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CMS-SUS-14-006 ; CERN-EP-2016-103
Search for top squark pair production in compressed-mass-spectrum scenarios in proton-proton collisions at s= 8 TeV using the αT variable
Phys. Lett. B 767 (2017) 403
Abstract: An inclusive search is performed for supersymmetry in final states containing jets and an apparent imbalance in transverse momentum, pmissT, due to the production of unobserved weakly interacting particles in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The data, recorded with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC, correspond to an integrated luminosity of 18.5 fb1. The dimensionless kinematic variable αT is used to discriminate between events with genuine pmissT associated with unobserved particles and spurious values of pmissT arising from jet energy mismeasurements. No excess of event yields above the expected standard model backgrounds is observed. The results are interpreted in terms of constraints on the parameter space of several simplified models of supersymmetry that assume the pair production of top squarks. The search provides sensitivity to a broad range of top squark (˜t) decay modes, including the two-body decay ˜tc˜χ01, where c is a charm quark and ˜χ01 is the lightest neutralino, as well as the four-body decay ˜tbfˉf˜χ01, where b is a bottom quark and f and ˉf are fermions produced in the decay of an intermediate off-shell W boson. These modes dominate in scenarios in which the top squark and lightest neutralino are nearly degenerate in mass. For these modes, top squarks with masses as large as 260 and 225 GeV are excluded, respectively, for the two- and four-body decays.
Figures & Tables Summary Additional Figures & Tables References CMS Publications
The result of the search, in .csv format, is available here.
An implementation of the calculation of the alphaT variable in C++ is available at this link: code.
Figures

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Figure 1:
The αT distribution observed in data for event samples that are recorded with an inclusive set of trigger conditions and satisfy (left) the selection criteria that define the μ+jets control region or (right) the criteria that define the signal region, with the additional requirement HT> 375 GeV. Event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM expectations determined from simulation (solid histograms) are shown. Contributions from single top quark, diboson, Drell-Yan, and tˉt + gauge boson production are collectively labelled "Residual SM''. The final bin contains the overflow events. The lower panels show the ratios of the binned yields obtained from data and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation as a function of αT. The statistical uncertainties in the SM expectations are represented by the hatched areas.

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Figure 1-a:
The αT distribution observed in data for event samples that are recorded with an inclusive set of trigger conditions and satisfy the selection criteria that define the μ+jets control region. Event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM expectations determined from simulation (solid histograms) are shown. Contributions from single top quark, diboson, Drell-Yan, and tˉt + gauge boson production are collectively labelled "Residual SM''. The final bin contains the overflow events. The lower panel shows the ratios of the binned yields obtained from data and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation as a function of αT. The statistical uncertainties in the SM expectations are represented by the hatched areas.

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Figure 1-b:
The αT distribution observed in data for event samples that are recorded with an inclusive set of trigger conditions and satisfy the criteria that define the signal region, with the additional requirement HT> 375 GeV . Event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM expectations determined from simulation (solid histograms) are shown. Contributions from single top quark, diboson, Drell-Yan, and tˉt + gauge boson production are collectively labelled "Residual SM''. The final bin contains the overflow events. The lower panel shows the ratios of the binned yields obtained from data and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation as a function of αT. The statistical uncertainties in the SM expectations are represented by the hatched areas.

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Figure 2:
Ratio (NobsNpred)/Npred as a function of HT for different event categories and/or control regions for (upper) events with two or three jets, and (lower) events with four or more jets; "b tag'' refers to a reconstructed b quark candidate. Error bars represent statistical uncertainties only, while the grey shaded bands represent the Njet - and HT -dependent uncertainties assumed in the transfer factors, as determined from the procedure described in the text.

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Figure 2-a:
Ratio (NobsNpred)/Npred as a function of HT for different event categories and/or control regions for events with two or three jets; "b tag'' refers to a reconstructed b quark candidate. Error bars represent statistical uncertainties only, while the grey shaded bands represent the Njet - and HT -dependent uncertainties assumed in the transfer factors, as determined from the procedure described in the text.

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Figure 2-b:
Ratio (NobsNpred)/Npred as a function of HT for different event categories and/or control regions for events with four or more jets; "b tag'' refers to a reconstructed b quark candidate. Error bars represent statistical uncertainties only, while the grey shaded bands represent the Njet - and HT -dependent uncertainties assumed in the transfer factors, as determined from the procedure described in the text.

