text for details. The error bars in the CMS [4] case represent systematic uncertainties (statistical ones are smaller than the marker size) and in the ATLAS [14] case, statistical and systematic uncertainties added in quadrature. |
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Figure 5-a:
Radius fit parameters as a function of particle level multiplicities using the HCS method in pp collisions at 13 TeV compared to results for pp collisions at 7 TeV from CMS (left) and ATLAS (right). Both the ordinate and abscissa for the CMS data in the right plot have been adjusted for compatibility with the ATLAS analysis procedure. See text for details. The error bars in the CMS [4] case represent systematic uncertainties (statistical ones are smaller than the marker size) and in the ATLAS [14] case, statistical and systematic uncertainties added in quadrature. |
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Figure 5-b:
Radius fit parameters as a function of particle level multiplicities using the HCS method in pp collisions at 13 TeV compared to results for pp collisions at 7 TeV from CMS (left) and ATLAS (right). Both the ordinate and abscissa for the CMS data in the right plot have been adjusted for compatibility with the ATLAS analysis procedure. See text for details. The error bars in the CMS [4] case represent systematic uncertainties (statistical ones are smaller than the marker size) and in the ATLAS [14] case, statistical and systematic uncertainties added in quadrature. |
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Figure 6:
Comparison of $ {R_\text {inv}} $ obtained with the HCS method with theoretical expectations. Left: Values of $ {R_\text {inv}} $ as a function of $ < N_\text {tracks}> ^{1/3}$, with two fit functions: a single linear function and a linear function plus a constant for $N_\text {tracks}^{1/3} > 4.8$. Right: Comparison of $ {R_\text {inv}} $ with the predictions from CGC, as a function of $(dN_\text {tracks}/d\eta)^{1/3}$. The fits for $(dN_\text {tracks}/d\eta)^{1/3} > 1.7$ are performed using Eq. (8), with parameter values in the second row of Table 2. A linear function is fitted for $(dN_\text {tracks}/d\eta)^{1/3} < 1.7$. Statistical uncertainties only are considered in all fits. |
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Figure 6-a:
Comparison of $ {R_\text {inv}} $ obtained with the HCS method with theoretical expectations. Left: Values of $ {R_\text {inv}} $ as a function of $ < N_\text {tracks}> ^{1/3}$, with two fit functions: a single linear function and a linear function plus a constant for $N_\text {tracks}^{1/3} > 4.8$. Right: Comparison of $ {R_\text {inv}} $ with the predictions from CGC, as a function of $(dN_\text {tracks}/d\eta)^{1/3}$. The fits for $(dN_\text {tracks}/d\eta)^{1/3} > 1.7$ are performed using Eq. (8), with parameter values in the second row of Table 2. A linear function is fitted for $(dN_\text {tracks}/d\eta)^{1/3} < 1.7$. Statistical uncertainties only are considered in all fits. |
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Figure 6-b:
Comparison of $ {R_\text {inv}} $ obtained with the HCS method with theoretical expectations. Left: Values of $ {R_\text {inv}} $ as a function of $ < N_\text {tracks}> ^{1/3}$, with two fit functions: a single linear function and a linear function plus a constant for $N_\text {tracks}^{1/3} > 4.8$. Right: Comparison of $ {R_\text {inv}} $ with the predictions from CGC, as a function of $(dN_\text {tracks}/d\eta)^{1/3}$. The fits for $(dN_\text {tracks}/d\eta)^{1/3} > 1.7$ are performed using Eq. (8), with parameter values in the second row of Table 2. A linear function is fitted for $(dN_\text {tracks}/d\eta)^{1/3} < 1.7$. Statistical uncertainties only are considered in all fits. |
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Figure 7:
$1/R_{\mathrm {inv}}^2$ as a function of $m_{\mathrm {T}} = \sqrt {m_{\pi}^2 + < {k_{\mathrm {T}}} > ^2}$ for the HCS method. The MB range corresponds to 0 $ \le N_\text {trk}^\text {offline} \le $ 79 and the HM one, to 80 $ \le N_\text {trk}^\text {offline} \le $ 250. Statistical uncertainties are represented by error bars, systematic uncertainties related to the HCS method are shown as open boxes and the relative uncertainties from the intramethods variation are represented by the shaded bands. Only statistical uncertainties are considered in all the fits. |
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Figure 7-a:
$1/R_{\mathrm {inv}}^2$ as a function of $m_{\mathrm {T}} = \sqrt {m_{\pi}^2 + < {k_{\mathrm {T}}} > ^2}$ for the HCS method. The MB range corresponds to 0 $ \le N_\text {trk}^\text {offline} \le $ 79 and the HM one, to 80 $ \le N_\text {trk}^\text {offline} \le $ 250. Statistical uncertainties are represented by error bars, systematic uncertainties related to the HCS method are shown as open boxes and the relative uncertainties from the intramethods variation are represented by the shaded bands. Only statistical uncertainties are considered in all the fits. |
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Figure 7-b:
$1/R_{\mathrm {inv}}^2$ as a function of $m_{\mathrm {T}} = \sqrt {m_{\pi}^2 + < {k_{\mathrm {T}}} > ^2}$ for the HCS method. The MB range corresponds to 0 $ \le N_\text {trk}^\text {offline} \le $ 79 and the HM one, to 80 $ \le N_\text {trk}^\text {offline} \le $ 250. Statistical uncertainties are represented by error bars, systematic uncertainties related to the HCS method are shown as open boxes and the relative uncertainties from the intramethods variation are represented by the shaded bands. Only statistical uncertainties are considered in all the fits. |
