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| CMS-PAS-B2G-25-011 | ||
| Search for leptoquarks coupling to third-generation quarks and first- or second-generation leptons at $ \sqrt{s}= $ 13.6 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 2026-05-19 | ||
| Abstract: A search for pair production of scalar leptoquarks with Yukawa couplings to a third-generation quark and a first- or second-generation lepton is presented. The analysis uses a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 220 fb$ ^{-1} $ of proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13.6 TeV recorded by the CMS detector at the LHC in 2024--2025. The search targets events with at least one charged lepton, at least one b-tagged jet, and additional hadronic activity consistent with hadronic top-quark decays. No significant deviation from the background expectation is observed. The results are interpreted in terms of scalar leptoquarks decaying to a top quark and a charged lepton, or to a bottom quark and a neutrino, with a branching ratio that depends on the coupling type. Such scalar particles are excluded at 95% confidence level for masses below 1720 and 1860 GeV in the electron channel, and below 1760 and 1890 GeV in the muon channel, for left- and right-handed Yukawa couplings, respectively. These constraints are the most stringent to date. | ||
| Links: CDS record (PDF) ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
Feynman diagrams illustrating LO quark- and gluon-initiated pair production processes of scalar leptoquarks in pp collisions at the LHC. |
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Figure 1-a:
Feynman diagrams illustrating LO quark- and gluon-initiated pair production processes of scalar leptoquarks in pp collisions at the LHC. |
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Figure 1-b:
Feynman diagrams illustrating LO quark- and gluon-initiated pair production processes of scalar leptoquarks in pp collisions at the LHC. |
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Figure 1-c:
Feynman diagrams illustrating LO quark- and gluon-initiated pair production processes of scalar leptoquarks in pp collisions at the LHC. |
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Figure 1-d:
Feynman diagrams illustrating LO quark- and gluon-initiated pair production processes of scalar leptoquarks in pp collisions at the LHC. |
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Figure 2:
Distributions of the $ \Delta p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (left) and $ m^{\text{reco}}_{\text{LQ}} $ (right) variables in SR4($ \mathrm{e}\mathrm{e} $) and SR4($ \mu\mu $) preselection events, respectively. In these preselections, relaxed criteria are applied as described in the text. Also shown are the predicted yields for scalar $ \text{LQ} $ pair production (LH, $ \beta= $ 0.5) with a mass of 1 TeV, normalized to a cross section of 1\unitfb. Uncertainties are statistical only. |
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Figure 2-a:
Distributions of the $ \Delta p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (left) and $ m^{\text{reco}}_{\text{LQ}} $ (right) variables in SR4($ \mathrm{e}\mathrm{e} $) and SR4($ \mu\mu $) preselection events, respectively. In these preselections, relaxed criteria are applied as described in the text. Also shown are the predicted yields for scalar $ \text{LQ} $ pair production (LH, $ \beta= $ 0.5) with a mass of 1 TeV, normalized to a cross section of 1\unitfb. Uncertainties are statistical only. |
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Figure 2-b:
Distributions of the $ \Delta p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (left) and $ m^{\text{reco}}_{\text{LQ}} $ (right) variables in SR4($ \mathrm{e}\mathrm{e} $) and SR4($ \mu\mu $) preselection events, respectively. In these preselections, relaxed criteria are applied as described in the text. Also shown are the predicted yields for scalar $ \text{LQ} $ pair production (LH, $ \beta= $ 0.5) with a mass of 1 TeV, normalized to a cross section of 1\unitfb. Uncertainties are statistical only. |
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Figure 3:
Distributions of AK12 jet mass (left) and $ L_{\mathrm{T}}+p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{miss} $ (right) in the $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} $ 1L(e) and W 1L($ \mu $) CRs, respectively. Uncertainties are statistical only. |
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Figure 3-a:
Distributions of AK12 jet mass (left) and $ L_{\mathrm{T}}+p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{miss} $ (right) in the $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} $ 1L(e) and W 1L($ \mu $) CRs, respectively. Uncertainties are statistical only. |
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Figure 3-b:
Distributions of AK12 jet mass (left) and $ L_{\mathrm{T}}+p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{miss} $ (right) in the $ {\mathrm{t}\overline{\mathrm{t}}} $ 1L(e) and W 1L($ \mu $) CRs, respectively. Uncertainties are statistical only. |
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Figure 4:
Distributions of $ H_{\mathrm{T}} $ (left) and $ M_{\rm T} $ (right) in the boosted Z 2L and WZ 3L CR, respectively. Uncertainties are statistical only. |
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Figure 4-a:
Distributions of $ H_{\mathrm{T}} $ (left) and $ M_{\rm T} $ (right) in the boosted Z 2L and WZ 3L CR, respectively. Uncertainties are statistical only. |
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Figure 4-b:
Distributions of $ H_{\mathrm{T}} $ (left) and $ M_{\rm T} $ (right) in the boosted Z 2L and WZ 3L CR, respectively. Uncertainties are statistical only. |