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Figure 3:
Observed upper limits on the production cross section at 95% CL (indicated by the colour scale) as a function of the top squark and ˜χ01 masses for (upper left) ˜tc˜χ01, (upper right) ˜tbfˉf˜χ01, (middle left) ˜tb˜χ±1 with m˜χ±1=0.25m˜t+0.75m˜χ01, (middle right) ˜tb˜χ±1 with m˜χ±1=0.75m˜t+0.25m˜χ01, and (lower left) ˜tt˜χ01. The black solid thick curves indicate the observed exclusion assuming the NLO+NLL SUSY production cross sections; the thin black curves show corresponding ±1σ theoretical uncertainties. The red thick dashed curves indicate median expected exclusions and the thin dashed and dotted curves indicate, respectively, their ±1σ and ±2σ experimental uncertainties. A summary of the observed (solid) and median expected (dotted) exclusion contours is presented (lower right). The grey dotted diagonal lines delimit the region for which m˜t>m˜χ01.

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Figure 3-a:
Observed upper limits on the production cross section at 95% CL (indicated by the colour scale) as a function of the top squark and ˜χ01 masses for ˜tc˜χ01. The black solid thick curves indicate the observed exclusion assuming the NLO+NLL SUSY production cross sections; the thin black curves show corresponding ±1σ theoretical uncertainties. The red thick dashed curves indicate median expected exclusions and the thin dashed and dotted curves indicate, respectively, their ±1σ and ±2σ experimental uncertainties. The grey dotted diagonal line delimits the region for which m˜t>m˜χ01.

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Figure 3-b:
Observed upper limits on the production cross section at 95% CL (indicated by the colour scale) as a function of the top squark and ˜χ01 masses for ˜tbfˉf˜χ01. The black solid thick curves indicate the observed exclusion assuming the NLO+NLL SUSY production cross sections; the thin black curves show corresponding ±1σ theoretical uncertainties. The red thick dashed curves indicate median expected exclusions and the thin dashed and dotted curves indicate, respectively, their ±1σ and ±2σ experimental uncertainties. The grey dotted diagonal line delimits the region for which m˜t>m˜χ01.

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Figure 3-c:
Observed upper limits on the production cross section at 95% CL (indicated by the colour scale) as a function of the top squark and ˜χ01 masses for ˜tb˜χ±1. The black solid thick curves indicate the observed exclusion assuming the NLO+NLL SUSY production cross sections; the thin black curves show corresponding ±1σ theoretical uncertainties. The red thick dashed curves indicate median expected exclusions and the thin dashed and dotted curves indicate, respectively, their ±1σ and ±2σ experimental uncertainties. The grey dotted diagonal line delimits the region for which m˜t>m˜χ01.

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Figure 3-d:
Observed upper limits on the production cross section at 95% CL (indicated by the colour scale) as a function of the top squark and ˜χ01 masses for ˜tb˜χ±1. The black solid thick curves indicate the observed exclusion assuming the NLO+NLL SUSY production cross sections; the thin black curves show corresponding ±1σ theoretical uncertainties. The red thick dashed curves indicate median expected exclusions and the thin dashed and dotted curves indicate, respectively, their ±1σ and ±2σ experimental uncertainties. The grey dotted diagonal line delimits the region for which m˜t>m˜χ01.

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Figure 3-e:
Observed upper limits on the production cross section at 95% CL (indicated by the colour scale) as a function of the top squark and ˜χ01 masses for ˜tt˜χ01. The black solid thick curves indicate the observed exclusion assuming the NLO+NLL SUSY production cross sections; the thin black curves show corresponding ±1σ theoretical uncertainties. The red thick dashed curves indicate median expected exclusions and the thin dashed and dotted curves indicate, respectively, their ±1σ and ±2σ experimental uncertainties. The grey dotted diagonal line delimits the region for which m˜t>m˜χ01.

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Figure 3-f:
A summary of the observed (solid) and median expected (dotted) exclusion contours is presented.
Tables

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Table 1:
HT -dependent thresholds on the ET values of jets and αT values.

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Table 2:
Systematic uncertainties (%) in the transfer factors, in intervals of Njet and HT.

