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| CMS-PAS-EXO-24-025 | ||
| Search for exotic Higgs boson decays $ H \to \mathcal{A}\mathcal{A} $ with $ \mathcal{A} \to \gamma\gamma $ in events with a partially merged topology in proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 2025-07-10 | ||
| Abstract: A search for an exotic decay of the Higgs boson to a pair of light pseudoscalars $ H \to \mathcal{A}\mathcal{A} $ with $ \mathcal{A} \to \gamma\gamma $ is presented, using events with a partially merged topology. One of the hypothetical particles $ \mathcal{A} $ is assumed to decay promptly into a semi-merged diphoton system reconstructed as a single photon-like object, while the other $ \mathcal{A} $ decays into two resolved photons. Proton-proton collision data collected by the CMS experiment at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$ ^{-1} $, are analyzed. Upper limits are set on the product of the Higgs boson production cross section and the branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(H \to \mathcal{A}\mathcal{A} \to \gamma\gamma\gamma\gamma) $, which range from 0.264 to 0.008 pb at a 95% confidence level, for $ \mathcal{A} $ masses in the range 1 $ < m_{\mathcal{A}} < $ 15 GeV. | ||
| Links: CDS record (PDF) ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
Energy deposit maps in the ECAL from simulation of the decay $ \mathrm{H}\to \mathcal{A}\mathcal{A} \to 4\gamma $ for the masses $ m_{\mathcal{A}} = $ 3 (left), 5 (middle), and 15 GeV (right), plotted in relative ECAL coordinates, with the reconstructed merged-photon candidate at the centre. The generator-level opening angle between the two photons ($ dR_{\text{gen}}(\gamma\gamma) $) from the $ \mathcal{A} $ is printed above each image in terms of ECAL crystals (xtals). Two overlapping clusters are visible in the leftmost image for $ m_{\mathcal{A}} = $ 3 GeV, which gets reconstructed as a merged photon. For the higher masses, the photons are far apart, but the second cluster is very soft in energy to be reconstructed. |
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Figure 1-a:
Energy deposit maps in the ECAL from simulation of the decay $ \mathrm{H}\to \mathcal{A}\mathcal{A} \to 4\gamma $ for the masses $ m_{\mathcal{A}} = $ 3 (left), 5 (middle), and 15 GeV (right), plotted in relative ECAL coordinates, with the reconstructed merged-photon candidate at the centre. The generator-level opening angle between the two photons ($ dR_{\text{gen}}(\gamma\gamma) $) from the $ \mathcal{A} $ is printed above each image in terms of ECAL crystals (xtals). Two overlapping clusters are visible in the leftmost image for $ m_{\mathcal{A}} = $ 3 GeV, which gets reconstructed as a merged photon. For the higher masses, the photons are far apart, but the second cluster is very soft in energy to be reconstructed. |
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Figure 1-b:
Energy deposit maps in the ECAL from simulation of the decay $ \mathrm{H}\to \mathcal{A}\mathcal{A} \to 4\gamma $ for the masses $ m_{\mathcal{A}} = $ 3 (left), 5 (middle), and 15 GeV (right), plotted in relative ECAL coordinates, with the reconstructed merged-photon candidate at the centre. The generator-level opening angle between the two photons ($ dR_{\text{gen}}(\gamma\gamma) $) from the $ \mathcal{A} $ is printed above each image in terms of ECAL crystals (xtals). Two overlapping clusters are visible in the leftmost image for $ m_{\mathcal{A}} = $ 3 GeV, which gets reconstructed as a merged photon. For the higher masses, the photons are far apart, but the second cluster is very soft in energy to be reconstructed. |
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Figure 1-c:
Energy deposit maps in the ECAL from simulation of the decay $ \mathrm{H}\to \mathcal{A}\mathcal{A} \to 4\gamma $ for the masses $ m_{\mathcal{A}} = $ 3 (left), 5 (middle), and 15 GeV (right), plotted in relative ECAL coordinates, with the reconstructed merged-photon candidate at the centre. The generator-level opening angle between the two photons ($ dR_{\text{gen}}(\gamma\gamma) $) from the $ \mathcal{A} $ is printed above each image in terms of ECAL crystals (xtals). Two overlapping clusters are visible in the leftmost image for $ m_{\mathcal{A}} = $ 3 GeV, which gets reconstructed as a merged photon. For the higher masses, the photons are far apart, but the second cluster is very soft in energy to be reconstructed. |