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Figure 5:
VRs for the electron (upper) and muon (lower) channels, where the distributions and uncertainties are obtained after separately performing the binned maximum likelihood fit to the data under the background-only hypothesis in each channel. The total SM background is shown as a stacked histogram of all contributing processes. The lower panels show the ratio of observed to expected events for the postfit distributions. The gray hatched bands in the upper and lower panels represent the total (systematic and statistical) uncertainty in the expected background in each bin. |
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Figure 5-a:
VRs for the electron (upper) and muon (lower) channels, where the distributions and uncertainties are obtained after separately performing the binned maximum likelihood fit to the data under the background-only hypothesis in each channel. The total SM background is shown as a stacked histogram of all contributing processes. The lower panels show the ratio of observed to expected events for the postfit distributions. The gray hatched bands in the upper and lower panels represent the total (systematic and statistical) uncertainty in the expected background in each bin. |
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Figure 5-b:
VRs for the electron (upper) and muon (lower) channels, where the distributions and uncertainties are obtained after separately performing the binned maximum likelihood fit to the data under the background-only hypothesis in each channel. The total SM background is shown as a stacked histogram of all contributing processes. The lower panels show the ratio of observed to expected events for the postfit distributions. The gray hatched bands in the upper and lower panels represent the total (systematic and statistical) uncertainty in the expected background in each bin. |
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Figure 6:
SRs for the electron (upper) and muon (lower) channels, where the distributions and uncertainties are obtained after separately performing the binned maximum likelihood fit to the data under the background-only hypothesis in each channel. The total SM background is shown as a stacked histogram of all contributing processes. Also shown are the predicted yields for scalar $ \text{LQ} $ pair production (LH, $ \beta= $ 0.5) with a mass of 1.75 TeV, normalized to a cross section of 1\unitfb. The lower panels show the ratio of observed to expected events for the postfit (black dotted markers) and prefit (blue dashed lines) distributions. The gray hatched bands in the upper and lower panels represent the total (systematic and statistical) uncertainty in the expected background in each bin. |
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Figure 6-a:
SRs for the electron (upper) and muon (lower) channels, where the distributions and uncertainties are obtained after separately performing the binned maximum likelihood fit to the data under the background-only hypothesis in each channel. The total SM background is shown as a stacked histogram of all contributing processes. Also shown are the predicted yields for scalar $ \text{LQ} $ pair production (LH, $ \beta= $ 0.5) with a mass of 1.75 TeV, normalized to a cross section of 1\unitfb. The lower panels show the ratio of observed to expected events for the postfit (black dotted markers) and prefit (blue dashed lines) distributions. The gray hatched bands in the upper and lower panels represent the total (systematic and statistical) uncertainty in the expected background in each bin. |
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Figure 6-b:
SRs for the electron (upper) and muon (lower) channels, where the distributions and uncertainties are obtained after separately performing the binned maximum likelihood fit to the data under the background-only hypothesis in each channel. The total SM background is shown as a stacked histogram of all contributing processes. Also shown are the predicted yields for scalar $ \text{LQ} $ pair production (LH, $ \beta= $ 0.5) with a mass of 1.75 TeV, normalized to a cross section of 1\unitfb. The lower panels show the ratio of observed to expected events for the postfit (black dotted markers) and prefit (blue dashed lines) distributions. The gray hatched bands in the upper and lower panels represent the total (systematic and statistical) uncertainty in the expected background in each bin. |
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Figure 7:
Observed and expected upper limits at 95% CL on the pair production cross section of $ S_{1} $ scalar $ \text{LQ} $s with LH (upper) and RH (lower) Yukawa couplings to third-generation quarks and first- (left) or second-generation (right) leptons. |
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Figure 7-a:
Observed and expected upper limits at 95% CL on the pair production cross section of $ S_{1} $ scalar $ \text{LQ} $s with LH (upper) and RH (lower) Yukawa couplings to third-generation quarks and first- (left) or second-generation (right) leptons. |
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Figure 7-b:
Observed and expected upper limits at 95% CL on the pair production cross section of $ S_{1} $ scalar $ \text{LQ} $s with LH (upper) and RH (lower) Yukawa couplings to third-generation quarks and first- (left) or second-generation (right) leptons. |
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Figure 7-c:
Observed and expected upper limits at 95% CL on the pair production cross section of $ S_{1} $ scalar $ \text{LQ} $s with LH (upper) and RH (lower) Yukawa couplings to third-generation quarks and first- (left) or second-generation (right) leptons. |
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Figure 7-d:
Observed and expected upper limits at 95% CL on the pair production cross section of $ S_{1} $ scalar $ \text{LQ} $s with LH (upper) and RH (lower) Yukawa couplings to third-generation quarks and first- (left) or second-generation (right) leptons. |
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Figure 8:
Observed and expected upper limits 95% CL in the plane of the $ \text{LQ} $ mass vs. the branching ratio $ \beta(\text{LQ} \rightarrow\mathrm{t}\ell) $, for $ S_{1} $ scalar $ \text{LQ} $s with LH Yukawa couplings to third generation quarks and first- (left) or second-generation (right) leptons. |
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Figure 8-a:
Observed and expected upper limits 95% CL in the plane of the $ \text{LQ} $ mass vs. the branching ratio $ \beta(\text{LQ} \rightarrow\mathrm{t}\ell) $, for $ S_{1} $ scalar $ \text{LQ} $s with LH Yukawa couplings to third generation quarks and first- (left) or second-generation (right) leptons. |
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Figure 8-b:
Observed and expected upper limits 95% CL in the plane of the $ \text{LQ} $ mass vs. the branching ratio $ \beta(\text{LQ} \rightarrow\mathrm{t}\ell) $, for $ S_{1} $ scalar $ \text{LQ} $s with LH Yukawa couplings to third generation quarks and first- (left) or second-generation (right) leptons. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
Signal region definitions. Each SR is split into an electron-like and a muon-like component where the lepton flavors specified in the label correspond to the leading lepton(s) in the selection. Lepton $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $, $ \Delta p_{\mathrm{T}} $, $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{miss} $, $ M_{\rm T} $, and $ M_{\ell} $ values are in units of GeV. In events with more than four leptons, only the four leading leptons in $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ are considered. SR1 and SR4 are further subdivided into five and three categories, respectively, based on the reconstructed $ \text{LQ} $ mass. |
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Table 2:
Summary of electron and muon channel signal regions, with a total of 64 and 69 bins, respectively. The resonant mass $ m^{\text{reco}}_{\text{LQ}} $ and $ L_{\mathrm{T}}+p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{miss}(+H_{\mathrm{T}}^{\rm{AK12}} ) $ values are in units of GeV. Each $ L_{\mathrm{T}}+p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{miss}(+H_{\mathrm{T}}^{\rm{AK12}} ) $ range is divided into bins of uniform width, and the first and last bins in each binning scheme include underflow and overflow events, respectively. |
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Table 3:
Summary of CR selection criteria. All one- and two-lepton CR events are selected with the high-$ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ lepton triggers, whereas three- and four-lepton CR events are selected with the isolated single-lepton triggers with lower $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ thresholds. Values of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $, $ \Delta p_{\mathrm{T}} $, $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{miss} $, $ M_{\rm T} $, $ M_{\ell} $, and $ H_{\mathrm{T}} $ are in units of GeV. |
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Table 4:
Summary of the systematic uncertainties considered in this analysis, along with their typical magnitudes and relative impact on the expected upper limits on \text{LQ} cross sections. The magnitude column reflects the typical relative variations observed in the affected signal and background distributions across the SR bins. The impact of the uncertainties varies with the \text{LQ} mass; entries given as pairs correspond to the impacts for the 750 GeV and 2 TeV signal mass hypotheses, respectively. |
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Table 5:
Summary of electron and muon channel validation regions, with a total of 45 and 48 bins, respectively. Each VR$ i $ selection corresponds to SR$ i $ defined in Table 1, differing only by the inversion of the b-tagged jet $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ requirement, 50 $ < p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 100 GeV. The resonant mass $ m^{\text{reco}}_{\text{LQ}} $ and $ L_{\mathrm{T}}+p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{miss}(+H_{\mathrm{T}}^{\rm{AK12}} ) $ values are in units of GeV. Each $ L_{\mathrm{T}}+p_{\mathrm{T}}^\text{miss}(+H_{\mathrm{T}}^{\rm{AK12}} ) $ range is divided into bins of uniform width, and the first and last bins in each binning scheme include underflow and overflow events, respectively. |
| Summary |
| A search for physics beyond the standard model is performed using events with at least one charged lepton and additional hadronic activity in proton--proton collision data at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13.6 TeV. The data were collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC during 2024--2025 and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 220 fb$^{-1}$. No statistically significant, signal-like deviation of the data from the SM background is observed in the probed phase space. Constraints are set on the pair-production cross section of scalar leptoquarks with electric charge $ \pm1/ $ 3 and cross-generational couplings between quarks and leptons. For leptoquarks coupling to first-generation (second-generation) leptons, masses below 1720 (1760) GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level for left-handed couplings, and 1860 (1890) GeV for right-handed couplings. These are the most stringent limits on such models to date. |
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