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Table 3:
Observed event yields in data and the "a priori'' SM expectations determined from event counts in the data control samples and transfer factors from simulation, in bins of HT, and categorised according to Njet and Nb. Also shown are the SM expectations (labelled "SM'') obtained from a combined fit to control and signal regions under the SM hypothesis. The quoted uncertainties include the statistical as well as systematic components. For each row that lists fewer than the full set of columns, the final entry represents values obtained for an open final HT bin.
Summary
An inclusive search for supersymmetry with the CMS detector is reported, based on data from pp collisions collected at s= 8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 18.5 ± 0.5 fb1. The final states analysed contain two or more jets with large transverse energies and a significant imbalance in the event transverse momentum, as expected in the production and decay of massive squarks and gluinos. Dedicated triggers made it possible to extend the phase space covered in this search to values of HT and HTmiss as low as 200 and 130 GeV, respectively. These regions of low HT and HTmiss correspond to regions of phase space that are highly populated in models with low-mass squarks and nearly degenerate mass spectra. The signal region is binned according to HT, the number of reconstructed jets, and the number of jets identified as originating from b quarks. The sum of standard model backgrounds in each bin is estimated from a simultaneous binned likelihood fit to the event yields in the signal region and in μ+jets, μμ+jets, and γ+jets control samples. The observed yields in the signal region are found to be in agreement with the expected contributions from standard model processes.

Limits are determined in the mass parameter space of simplified models that assume the direct pair production of top squarks. A comprehensive study of top squark decay modes is performed and interpreted in the parameter space of the loop-induced two-body decays to the neutralino and one c quark (˜tc˜χ01); four-body decays to the neutralino, one b quark, and an off-shell W boson (˜tbfˉf˜χ01); decays to one b quark and the lightest chargino (˜tb˜χ±1), followed by the decay of the chargino to the lightest neutralino and an (off-shell) W boson; and the decay to a top quark and neutralino (˜tt˜χ01). In the region m˜tm˜χ01<mW, top squarks with masses as large as 260 and 225 GeV, and neutralino masses up to 240 and 215 GeV, are excluded, respectively, for the two- and four-body decay modes. For top squark decays to b˜χ±1, top squark masses up to 400 GeV and neutralino masses up to 225 GeV are excluded, depending on the mass of the chargino. For top squarks decaying to a top quark and a neutralino, top squark masses up to 500 GeV and neutralino masses up to 105 GeV are excluded.

In summary, the analysis provides sensitivity across a large region of parameter space in the (m˜t,m˜χ01) plane, covering several relevant top squark decay modes. In particular, the application of low thresholds to maximise signal acceptance provides sensitivity to models with compressed mass spectra. For top squark decays to b˜χ±1, where the W boson from the ˜χ±1 decay is off-shell, the presented studies improve on existing limits. Mass exclusions are reported in previously unexplored regions of the (m˜t,m˜χ±1,m˜χ01) parameter space that satisfy 100 GeV <Δm<mt, of up to m˜t= 325, m˜χ±1=250, and m˜χ01= 225 GeV. For the region Δm<mW, the search provides the strongest expected mass exclusions, up to m˜t= 325 GeV, for the two-body decay ˜tc˜χ01 when 30 GeV <Δm<mW.
Additional Figures

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Additional Figure 1:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM expectations with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy 2 njet 3 and nb= 0. (a) SM a priori expectations. (b) SM expectations from the fit including the signal region.

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Additional Figure 1-a:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM a priori expectations with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy 2 njet 3 and nb= 0.

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Additional Figure 1-b:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM expectations from the fit including the signal region with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy 2 njet 3 and nb= 0.

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Additional Figure 2:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM expectations with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy njet 4 and nb= 0. (a) SM a priori expectations. (b) SM expectations from the fit including the signal region.

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Additional Figure 2-a:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM a priori expectations with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy njet 4 and nb= 0.

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Additional Figure 2-b:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM expectations from the fit including the signal region with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy njet 4 and nb= 0.

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Additional Figure 3:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM expectations with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy 2 njet 3 and nb= 1. (a) SM a priori expectations. (b) SM expectations from the fit including the signal region.

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Additional Figure 3-a:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM a priori expectations with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy 2 njet 3 and nb= 1.

