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| CMS-HIN-23-001 ; CERN-EP-2024-073 | ||
| Girth and groomed radius of jets recoiling against isolated photons in lead-lead and proton-proton collisions at $ \sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} = $ 5.02 TeV | ||
| CMS Collaboration | ||
| 4 May 2024 | ||
| Accepted for publication in Phys. Lett. B | ||
| Abstract: This Letter presents the first measurements of the groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ and the jet girth $ g $ in events with an isolated photon recoiling against a jet in lead-lead (PbPb) and proton-proton (pp) collisions at the LHC at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV. The observables $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ and $ g $ provide a quantitative measure of how narrow or broad a jet is. The analysis uses PbPb and pp data samples with integrated luminosities of 1.7 nb$^{-1}$ and 301 pb$^{-1}$, respectively, collected with the CMS experiment in 2018 and 2017. Events are required to have a photon with transverse momentum $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 100 GeV and at least one jet back-to-back in azimuth with respect to the photon and with transverse momentum $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}} $ such that $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.4. The measured $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ and $ g $ distributions are unfolded to the particle level, which facilitates the comparison between the PbPb and pp results and with theoretical predictions. It is found that jets with $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.8, i.e.,, those that closely balance the photon $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} $, are narrower in PbPb than in pp collisions. Relaxing the selection to include jets with $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.4 reduces the narrowing of the angular structure of jets in PbPb relative to the pp reference. This shows that selection bias effects associated with jet energy loss play an important role in the interpretation of jet substructure measurements. | ||
| Links: e-print arXiv:2405.02737 [hep-ex] (PDF) ; CDS record ; inSPIRE record ; HepData record ; CADI line (restricted) ; | ||
| Figures | |
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Figure 1:
Schematic diagram of the potential selection bias due to jet energy loss that may occur when selecting jets based on the their $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $. Broader structures are expected to be more quenched (red line, thicker arrow), whereas narrower structures are expected to be quenched less (blue line, thinner arrow). Combined with the steeply falling jet $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ spectrum, this can lead to a preferential selection of narrow jets in a given jet $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ interval, as indicated by the vertical rectangular box. The dashed curve represents the jet $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ spectrum in the absence of medium-induced jet modifications. |
png pdf |
Figure 2:
Unfolded distributions of jet girth $ g $ (left) and groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ (right) of photon-tagged jets in pp collisions for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.4. The upper panels show the comparison of the observable in pp collisions and predictions from simulated events. The lower panels show the corresponding ratios of the MC calculations and data. The bands represent the total uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties. |
png pdf |
Figure 2-a:
Unfolded distributions of jet girth $ g $ (left) and groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ (right) of photon-tagged jets in pp collisions for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.4. The upper panels show the comparison of the observable in pp collisions and predictions from simulated events. The lower panels show the corresponding ratios of the MC calculations and data. The bands represent the total uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties. |
png pdf |
Figure 2-b:
Unfolded distributions of jet girth $ g $ (left) and groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ (right) of photon-tagged jets in pp collisions for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.4. The upper panels show the comparison of the observable in pp collisions and predictions from simulated events. The lower panels show the corresponding ratios of the MC calculations and data. The bands represent the total uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties. |
png pdf |
Figure 3:
Unfolded distributions of jet girth $ g $ (left) and groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ (right) of photon-tagged jets in pp collisions for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.8. The upper panels show the comparison of the observable in pp collisions and predictions from simulated events. The lower panels show the corresponding ratios of the MC calculations and data. The bands represent the total experimental uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties. |
png pdf |
Figure 3-a:
Unfolded distributions of jet girth $ g $ (left) and groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ (right) of photon-tagged jets in pp collisions for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.8. The upper panels show the comparison of the observable in pp collisions and predictions from simulated events. The lower panels show the corresponding ratios of the MC calculations and data. The bands represent the total experimental uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties. |
png pdf |
Figure 3-b:
Unfolded distributions of jet girth $ g $ (left) and groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ (right) of photon-tagged jets in pp collisions for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.8. The upper panels show the comparison of the observable in pp collisions and predictions from simulated events. The lower panels show the corresponding ratios of the MC calculations and data. The bands represent the total experimental uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties. |
png pdf |
Figure 4:
Unfolded distributions of jet girth $ g $ (left) and groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ (right) of photon-tagged jets in PbPb and pp collisions for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.4 (selecting both more and less quenched jets). The bands represent the total uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties. |
png pdf |
Figure 4-a:
Unfolded distributions of jet girth $ g $ (left) and groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ (right) of photon-tagged jets in PbPb and pp collisions for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.4 (selecting both more and less quenched jets). The bands represent the total uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties. |