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Figure 8:
Illustration of the steps in the DR method. Left: The SR in data is constructed, followed by a similar procedure with MC (PYTHIA6 $\mathrm {Z2}^{*}$) generated events. Right: The ratio of the two curves on the left taken to define the DR. The reference sample is obtained with the $\eta $-mixing procedure. All results correspond to integrated values in $N^\text {offline}_\text {trk}$ and $k_T$. |
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Figure 8-a:
Illustration of the steps in the DR method. Left: The SR in data is constructed, followed by a similar procedure with MC (PYTHIA6 $\mathrm {Z2}^{*}$) generated events. Right: The ratio of the two curves on the left taken to define the DR. The reference sample is obtained with the $\eta $-mixing procedure. All results correspond to integrated values in $N^\text {offline}_\text {trk}$ and $k_T$. |
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Figure 8-b:
Illustration of the steps in the DR method. Left: The SR in data is constructed, followed by a similar procedure with MC (PYTHIA6 $\mathrm {Z2}^{*}$) generated events. Right: The ratio of the two curves on the left taken to define the DR. The reference sample is obtained with the $\eta $-mixing procedure. All results correspond to integrated values in $N^\text {offline}_\text {trk}$ and $k_T$. |
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Figure 9:
Same-sign and opposite-sign SR correlation functions are shown in different $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ bins, together with the full fits (continuous curves) given in Eq. (10) and Eq. (13), for minimum-bias (top panel) and high-multiplicity (bottom panel) events. |
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Figure 9-a:
Same-sign and opposite-sign SR correlation functions are shown in different $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ bins, together with the full fits (continuous curves) given in Eq. (10) and Eq. (13), for minimum-bias (top panel) and high-multiplicity (bottom panel) events. |
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Figure 9-b:
Same-sign and opposite-sign SR correlation functions are shown in different $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ bins, together with the full fits (continuous curves) given in Eq. (10) and Eq. (13), for minimum-bias (top panel) and high-multiplicity (bottom panel) events. |
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Figure 9-c:
Same-sign and opposite-sign SR correlation functions are shown in different $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ bins, together with the full fits (continuous curves) given in Eq. (10) and Eq. (13), for minimum-bias (top panel) and high-multiplicity (bottom panel) events. |
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Figure 9-d:
Same-sign and opposite-sign SR correlation functions are shown in different $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ bins, together with the full fits (continuous curves) given in Eq. (10) and Eq. (13), for minimum-bias (top panel) and high-multiplicity (bottom panel) events. |
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Figure 9-e:
Same-sign and opposite-sign SR correlation functions are shown in different $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ bins, together with the full fits (continuous curves) given in Eq. (10) and Eq. (13), for minimum-bias (top panel) and high-multiplicity (bottom panel) events. |
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Figure 9-f:
Same-sign and opposite-sign SR correlation functions are shown in different $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ bins, together with the full fits (continuous curves) given in Eq. (10) and Eq. (13), for minimum-bias (top panel) and high-multiplicity (bottom panel) events. |
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Figure 10:
Correlation functions from the DR technique, integrated in the range 0 $ < k_{\mathrm {T}} < $ 1 GeV, in six multiplicity bins. The results are zoomed along the vertical axis. |
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Figure 10-a:
Correlation functions from the DR technique, integrated in the range 0 $ < k_{\mathrm {T}} < $ 1 GeV, in six multiplicity bins. The results are zoomed along the vertical axis. |
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Figure 10-b:
Correlation functions from the DR technique, integrated in the range 0 $ < k_{\mathrm {T}} < $ 1 GeV, in six multiplicity bins. The results are zoomed along the vertical axis. |
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Figure 10-c:
Correlation functions from the DR technique, integrated in the range 0 $ < k_{\mathrm {T}} < $ 1 GeV, in six multiplicity bins. The results are zoomed along the vertical axis. |
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Figure 10-d:
Correlation functions from the DR technique, integrated in the range 0 $ < k_{\mathrm {T}} < $ 1 GeV, in six multiplicity bins. The results are zoomed along the vertical axis. |
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Figure 10-e:
Correlation functions from the DR technique, integrated in the range 0 $ < k_{\mathrm {T}} < $ 1 GeV, in six multiplicity bins. The results are zoomed along the vertical axis. |
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Figure 10-f:
Correlation functions from the DR technique, integrated in the range 0 $ < k_{\mathrm {T}} < $ 1 GeV, in six multiplicity bins. The results are zoomed along the vertical axis. |
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Figure 11:
Left: The depth of the anticorrelation $\Delta $ as a function of multiplicity (for $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $-integrated values) Right: $\Delta $ in finer bins of $N_\text {tracks}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $. The statistical uncertainties are represented by error bars, while the systematic ones are represented by open boxes. |
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Figure 11-a:
Left: The depth of the anticorrelation $\Delta $ as a function of multiplicity (for $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $-integrated values) Right: $\Delta $ in finer bins of $N_\text {tracks}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $. The statistical uncertainties are represented by error bars, while the systematic ones are represented by open boxes. |
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Figure 11-b:
Left: The depth of the anticorrelation $\Delta $ as a function of multiplicity (for $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $-integrated values) Right: $\Delta $ in finer bins of $N_\text {tracks}$ and $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $. The statistical uncertainties are represented by error bars, while the systematic ones are represented by open boxes. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
Total systematic uncertainties in different $ {k_{\mathrm {T}}} $ bins for the Hybrid Cluster Subtraction\ technique. The ranges in the uncertainties indicate the variation with $N^\text {offline}_\text {track}$. |
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Table 2:
Parameter values refering to Eq. (8) from CGC calculations [59] in pp collsions at 7 TeV and from the fit to the data in Fig. 6 from pp collisions at 13 TeV. |
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Table 3:
Values of the fit parameters from Eqs. (11) and (12), describing the cluster contribution in the data opposite-sign correlation function. |
| Summary |
|
A femtoscopic analysis of Bose-Einstein correlations has been performed using data from the CMS detector for proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}= $ 13 TeV covering a broad range of charged particle multiplicity, from a few particles up to about 250 reconstructed charged hadrons. Three analysis methods, each with a different dependence on MC simulations, were used to generate correlation functions and were found to give consistent results. One dimensional studies of the lengths-of-homogeneity, $R_\text {inv}$, and the intercept parameter, $\lambda$, have been carried out for both inclusive events and high-multiplicity events selected using a dedicated online trigger. For multiplicities in the range 0 $ < N^\text {offline}_\text {track} < 250$ and average pair transverse momentum 0 $ < {k_{\mathrm{T}}} < 1$ GeV, values of the lengths of homogeneity and intercept are found to be in the range 0.8 $ < R_\text {inv} < $ 3.0 fm and 0.5 $ < \lambda < $ 1.0, respectively. Over most of the multiplicity range studied, the values of $R_\text {inv}$ increase with increasing event multiplicities and are observed to be proportional to $ < N_{\text{tracks}} > ^{1/3}$, a trend which is predicted by hydrodynamical calculations. For high-multiplicity events with more than $\approx$100 charged particles, the observed dependence of $R_\text {inv}$ suggests a possible saturation, with the lengths of homogeneity also consistent with a constant value. Comparisons of the multiplicity dependence are made with predictions of the CGC effective theory, by means of a parametrization of the radius of the system formed in pp collisions. The values of the radius parameters in the model are much lower than those in the data, although the general shape of the dependence on multiplicity is similar in both cases. The radius fit parameter $R_\text {inv}$ is also observed to decrease with increasing ${k_{\mathrm{T}}}$, a behavior that is consistent with emission from a system that is expanding prior to its decoupling. Inspired by hydrodynamic models, the dependence of $R_{\rm inv}^{-2}$ on the pair transverse mass was investigated and the two were observed to be proportional, a behavior similar to that seen in AA collisions. The proportionality constant between $R_{\rm inv}^{-2}$ and transverse mass can be related to the flow parameter of a Hubble type expansion of the system. For pp collisions at 13 TeV, this expansion was found to be slower for larger event multiplicity, a dependence which was also found in AA collisions. Therefore, the present analysis reveals additional similarities of the systems produced in high multiplicity pp collisions and those found using data for larger initial systems. These results may provide additional constrains for future attempts using hydrodynamical models and/or the CGC framework to explain the entire range of similarities between high multiplicity pp and heavy ion interactions. |
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