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Additional Figure 3-b:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM expectations from the fit including the signal region with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy 2 njet 3 and nb= 1.

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Additional Figure 4:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM expectations with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy njet 4 and nb=1. (a) SM a priori expectations. (b) SM expectations from the fit including the signal region.

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Additional Figure 4-a:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM a priori expectations with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy njet 4 and nb=1.

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Additional Figure 4-b:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM expectations from the fit including the signal region with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy njet 4 and nb=1.

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Additional Figure 5:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM expectations with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy 2 njet 3 and nb= 2. (a) SM a priori expectations. (b) SM expectations from the fit including the signal region.

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Additional Figure 5-a:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM a priori expectations with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy 2 njet 3 and nb= 2.

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Additional Figure 5-b:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM expectations from the fit including the signal region with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy 2 njet 3 and nb= 2.

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Additional Figure 6:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM expectations with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy njet 4 and nb= 2. (a) SM a priori expectations. (b) SM expectations from the fit including the signal region.

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Additional Figure 6-a:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM a priori expectations with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy njet 4 and nb= 2.

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Additional Figure 6-b:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM expectations from the fit including the signal region with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy njet 4 and nb= 2.

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Additional Figure 7:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM expectations with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy njet 4 and nb= 3. (a) SM a priori expectations. (b) SM expectations from the fit including the signal region.

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Additional Figure 7-a:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM a priori expectations with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy njet 4 and nb= 3.

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Additional Figure 7-b:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM expectations with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy njet 4 and nb= 3.

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Additional Figure 8:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM expectations with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy njet 4 and nb 4. (a) SM a priori expectations. (b) SM expectations from the fit including the signal region.

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Additional Figure 8-a:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM a priori expectations with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy njet 4 and nb 4.

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Additional Figure 8-b:
Candidate signal event yields observed in data (solid circles) and SM expectations from the fit including the signal region with their associated uncertainties (solid lines with bands) in bins of HT for events that satisfy njet 4 and nb 4.
Additional Tables

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Additional Table 1:
Event categorisation, according to njet and nb, and the HT binning scheme used by the search. For each row that lists fewer than the full set of columns, the final entry represents values obtained for an open final HT bin.

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Additional Table 2:
Relative expected background contributions (%) in the signal region per (njet, nb) event category per HT bin as determined from simulation. The individual contributions are shown for Zνˉν+jets, W+jets, and tˉt. Contributions from the SM processes of single top quark, diboson, Drell-Yan, and tˉt+gauge boson (W, Z, H) production are collectively labelled "Residual SM''. QCD multijet production is considered to be negligible. For each row that lists fewer than the full set of columns, the final entry represents values obtained for an open final HT bin.

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Additional Table 3:
Binned yields in the μ+jets control sample, for events categorised according to njet, nb, and HT, and the corresponding SM expectations (labelled "SM'') as obtained from a combined fit to the control and signal regions under the background-only hypothesis. The quoted uncertainties include both statistical and systematic components. For each row that lists fewer than the full set of columns, the final entry represents values obtained for an open final HT bin.

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Additional Table 4:
Binned yields in the μμ+jets control sample, for events categorised according to njet, nb, and HT, and the corresponding SM expectations (labelled "SM'') as obtained from a combined fit to the control and signal regions under the background-only hypothesis. The quoted uncertainties include both statistical and systematic components. For each row that lists fewer than the full set of columns, the final entry represents values obtained for an open final HT bin.

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Additional Table 5:
Binned yields in the γ+jets control sample, for events categorised according to njet, nb, and HT, and the corresponding SM expectations (labelled "SM'') as obtained from a combined fit to the control and signal regions under the background-only hypothesis. The quoted uncertainties include both statistical and systematic components. For each row that lists fewer than the full set of columns, the final entry represents values obtained for an open final HT bin.

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Additional Table 6:
Cumulative signal acceptance times efficiency (%) for the event selection criteria that define the signal region, for models involving the pair production of top squarks and the following decay modes: a loop-induced, flavour-changing neutral current decay to a charm quark and a neutralino, ˜tc˜χ01, or a four-body decay, ˜tbfˉf˜χ01, where b is a bottom quark with f and ˉf fermions from, for example, an off-shell W boson decay. The models are defined by the masses (GeV) of the top squark and the neutralino, (m˜t, m˜χ01).
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