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Figure 2:
Illustration of the network architecture used for the mass regression. Input energy and position of the calorimeter deposits are processed by an MLP, followed by EdgeConv and clustering + pooling layers with residual connections. The final graph representation is passed through an output MLP to predict the object mass. |
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Figure 3:
True vs. predicted mass from the mass regressor during training validation using simulated $ \mathcal{A}\to\gamma\gamma $ samples generated with a continuous uniform distribution in mass and $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. Negative mass predictions shown in the hatched regions are not considered in the final selections. |
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Figure 4:
Predicted mass distribution from the mass regressor on the merged leg of the simulated $ \mathrm{H}\to \mathcal{A}\mathcal{A} \to 4\gamma $ events from 2017 passing the event selection criteria, for different simulated mass points. All distributions are normalized to unity. Negative mass predictions shown in the hatched regions are not considered for final selections. |
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Figure 5:
Predicted mass distribution from the mass regressor on the merged leg of the simulated $ \mathrm{H}\to \mathcal{A}\mathcal{A} \to 4\gamma $ events passing the event selection criteria for different data-taking periods, for the simulated mass $ m_{\mathcal{A}} = $ 5 GeV. The mass peaks are well aligned within each year as well as among the years, as shown. All distributions are normalized to unity. |
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Figure 6:
Regressed mass for $ \mathrm{Z} \to \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $ electrons in the 2017 data vs. simulation for all events passing the selections (left), with a peak at zero, and a subset of those events with a soft photon-like deposit near the electron (right), with a peak away from zero. All distributions are normalized to unity. In the upper panels of each plot, the coverage of the best-fit scale and smearing estimates in simulated events (``MC, stat+syst''), plus statistical uncertainties added in quadrature, are plotted as red bands around the original simulated sample, shown as a blue line (``MC''). The data events are shown as black points, with statistical uncertainties as error bars. In the lower panels of each plot, the ratio of data to the simulation is plotted as black points, with statistical uncertainties in the former as error bars, and the ratio of the best-fit to the original simulated distribution, plus statistical uncertainties in the former, is shown as a red fill. The hatched regions in gray do not enter the selections. |
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Figure 6-a:
Regressed mass for $ \mathrm{Z} \to \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $ electrons in the 2017 data vs. simulation for all events passing the selections (left), with a peak at zero, and a subset of those events with a soft photon-like deposit near the electron (right), with a peak away from zero. All distributions are normalized to unity. In the upper panels of each plot, the coverage of the best-fit scale and smearing estimates in simulated events (``MC, stat+syst''), plus statistical uncertainties added in quadrature, are plotted as red bands around the original simulated sample, shown as a blue line (``MC''). The data events are shown as black points, with statistical uncertainties as error bars. In the lower panels of each plot, the ratio of data to the simulation is plotted as black points, with statistical uncertainties in the former as error bars, and the ratio of the best-fit to the original simulated distribution, plus statistical uncertainties in the former, is shown as a red fill. The hatched regions in gray do not enter the selections. |
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Figure 6-b:
Regressed mass for $ \mathrm{Z} \to \mathrm{e}^+\mathrm{e}^- $ electrons in the 2017 data vs. simulation for all events passing the selections (left), with a peak at zero, and a subset of those events with a soft photon-like deposit near the electron (right), with a peak away from zero. All distributions are normalized to unity. In the upper panels of each plot, the coverage of the best-fit scale and smearing estimates in simulated events (``MC, stat+syst''), plus statistical uncertainties added in quadrature, are plotted as red bands around the original simulated sample, shown as a blue line (``MC''). The data events are shown as black points, with statistical uncertainties as error bars. In the lower panels of each plot, the ratio of data to the simulation is plotted as black points, with statistical uncertainties in the former as error bars, and the ratio of the best-fit to the original simulated distribution, plus statistical uncertainties in the former, is shown as a red fill. The hatched regions in gray do not enter the selections. |
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Figure 7:
2$ D$-$m_{\mathcal{A}} $ distribution in the $ m_{\mathcal{A}}$-SR region of the signal model from simulation for the $ m_{\mathcal{A}}= $ 5 GeV hypothesis, normalized to $ \sigma (\mathrm{H}\to \mathcal{A}\mathcal{A} \to 4\gamma) = $ 1 pb. |
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Figure 8:
Expected background versus observed data 2$ D$-$m_{\mathcal{A}} $ spectra in the $ m_{\mathcal{A}}$-SB region. Upper plot: unrolled spectra made by scanning along bins of increasing $ m_{\mathcal{A},2} $ at fixed $ m_{\mathcal{A},1} $ before incrementing in $ m_{\mathcal{A},1} $. Lower plot: projected 1D-$ m_{\mathcal{A}} $ spectra corresponding to merged (left) and resolved (right) candidates. In the upper panels of each plot, the black points (Data) are the observed data values, with error bars corresponding to statistical uncertainties. The blue line corresponds to the background model, with the blue band corresponding to its statistical uncertainties and systematic uncertainties added in quadrature (Bkg, stat+syst). In the lower panel of the same plot, the ratio of the observed over background value is shown as black points, with error bars corresponding to statistical uncertainties in the former. The ratio of the statistical plus systematic uncertainties of the background over the background model is shown as the blue band. |
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Figure 8-a:
Expected background versus observed data 2$ D$-$m_{\mathcal{A}} $ spectra in the $ m_{\mathcal{A}}$-SB region. Upper plot: unrolled spectra made by scanning along bins of increasing $ m_{\mathcal{A},2} $ at fixed $ m_{\mathcal{A},1} $ before incrementing in $ m_{\mathcal{A},1} $. Lower plot: projected 1D-$ m_{\mathcal{A}} $ spectra corresponding to merged (left) and resolved (right) candidates. In the upper panels of each plot, the black points (Data) are the observed data values, with error bars corresponding to statistical uncertainties. The blue line corresponds to the background model, with the blue band corresponding to its statistical uncertainties and systematic uncertainties added in quadrature (Bkg, stat+syst). In the lower panel of the same plot, the ratio of the observed over background value is shown as black points, with error bars corresponding to statistical uncertainties in the former. The ratio of the statistical plus systematic uncertainties of the background over the background model is shown as the blue band. |
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Figure 8-b:
Expected background versus observed data 2$ D$-$m_{\mathcal{A}} $ spectra in the $ m_{\mathcal{A}}$-SB region. Upper plot: unrolled spectra made by scanning along bins of increasing $ m_{\mathcal{A},2} $ at fixed $ m_{\mathcal{A},1} $ before incrementing in $ m_{\mathcal{A},1} $. Lower plot: projected 1D-$ m_{\mathcal{A}} $ spectra corresponding to merged (left) and resolved (right) candidates. In the upper panels of each plot, the black points (Data) are the observed data values, with error bars corresponding to statistical uncertainties. The blue line corresponds to the background model, with the blue band corresponding to its statistical uncertainties and systematic uncertainties added in quadrature (Bkg, stat+syst). In the lower panel of the same plot, the ratio of the observed over background value is shown as black points, with error bars corresponding to statistical uncertainties in the former. The ratio of the statistical plus systematic uncertainties of the background over the background model is shown as the blue band. |
