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| CMS-HIN-21-007 ; CERN-EP-2023-011 | ||
| Observation of the $ \Upsilon $(3S) meson and suppression of $ \Upsilon $ states in PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 29 March 2023 | ||
| Phys. Rev. Lett. 133 (2024) 022302 | ||
| Abstract: The production of $ \Upsilon $(2S) and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons in lead-lead (PbPb) and proton-proton (pp) collisions is studied in their dimuon decay channel using the CMS detector at the LHC. The $ \Upsilon $(3S) meson is observed for the first time in PbPb collisions, with a significance above five standard deviations. The ratios of yields measured in PbPb and pp collisions are reported for both the $ \Upsilon $(2S) and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons, as functions of transverse momentum and PbPb collision centrality. These ratios, when appropriately scaled, are significantly less than unity, indicating a suppression of $ \Upsilon $ yields in PbPb collisions. This suppression increases from peripheral to central PbPb collisions. Furthermore, the suppression is stronger for $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons compared to $ \Upsilon $(2S) mesons, extending the pattern of sequential suppression of quarkonium states in nuclear collisions previously seen for the J/$\psi$, $\psi$(2S), $ \Upsilon $(1S), and $ \Upsilon $(2S) mesons. | ||
| Links: e-print arXiv:2303.17026 [hep-ex] (PDF) ; CDS record ; inSPIRE record ; HepData record ; Physics Briefing ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
Dimuon invariant mass distribution in PbPb collisions, integrated over the full kinematic range $ p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV/$c$ and $ |y| < $ 2.4. The solid curves show the result of the fit, whereas the orange dashed and blue dash-dotted curves represent the three $ \Upsilon $ states and the background, respectively. The inset shows the region around the mass of the $ \Upsilon $(3S) meson. |
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Figure 2:
Measured $ R_\text{AA} $ for the $ \Upsilon $ states as functions of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $ (left), showing also the 0-90% centrality interval, and of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (right). The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. In the left plot, the leftmost box at unity represents the pp luminosity and PbPb $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $ combined uncertainties, whereas the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty on the $ \Upsilon $(2S) ($ \Upsilon $(3S)) pp yields. The box at unity in the right plot combines the uncertainties of $ T_{\text{AA}} $, pp luminosity, and PbPb $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $. The results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) are taken from Ref. [27] and are not affected by the boxes at unity. |
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Figure 2-a:
Measured $ R_\text{AA} $ for the $ \Upsilon $ states as functions of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $ (left), showing also the 0-90% centrality interval, and of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (right). The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. In the left plot, the leftmost box at unity represents the pp luminosity and PbPb $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $ combined uncertainties, whereas the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty on the $ \Upsilon $(2S) ($ \Upsilon $(3S)) pp yields. The box at unity in the right plot combines the uncertainties of $ T_{\text{AA}} $, pp luminosity, and PbPb $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $. The results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) are taken from Ref. [27] and are not affected by the boxes at unity. |
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Figure 2-b:
Measured $ R_\text{AA} $ for the $ \Upsilon $ states as functions of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $ (left), showing also the 0-90% centrality interval, and of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (right). The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. In the left plot, the leftmost box at unity represents the pp luminosity and PbPb $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $ combined uncertainties, whereas the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty on the $ \Upsilon $(2S) ($ \Upsilon $(3S)) pp yields. The box at unity in the right plot combines the uncertainties of $ T_{\text{AA}} $, pp luminosity, and PbPb $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $. The results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) are taken from Ref. [27] and are not affected by the boxes at unity. |
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Figure 3:
The double ratios of $ \Upsilon $(3S)/$ \Upsilon $(2S) as functions of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $ (left), showing also the 0-90% centrality interval, and of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (right). The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The box at unity in the left plot shows the combined systematic and statistical uncertainties from pp data, which is common to all the points. |
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Figure 3-a:
The double ratios of $ \Upsilon $(3S)/$ \Upsilon $(2S) as functions of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $ (left), showing also the 0-90% centrality interval, and of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (right). The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The box at unity in the left plot shows the combined systematic and statistical uncertainties from pp data, which is common to all the points. |
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Figure 3-b:
