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| CMS-HIN-23-006 ; CERN-EP-2025-046 | ||
| Evidence of medium response to hard probes using correlations of Z bosons with hadrons in heavy ion collisions | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 12 July 2025 | ||
| Submitted to Phys. Lett. B | ||
| Abstract: The first measurement of pseudorapidity and azimuthal angle distributions relative to the momentum vector of a Z boson for low transverse momentum ($ p_{\mathrm{T}} $) charged hadrons in lead-lead (PbPb) collisions is presented. By studying the hadrons produced in an event with a high-$ p_{\mathrm{T}} \mathrm{Z} $ boson (40 $ < p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 350 GeV), the analysis probes how the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) medium created in these collisions affects the parton recoiling opposite to the Z boson. Utilizing PbPb data at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV from 2018 with an integrated luminosity of 1.67 nb$^{-1}$ and proton-proton (pp) data at the same energy from 2017 with 301 pb$^{-1}$, the distributions are examined in bins of charged-hadron $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. A significant modification of the distributions for charged hadrons in the range 1 $ < p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 2 GeV in PbPb collisions is observed when compared to reference measurements from pp collisions. The data provide new information about the correlation between hard and soft particles in heavy ion collisions, which can be used to test predictions of various jet quenching models. The results are consistent with expectations of a hydrodynamic wake created when the QGP is depleted of energy by the parton propagating through it. Based on comparisons of PbPb data with pp references and predictions from theoretical models, this Letter presents the first evidence of medium-recoil and medium-hole effects caused by a hard probe. | ||
| Links: e-print arXiv:2507.09307 [hep-ex] (PDF) ; CDS record ; inSPIRE record ; HepData record ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
The $ \Delta\phi_{\mathrm{ch,Z}} $ spectra for events with Z boson $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{Z}} > $ 40 GeV in pp and PbPb collisions. The filled circles (squares) are the PbPb (pp) data and the open circles (squares) are reflected data. The pp data are identical across panels with different centrality intervals. The vertical bars and shaded boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The results are presented in centrality intervals of 0--30% (top row, red), 30--50% (middle row, purple), and 50--90% (bottom row, yellow) and in the charged-hadron $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{ch} $ intervals of 1--2 (left column), 2--4 (middle column) and 4--10 GeV (right column). |
png pdf |
Figure 1-a:
The $ \Delta\phi_{\mathrm{ch,Z}} $ spectra for events with Z boson $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{Z}} > $ 40 GeV in pp and PbPb collisions. The filled circles (squares) are the PbPb (pp) data and the open circles (squares) are reflected data. The pp data are identical across panels with different centrality intervals. The vertical bars and shaded boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The results are presented in centrality intervals of 0--30% (top row, red), 30--50% (middle row, purple), and 50--90% (bottom row, yellow) and in the charged-hadron $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{ch} $ intervals of 1--2 (left column), 2--4 (middle column) and 4--10 GeV (right column). |
png pdf |
Figure 1-b:
The $ \Delta\phi_{\mathrm{ch,Z}} $ spectra for events with Z boson $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{Z}} > $ 40 GeV in pp and PbPb collisions. The filled circles (squares) are the PbPb (pp) data and the open circles (squares) are reflected data. The pp data are identical across panels with different centrality intervals. The vertical bars and shaded boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The results are presented in centrality intervals of 0--30% (top row, red), 30--50% (middle row, purple), and 50--90% (bottom row, yellow) and in the charged-hadron $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{ch} $ intervals of 1--2 (left column), 2--4 (middle column) and 4--10 GeV (right column). |
png pdf |
Figure 1-c:
The $ \Delta\phi_{\mathrm{ch,Z}} $ spectra for events with Z boson $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{Z}} > $ 40 GeV in pp and PbPb collisions. The filled circles (squares) are the PbPb (pp) data and the open circles (squares) are reflected data. The pp data are identical across panels with different centrality intervals. The vertical bars and shaded boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The results are presented in centrality intervals of 0--30% (top row, red), 30--50% (middle row, purple), and 50--90% (bottom row, yellow) and in the charged-hadron $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{ch} $ intervals of 1--2 (left column), 2--4 (middle column) and 4--10 GeV (right column). |
png pdf |
Figure 2:
The $ \Delta y_{\mathrm{ch,Z}} $ spectra in the Z boson side ($ |\Delta\phi_{\mathrm{ch,Z}}| < \pi/ $ 2) for events with Z boson $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{Z}} > $ 40 GeV in pp and PbPb collisions. The filled circles (squares) are the PbPb (pp) data and the open circles (squares) are reflected data. The vertical bars and shaded boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The results are presented in centrality intervals of 0--30% (top row, red), 30--50% (middle row, purple), and 50--90% (bottom row, yellow) and in the charged-hadron $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{ch} $ intervals of 1--2 (left column), 2--4 (middle column) and 4--10 GeV (right column). The pp data are identical across panels with different centrality intervals. |
png pdf |
Figure 2-a:
The $ \Delta y_{\mathrm{ch,Z}} $ spectra in the Z boson side ($ |\Delta\phi_{\mathrm{ch,Z}}| < \pi/ $ 2) for events with Z boson $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{Z}} > $ 40 GeV in pp and PbPb collisions. The filled circles (squares) are the PbPb (pp) data and the open circles (squares) are reflected data. The vertical bars and shaded boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The results are presented in centrality intervals of 0--30% (top row, red), 30--50% (middle row, purple), and 50--90% (bottom row, yellow) and in the charged-hadron $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{ch} $ intervals of 1--2 (left column), 2--4 (middle column) and 4--10 GeV (right column). The pp data are identical across panels with different centrality intervals. |