png pdf |
Figure 4-b:
Unfolded distributions of jet girth $ g $ (left) and groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ (right) of photon-tagged jets in PbPb and pp collisions for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.4 (selecting both more and less quenched jets). The bands represent the total uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties. |
png pdf |
Figure 5:
Unfolded distributions of jet girth $ g $ (left) and groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ (right) of photon-tagged jets in PbPb and pp collisions for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.8 (selecting less quenched jets). The bands represent the total uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties. |
png pdf |
Figure 5-a:
Unfolded distributions of jet girth $ g $ (left) and groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ (right) of photon-tagged jets in PbPb and pp collisions for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.8 (selecting less quenched jets). The bands represent the total uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties. |
png pdf |
Figure 5-b:
Unfolded distributions of jet girth $ g $ (left) and groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ (right) of photon-tagged jets in PbPb and pp collisions for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.8 (selecting less quenched jets). The bands represent the total uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties. |
png pdf |
Figure 6:
Ratio of the normalized yields of PbPb to pp data for jet girth $ g $ (left) and groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ (right) of photon-tagged jets in PbPb and pp collisions for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.4 (selecting both more and less quenched jets). The data are compared with the hybrid model predictions for $ L_{\text{res}} = $ 0 (upper) and for nonzero values of $ L_{\text{res}} $ without elastic scattering (lower). The bands around the data points represent the total experimental uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties. The uncertainties in the PbPb-to-pp ratio have been obtained assuming the PbPb and pp measurements are uncorrelated. The bands around the theory predictions represent the statistical uncertainties of the prediction. |
png pdf |
Figure 6-a:
Ratio of the normalized yields of PbPb to pp data for jet girth $ g $ (left) and groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ (right) of photon-tagged jets in PbPb and pp collisions for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.4 (selecting both more and less quenched jets). The data are compared with the hybrid model predictions for $ L_{\text{res}} = $ 0 (upper) and for nonzero values of $ L_{\text{res}} $ without elastic scattering (lower). The bands around the data points represent the total experimental uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties. The uncertainties in the PbPb-to-pp ratio have been obtained assuming the PbPb and pp measurements are uncorrelated. The bands around the theory predictions represent the statistical uncertainties of the prediction. |
png pdf |
Figure 6-b:
Ratio of the normalized yields of PbPb to pp data for jet girth $ g $ (left) and groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ (right) of photon-tagged jets in PbPb and pp collisions for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.4 (selecting both more and less quenched jets). The data are compared with the hybrid model predictions for $ L_{\text{res}} = $ 0 (upper) and for nonzero values of $ L_{\text{res}} $ without elastic scattering (lower). The bands around the data points represent the total experimental uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties. The uncertainties in the PbPb-to-pp ratio have been obtained assuming the PbPb and pp measurements are uncorrelated. The bands around the theory predictions represent the statistical uncertainties of the prediction. |
png pdf |
Figure 6-c:
Ratio of the normalized yields of PbPb to pp data for jet girth $ g $ (left) and groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ (right) of photon-tagged jets in PbPb and pp collisions for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.4 (selecting both more and less quenched jets). The data are compared with the hybrid model predictions for $ L_{\text{res}} = $ 0 (upper) and for nonzero values of $ L_{\text{res}} $ without elastic scattering (lower). The bands around the data points represent the total experimental uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties. The uncertainties in the PbPb-to-pp ratio have been obtained assuming the PbPb and pp measurements are uncorrelated. The bands around the theory predictions represent the statistical uncertainties of the prediction. |
png pdf |
Figure 6-d:
Ratio of the normalized yields of PbPb to pp data for jet girth $ g $ (left) and groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ (right) of photon-tagged jets in PbPb and pp collisions for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.4 (selecting both more and less quenched jets). The data are compared with the hybrid model predictions for $ L_{\text{res}} = $ 0 (upper) and for nonzero values of $ L_{\text{res}} $ without elastic scattering (lower). The bands around the data points represent the total experimental uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties. The uncertainties in the PbPb-to-pp ratio have been obtained assuming the PbPb and pp measurements are uncorrelated. The bands around the theory predictions represent the statistical uncertainties of the prediction. |
png pdf |
Figure 7:
Ratio of the normalized yields of PbPb to pp for jet girth $ g $ (left) and groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ (right) of photon-tagged jets in PbPb and pp collisions for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.8 (selecting less quenched jets). The data are compared with the hybrid predictions for $ L_{\text{res}} = $ 0 (upper) and nonzero values of $ L_{\text{res}} $ without elastic scatterings (lower). The bands around the data points represent the total experimental uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties. The uncertainties in the PbPb-to-pp ratio have been obtained assuming the PbPb and pp measurements are uncorrelated. The bands around the theory predictions represent the statistical uncertainties of the prediction. |
png pdf |
Figure 7-a:
Ratio of the normalized yields of PbPb to pp for jet girth $ g $ (left) and groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ (right) of photon-tagged jets in PbPb and pp collisions for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.8 (selecting less quenched jets). The data are compared with the hybrid predictions for $ L_{\text{res}} = $ 0 (upper) and nonzero values of $ L_{\text{res}} $ without elastic scatterings (lower). The bands around the data points represent the total experimental uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties. The uncertainties in the PbPb-to-pp ratio have been obtained assuming the PbPb and pp measurements are uncorrelated. The bands around the theory predictions represent the statistical uncertainties of the prediction. |