The double ratios of $ \Upsilon $(3S)/$ \Upsilon $(2S) as functions of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $ (left), showing also the 0-90% centrality interval, and of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ (right). The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The box at unity in the left plot shows the combined systematic and statistical uncertainties from pp data, which is common to all the points. |
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Figure A1:
Dimuon invariant mass distribution in pp collisions, integrated over the full kinematic range $ p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV/$c$ and $ |y| < $ 2.4. The solid curves show the result of the fit, whereas the orange dashed and blue dash-dotted curves represent the three $ \Upsilon $ states and the background, respectively. |
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Figure A2:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $(from Figure 2 left), including the centrality integrated bin. The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The left-most box at unity combines the uncertainties of pp luminosity and PbPb $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $, while the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty of pp yields for the $ \Upsilon $(2S) ($ \Upsilon $(3S)) state. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [9]. |
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Figure A3:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $(from Figure 2 left), including the centrality integrated bin. The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The left-most box at unity combines the uncertainties of pp luminosity and PbPb $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $, while the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty of pp yields for the $ \Upsilon $(2S) ($ \Upsilon $(3S)) state. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The OQS + pNRQCD theory calculations are taken from Ref. [70]. |
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Figure A4:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $(from Figure 2 left), including the centrality integrated bin. The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The left-most box at unity combines the uncertainties of pp luminosity and PbPb $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $, while the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty of pp yields for the $ \Upsilon $(2S) ($ \Upsilon $(3S)) state. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [71]. |
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Figure A5:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $(from Figure 2 left), including the centrality integrated bin. The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The left-most box at unity combines the uncertainties of pp luminosity and PbPb $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $, while the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty of pp yields for the $ \Upsilon $(2S) ($ \Upsilon $(3S)) state. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [10]. |
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Figure A6:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $(from Figure 2 left), including the centrality integrated bin. The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The left-most box at unity combines the uncertainties of pp luminosity and PbPb $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $, while the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty of pp yields for the $ \Upsilon $(2S) ($ \Upsilon $(3S)) state. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The lines represent calculations from Ref. [72]. |
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Figure A7:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $(from Figure 2 left), including the centrality integrated bin. The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The left-most box at unity combines the uncertainties of pp luminosity and PbPb $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $, while the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty of pp yields for the $ \Upsilon $(2S) ($ \Upsilon $(3S)) state. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The two type of bands represent calculations from Ref. [10], with the solid filled bands calculated without the recombination component. |
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Figure A8:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $(from Figure 2 left), including the centrality integrated bin. The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The left-most box at unity combines the uncertainties of pp luminosity and PbPb $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $, while the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty of pp yields for the $ \Upsilon $(2S) ($ \Upsilon $(3S)) state. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The OQS + pNRQCD theory calculations are taken from Ref. [70], with the dashed one calculated without the recombination component. |
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Figure A9:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $(from Figure 2 left), including the centrality integrated bin. The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The left-most box at unity combines the uncertainties of pp luminosity and PbPb $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $, while the second (third) box corresponds to the uncertainty of pp yields for the $ \Upsilon $(2S) ($ \Upsilon $(3S)) state. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The lines represent calculations from Ref. [73], with the solid line corresponding to 50% thermalization of the $ b\bar{b} $ pairs and the upper and lower dashed lines representing the 20% uncertainty of the total $ b\bar{b} $ cross section. |