png pdf |
Figure 2-b:
The $ \Delta y_{\mathrm{ch,Z}} $ spectra in the Z boson side ($ |\Delta\phi_{\mathrm{ch,Z}}| < \pi/ $ 2) for events with Z boson $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{Z}} > $ 40 GeV in pp and PbPb collisions. The filled circles (squares) are the PbPb (pp) data and the open circles (squares) are reflected data. The vertical bars and shaded boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The results are presented in centrality intervals of 0--30% (top row, red), 30--50% (middle row, purple), and 50--90% (bottom row, yellow) and in the charged-hadron $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{ch} $ intervals of 1--2 (left column), 2--4 (middle column) and 4--10 GeV (right column). The pp data are identical across panels with different centrality intervals. |
png pdf |
Figure 2-c:
The $ \Delta y_{\mathrm{ch,Z}} $ spectra in the Z boson side ($ |\Delta\phi_{\mathrm{ch,Z}}| < \pi/ $ 2) for events with Z boson $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{Z}} > $ 40 GeV in pp and PbPb collisions. The filled circles (squares) are the PbPb (pp) data and the open circles (squares) are reflected data. The vertical bars and shaded boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The results are presented in centrality intervals of 0--30% (top row, red), 30--50% (middle row, purple), and 50--90% (bottom row, yellow) and in the charged-hadron $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{ch} $ intervals of 1--2 (left column), 2--4 (middle column) and 4--10 GeV (right column). The pp data are identical across panels with different centrality intervals. |
png pdf |
Figure 3:
Upper row: Distributions of $ \Delta\phi_{\mathrm{ch,Z}} $ in 0--30% centrality PbPb collisions in the charged hadron $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{ch} $ intervals of 1--2 (left column), 2--4 (middle column) and 4--10 GeV (right column). Lower row: The differences between the PbPb and pp distributions. The filled circles are PbPb data and the open circles are reflected data. The vertical bars and shaded boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The results are compared to predictions from theoretical models. |
png pdf |
Figure 4:
Upper row: Distributions of $ \Delta y_{\mathrm{ch,Z}} $ in 0--30% centrality PbPb collisions in the charged hadron $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{ch} $ intervals of 1--2 (left column), 2--4 (middle column) and 4--10 GeV (right column). Lower row: The differences between the PbPb and pp distributions. The filled circles are PbPb data and the open circles are reflected data. The vertical bars and shaded boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The results are compared to predictions from theoretical models. |
| Summary |
| This Letter presents the first measurement of correlations between Z bosons and charged hadrons in bins of charged-hadron transverse momentum ($ p_{\mathrm{T}} $) and event centrality for lead-lead (PbPb) collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center of mass energy of 5.02 TeV and proton-proton (pp) collisions at the same energy. By studying the hadrons produced along with the Z boson, the analysis probes parton-medium interactions, including modifications to parton showers and medium response. The charged-hadron rapidity and azimuthal angle distributions relative to the direction of Z bosons with 40 $ < p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{Z}} < $ 350 GeV are extracted. The analysis utilizes pp (PbPb) data from 2017 (2018) with an integrated luminosity of 301 pb$^{-1}$ (1.67 nb$^{-1}$). The normalized associated yield of charged hadrons in Z boson-tagged events is measured in bins of the differences in azimuthal angle ($ \Delta\phi_{\mathrm{ch,Z}} $) and in rapidity ($ \Delta y_{\mathrm{ch,Z}} $) and is compared between the PbPb and reference pp data. For low-$ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (1 $ < p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 2 GeV) charged hadrons in PbPb collisions, a dip at $ \Delta\phi_{\mathrm{ch,Z}} \sim $ 0 indicates the presence of a negative medium wake or medium holes. An excess at $ \Delta\phi_{\mathrm{ch,Z}} \sim \pi $ suggests medium-induced radiation, medium recoils, and/or momentum-broadening effects. Central PbPb collisions show larger modulation in the $ \Delta\phi_{\mathrm{ch,Z}} $ distribution than pp data for these low-$ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ charged hadrons, a difference which diminishes in more peripheral events. For particles with higher $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ ( of 4-10 GeV), a reduction in the jet-side normalized associated yield is consistent with jet quenching. The $ \Delta y_{\mathrm{ch,Z}} $ distribution shows significant deviations in central PbPb collisions with respect to the pp reference, especially at low charged-hadron $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $, where the PbPb yield is lower than that in pp collisions near the Z boson ($ |\Delta y_{\mathrm{ch,Z}}| \sim $ 0). The PbPb data are then compared to a variety of theoretical models including different implementations of jet energy loss and the medium response. Models that do not include medium response effects fail to describe the dip in the data at small $ \Delta\phi_{\mathrm{ch,Z}} $ and $ \Delta y_{\mathrm{ch,Z}} $ expected from negative response contributions, and an excess at $ \Delta\phi_{\mathrm{ch,Z}} \sim \pi $ due to the positive response contributions. In comparison, the models including such response effects provide a better description of the PbPb data. Amongst the different medium response implementations, for example that of a hydrodynamic positive and negative wake or medium recoils with corresponding hole contributions, it is not clear within the current statistical uncertainty which provides the best description of the data. Overall, the differences between the PbPb and pp data, with a significance greater than 3 $ \sigma $, provide the first evidence of medium-recoil and medium-hole effects caused by a hard probe since the PbPb data are better described by theoretical models that include these effects. Comparisons with theoretical models highlight the unique insights these approaches offer into the properties of the QGP medium, especially its response to the energy loss experienced by partons which pass through it. |
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