png pdf |
Figure 7-b:
Ratio of the normalized yields of PbPb to pp for jet girth $ g $ (left) and groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ (right) of photon-tagged jets in PbPb and pp collisions for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.8 (selecting less quenched jets). The data are compared with the hybrid predictions for $ L_{\text{res}} = $ 0 (upper) and nonzero values of $ L_{\text{res}} $ without elastic scatterings (lower). The bands around the data points represent the total experimental uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties. The uncertainties in the PbPb-to-pp ratio have been obtained assuming the PbPb and pp measurements are uncorrelated. The bands around the theory predictions represent the statistical uncertainties of the prediction. |
png pdf |
Figure 7-c:
Ratio of the normalized yields of PbPb to pp for jet girth $ g $ (left) and groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ (right) of photon-tagged jets in PbPb and pp collisions for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.8 (selecting less quenched jets). The data are compared with the hybrid predictions for $ L_{\text{res}} = $ 0 (upper) and nonzero values of $ L_{\text{res}} $ without elastic scatterings (lower). The bands around the data points represent the total experimental uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties. The uncertainties in the PbPb-to-pp ratio have been obtained assuming the PbPb and pp measurements are uncorrelated. The bands around the theory predictions represent the statistical uncertainties of the prediction. |
png pdf |
Figure 7-d:
Ratio of the normalized yields of PbPb to pp for jet girth $ g $ (left) and groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ (right) of photon-tagged jets in PbPb and pp collisions for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.8 (selecting less quenched jets). The data are compared with the hybrid predictions for $ L_{\text{res}} = $ 0 (upper) and nonzero values of $ L_{\text{res}} $ without elastic scatterings (lower). The bands around the data points represent the total experimental uncertainties, whereas the vertical bars represent the statistical uncertainties. The uncertainties in the PbPb-to-pp ratio have been obtained assuming the PbPb and pp measurements are uncorrelated. The bands around the theory predictions represent the statistical uncertainties of the prediction. |
| Tables | |
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Table 1:
Summary of bin-by-bin percentual relative uncertainties for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} > $ 0.4. |
png pdf |
Table 2:
Summary of bin-by-bin percentual relative uncertainties for $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} > $ 0.8. |
| Summary |
| In summary, we report the first measurements girth $ g $ and the groomed jet radius $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ of jets recoiling against isolated photons in lead-lead (PbPb) and proton-proton (pp) collisions. The analysis uses PbPb and pp collision data, both at a nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV. The distributions are unfolded to the particle level in order to facilitate comparisons between experiments and with theoretical predictions. The transverse momentum $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ of isolated photons ($ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} $) can be used as a proxy for the $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ of the high-virtuality parton that initiates the shower of the recoiling jet. This enables the disentanglement of the potential modification of the momentum and angular substructure of jets due to the interactions with the medium from the selection bias effects that can originate from jet energy loss. This is done using the transverse momentum imbalance, defined as the ratio of the hardest recoil jet $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ ($ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}} $) and $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} $, $ x_{\gamma \mathrm{j}} \equiv p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} $. It is found that jets with $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.8, i.e.,, those that closely balance the photon $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} $, are narrower in PbPb than in pp collisions. Relaxing the selection to include jets with $ p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\text{jet}}/p_{\mathrm{T}}^{\gamma} > $ 0.4 reduces the narrowing of the angular structure of jets in PbPb relative to the pp reference. These observations suggest that selection bias effects play an important role in the interpretation of the modification of the angular scales of jets in terms of medium-induced effects. The measured distributions are compared with calculations based on a hybrid strong and weak coupling model to describe medium-induced jet modifications. According to model predictions, the $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $ and $ g $ distributions are not very sensitive to medium response effects or to variations of the medium resolution length. However, changes in the modeling of Moli\`ere elastic scatterings have an effect of 10--40% at large values of $ g $ and $ R_{\mathrm{g}} $. This shows the ability of the data to constrain the impact of Moli\`ere scatterings in a way that is effectively factorized from the effects of the wake and the medium resolution length. Medium-induced jet modifications are commonly assessed by comparing jets and their substructure at the same reconstructed $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ in PbPb and pp collisions, which in the former case corresponds to the momentum of the jet after its interactions with the quark gluon plasma. These interactions are expected to broaden the jet and reduce its energy. Thus, in an inclusive jet measurement, when comparing populations of jets in PbPb and pp within the same measured jet $ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ window, a selection bias can lead to an effective narrowing of the angular structure of jets in PbPb relative to pp. One possibility is that the population of jets that were initially broader (hence, more strongly quenched jets) has migrated to lower jet energies, whereas the population of narrower jets (less strongly quenched jets) remains. Thus, events with high-$ p_{\mathrm{T}} $ jets recoiling against energetic isolated photons can be used to better constrain genuine medium modifications of the jet shower, complementing measurements in inclusive jet production. |
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