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Figure 8-c:
Expected background versus observed data 2$ D$-$m_{\mathcal{A}} $ spectra in the $ m_{\mathcal{A}}$-SB region. Upper plot: unrolled spectra made by scanning along bins of increasing $ m_{\mathcal{A},2} $ at fixed $ m_{\mathcal{A},1} $ before incrementing in $ m_{\mathcal{A},1} $. Lower plot: projected 1D-$ m_{\mathcal{A}} $ spectra corresponding to merged (left) and resolved (right) candidates. In the upper panels of each plot, the black points (Data) are the observed data values, with error bars corresponding to statistical uncertainties. The blue line corresponds to the background model, with the blue band corresponding to its statistical uncertainties and systematic uncertainties added in quadrature (Bkg, stat+syst). In the lower panel of the same plot, the ratio of the observed over background value is shown as black points, with error bars corresponding to statistical uncertainties in the former. The ratio of the statistical plus systematic uncertainties of the background over the background model is shown as the blue band. |
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Figure 9:
2$ D$-$m_{\mathcal{A}} $ spectra in the final signal region. Upper plot: The unrolled 2$ D$-$m_{\mathcal{A}} $ distribution made by scanning along bins of increasing $ m_{\mathcal{A},2} $ at fixed $ m_{\mathcal{A},1} $ before incrementing in $ m_{\mathcal{A},1} $. Lower plot: 1D projections on the $ m_{\mathcal{A},1} $ (left) and $ m_{\mathcal{A},2} $ (right) axes of the 2$ D$-$m_{\mathcal{A}} $ distribution. The data distributions (black points) are plotted against the total predicted background distributions (blue curves) after fitting to the data. The statistical uncertainty in the background distribution is plotted as the blue band. The corresponding distributions of simulated $ \mathrm{H}\to \mathcal{A}\mathcal{A} \to 4\gamma $ events for $ m_{\mathcal{A}} = $ 3 (purple curve), 10 (gray curve), and 15 GeV (orange curve) are also overlaid on top. They are each normalized to the value of the expected upper limit to the signal cross section times 50. The lower panels of each plot show the ratio of the observed data over the predicted background as black points, with the error bars representing the statistical uncertainties in the former. The blue bands correspond to the total uncertainties in the background distribution. |
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Figure 9-a:
2$ D$-$m_{\mathcal{A}} $ spectra in the final signal region. Upper plot: The unrolled 2$ D$-$m_{\mathcal{A}} $ distribution made by scanning along bins of increasing $ m_{\mathcal{A},2} $ at fixed $ m_{\mathcal{A},1} $ before incrementing in $ m_{\mathcal{A},1} $. Lower plot: 1D projections on the $ m_{\mathcal{A},1} $ (left) and $ m_{\mathcal{A},2} $ (right) axes of the 2$ D$-$m_{\mathcal{A}} $ distribution. The data distributions (black points) are plotted against the total predicted background distributions (blue curves) after fitting to the data. The statistical uncertainty in the background distribution is plotted as the blue band. The corresponding distributions of simulated $ \mathrm{H}\to \mathcal{A}\mathcal{A} \to 4\gamma $ events for $ m_{\mathcal{A}} = $ 3 (purple curve), 10 (gray curve), and 15 GeV (orange curve) are also overlaid on top. They are each normalized to the value of the expected upper limit to the signal cross section times 50. The lower panels of each plot show the ratio of the observed data over the predicted background as black points, with the error bars representing the statistical uncertainties in the former. The blue bands correspond to the total uncertainties in the background distribution. |
png pdf |
Figure 9-b:
2$ D$-$m_{\mathcal{A}} $ spectra in the final signal region. Upper plot: The unrolled 2$ D$-$m_{\mathcal{A}} $ distribution made by scanning along bins of increasing $ m_{\mathcal{A},2} $ at fixed $ m_{\mathcal{A},1} $ before incrementing in $ m_{\mathcal{A},1} $. Lower plot: 1D projections on the $ m_{\mathcal{A},1} $ (left) and $ m_{\mathcal{A},2} $ (right) axes of the 2$ D$-$m_{\mathcal{A}} $ distribution. The data distributions (black points) are plotted against the total predicted background distributions (blue curves) after fitting to the data. The statistical uncertainty in the background distribution is plotted as the blue band. The corresponding distributions of simulated $ \mathrm{H}\to \mathcal{A}\mathcal{A} \to 4\gamma $ events for $ m_{\mathcal{A}} = $ 3 (purple curve), 10 (gray curve), and 15 GeV (orange curve) are also overlaid on top. They are each normalized to the value of the expected upper limit to the signal cross section times 50. The lower panels of each plot show the ratio of the observed data over the predicted background as black points, with the error bars representing the statistical uncertainties in the former. The blue bands correspond to the total uncertainties in the background distribution. |
png pdf |
Figure 9-c:
2$ D$-$m_{\mathcal{A}} $ spectra in the final signal region. Upper plot: The unrolled 2$ D$-$m_{\mathcal{A}} $ distribution made by scanning along bins of increasing $ m_{\mathcal{A},2} $ at fixed $ m_{\mathcal{A},1} $ before incrementing in $ m_{\mathcal{A},1} $. Lower plot: 1D projections on the $ m_{\mathcal{A},1} $ (left) and $ m_{\mathcal{A},2} $ (right) axes of the 2$ D$-$m_{\mathcal{A}} $ distribution. The data distributions (black points) are plotted against the total predicted background distributions (blue curves) after fitting to the data. The statistical uncertainty in the background distribution is plotted as the blue band. The corresponding distributions of simulated $ \mathrm{H}\to \mathcal{A}\mathcal{A} \to 4\gamma $ events for $ m_{\mathcal{A}} = $ 3 (purple curve), 10 (gray curve), and 15 GeV (orange curve) are also overlaid on top. They are each normalized to the value of the expected upper limit to the signal cross section times 50. The lower panels of each plot show the ratio of the observed data over the predicted background as black points, with the error bars representing the statistical uncertainties in the former. The blue bands correspond to the total uncertainties in the background distribution. |
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Figure 10:
Observed (solid black line) and median expected (dashed black line) upper limits at 95% CL for the excluded signal strength of $ \mathrm{H}\to \mathcal{A}\mathcal{A} \to 4\gamma $ at various pseudoscalar $ m_{\mathcal{A}} $ mass points. The 68 and 95% confidence intervals around the median expected limit are shown as the green and yellow bands, respectively. The limits are shown in terms of $ \sigma(pp \to H) \times B(\mathrm{H}\to \mathcal{A}\mathcal{A} \to 4\gamma) $. |
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Figure 11:
Observed (solid line) and expected (dashed line) upper limits, including the $ \pm 2 \sigma $ confidence interval around the expected limit, from this search (CMS semi-merged) compared to the previous CMS and ATLAS searches, over the full $ m_{\mathcal{A}} $ range of 0.1 to 60 GeV. |
| Summary |
| A search for the exotic decay of the Higgs boson to a pair of light pseudoscalars $ \mathrm{H}\to \mathcal{A}\mathcal{A} $ with $ \mathcal{A}\to\gamma\gamma $ in events with three photon-like objects has been performed using proton-proton collision data collected by the CMS experiment at $ \sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$^{-1}$. One of the hypothetical particles $ \mathcal{A} $ is assumed to decay promptly to one semi-merged diphoton candidate reconstructed as a single photon-like object, while the other $ \mathcal{A} $ decays into a pair of resolved photons. No excess above the estimated background is found. Upper limits are set on the product of the Higgs boson production cross section and branching fraction $ \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}\to \mathcal{A}\mathcal{A} \to 4\gamma) $ of (0.264, 0.008) pb at 95% confidence level for masses of $ \mathcal{A} $ in the range 1-15 GeV. |
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