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Figure A10:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $(from Figure 2 right). The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The box at unity represents the global uncertainty, which combines uncertainties from $ T_{\text{AA}} $, pp luminosity, and PbPb $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [9]. |
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Figure A11:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $(from Figure 2 right). The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The box at unity represents the global uncertainty, which combines uncertainties from $ T_{\text{AA}} $, pp luminosity, and PbPb $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The OQS + pNRQCD theory calculations are taken from Ref. [70]. |
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Figure A12:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $(from Figure 2 right). The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The box at unity represents the global uncertainty, which combines uncertainties from $ T_{\text{AA}} $, pp luminosity, and PbPb $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The bands represent calculations from Ref. [10]. |
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Figure A13:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $(from 2 right). The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The box at unity represents the global uncertainty, which combines uncertainties from $ T_{\text{AA}} $, pp luminosity, and PbPb $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The lines represent calculations from Ref. [72]. |
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Figure A14:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $(from Figure 2 right). The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The box at unity represents the global uncertainty, which combines uncertainties from $ T_{\text{AA}} $, pp luminosity, and PbPb $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The OQS + pNRQCD theory calculations are taken from Ref. [70], with the dashed one calculated without the recombination component. |
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Figure A15:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $(from Figure 2 right). The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The box at unity represents the global uncertainty, which combines uncertainties from $ T_{\text{AA}} $, pp luminosity, and PbPb $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The two type of bands represent calculations from Ref. [10], with the solid filled bands calculated without the recombination component. |
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Figure A16:
The double ratio of $ \Upsilon $(3S)/$ \Upsilon $(2S) as functions of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $(from Figure 3 left). The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes are the systematic uncertainties. The box at unity shows the combined systematic and statistical uncertainties from pp data. The six different types of lines and bands represent calculations from Ref. [9,70,71,10,72,73]. |
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Figure A17:
The double ratio of $ \Upsilon $(3S)/$ \Upsilon $(2S) as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $(from Figure 3 left). The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes are the systematic uncertainties. The box at unity shows the combined systematic and statistical uncertainties from pp data. The orange and blue boxes represent calculations from Ref. [70], with the latter showing the calculations without the recombination component. |
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Figure A18:
The double ratio of $ \Upsilon $(3S)/$ \Upsilon $(2S) as a function of $ \langle N_{\text{part}} \rangle $(from Figure 3 left). The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes are the systematic uncertainties. The box at unity shows the combined systematic and statistical uncertainties from pp data. The red and blue lines represent calculations from Ref. [10], with the latter showing the calculations without the recombination component. |
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Figure A19:
The double ratio of $ \Upsilon $(3S)/$ \Upsilon $(2S) as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $(from Figure 3 right). The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes are the systematic uncertainties. The bands and line represent calculations from Ref. [9,70,10,72]. |
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Figure A20:
The double ratio of $ \Upsilon $(3S)/$ \Upsilon $(2S) as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $(from Figure 3 right). The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes are the systematic uncertainties. The orange and blue bands represent calculations from Ref. [70], with the latter showing the calculations without the recombination component. |
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Figure A21:
The double ratio of $ \Upsilon $(3S)/$ \Upsilon $(2S) as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $(from Figure 3 right). The vertical lines correspond to statistical uncertainties, while the boxes are the systematic uncertainties. The red band and blue line represent calculations from Ref. [10], with the latter showing the calculations without the recombination component. |
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Figure A22:
The nuclear modification factors for various quarkonium mesons as a function of quarkonium binding energy at $ \sqrt{\mathrm{s_{NN}}}= $ 5.02 TeV. The $ R_\text{AA} $ values are taken from the data point with the most central collision bin, e.g., the values for the $ \Upsilon $'s correspond to the points of the hightest $ N_{\text{part}} $ in Figure 2 left. The values for the binding energy of each quarkonium state are taken from Ref. [76]. The error bars and boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson and charmonium states (J/$\psi$ and $\psi$(2S)) are taken from Refs. [27] and [75], respectively. |
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Figure A23:
The nuclear modification factors for $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons in pPb and PbPb collisions at $ \sqrt{\mathrm{s_{NN}}}= $ 5.02 TeV. The error bars and boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The $ \Upsilon $(2S) and $ \Upsilon $(3S) values are from the integrated bin in Figure 2 left. The results for pPb collisions and the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Refs. [77] and [27], respectively. |
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Figure A24:
Nuclear modification factors for the $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), $ \Upsilon $(3S), J/$\psi$, and $\psi$(2S) mesons as a function of $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. The vertical lines and boxes correspond to statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. Results for the $ \Upsilon $(1S) meson are taken from Ref. [27]. The open and full cross points are the results for J/$\psi$ mesons from Refs. [74] and [75], respectively. Results for $\psi$(2S) mesons are taken from Refs. [24] and [75] for the open and full star points, respectively. |
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Figure A25:
The significance $ S/\sqrt{S+B} $ for $ \Upsilon $ mesons in PbPb collisions as a function of BDT score normalized to range between -1 and 1. The quantities $ S $ and $ B $ represent the yields of signal and background dimuons used for the BDT training, respectively. The working point (WP) is determined to be the BDT score that maximizes the significance using a parametic fit. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
Systematic uncertainties from various sources in pp and PbPb collisions listed in percentage. The global uncertainties described in the text are not included in the total uncertainties. |
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Table A1:
Yields for $ \Upsilon $(2S) mesons in PbPb collisions in centrality 0--90% and $ |y| < $ 2.4, corrected for acceptance and efficiency, and normalized by the nuclear thickness function $ \langle T_{\text{AA}} \rangle $ and the number of minimum bias events $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $. The values for the yields and their uncertainties are in units of pb / GeV/$c$. |
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Table A2:
Yields for $ \Upsilon $(2S) mesons in PbPb collisions in $ p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV/$c$ and $ |y| < $ 2.4, corrected for acceptance and efficiency, and normalized by the nuclear thickness function $ \langle T_{\text{AA}} \rangle $ and the number of minimum bias events $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $. The values for the yields and their uncertainties are in units of pb / GeV/$c$. |
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Table A3:
Yields for $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons in PbPb collisions in centrality 0--90% and $ |y| < $ 2.4, corrected for acceptance and efficiency, and normalized by the nuclear thickness function $ \langle T_{\text{AA}} \rangle $ and the number of minimum bias events $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $. The values for the yields and their uncertainties are in units of pb / GeV/$c$. |
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Table A4:
Yields for $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons in PbPb collisions in $ p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV/$c$ and $ |y| < $ 2.4, corrected for acceptance and efficiency, and normalized by the nuclear thickness function $ \langle T_{\text{AA}} \rangle $ and the number of minimum bias events $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $. The values for the yields and their uncertainties are in units of pb / GeV/$c$. |
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Table A5:
Yields for $ \Upsilon $(1S) mesons in PbPb collisions in $ p_{\mathrm{T}} < $ 30 GeV/$c$ and $ |y| < $ 2.4, corrected for acceptance and efficiency, and normalized by the nuclear thickness function $ \langle T_{\text{AA}} \rangle $ and the number of minimum bias events $ N_{\mathrm{MB}} $ from Ref. [27]. The values for the yields and their uncertainties are in units of pb / GeV/$c$. |
| Summary |
| In summary, data from PbPb and pp collisions at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV, collected with the CMS detector, were analyzed to measure the yields and nuclear modification factors, $ R_\text{AA} $, of the $ \Upsilon $(2S) and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons. The $ \Upsilon $(3S) meson is observed for the first time in PbPb collisions, with a significance above five standard deviations. Dividing the $ \Upsilon $(3S) over $ \Upsilon $(2S) yield ratios in PbPb by those in pp collisions gives the double ratios that quantify the relative modification of the two mesons. Results are shown as functions of $ \Upsilon $ transverse momentum and PbPb collision centrality. Both the $ \Upsilon $(2S) and $ \Upsilon $(3S) mesons are suppressed ($ R_\text{AA} < $ 1), with a stronger effect for the $ \Upsilon $(3S). The suppression increases for more central PbPb collisions, whereas no significant dependence on $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ is seen. The $ \Upsilon $(3S) over $ \Upsilon $(2S) double ratios show no significant dependence on $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $, indicating that the degree to which the suppression is stronger for the $ \Upsilon $(3S) meson is constant over the studied $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ region. Combined with previous measurements, these results indicate that the strength of the suppression increases in the sequence $ \Upsilon $(1S), $ \Upsilon $(2S), and $ \Upsilon $(3S). These results provide new constraints on the understanding of the dynamics of quarkonium states in the QGP created in heavy ion collisions. |
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