CMS-HIN-21-014

CMS-HIN-21-014 ; CERN-EP-2024-176
Bottom quark energy loss and hadronization with ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ and $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ nuclear modification factors using pp and PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}=$ 5.02 TeV
CMS Collaboration
11 September 2024
Accepted for publication in J. High Energy Phys.
Abstract: The production cross sections of $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ and ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ mesons are reported in proton-proton (pp) collisions recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC with a center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 302 pb $^{-1}$ . The cross sections are based on measurements of the $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0} \to \mathrm{J}/\psi (\mu^{+}\mu^{-})\,\phi(1020) (\mathrm{K^+} \mathrm{K^-})$ and ${\mathrm{B}^{+}} \to \mathrm{J}/\psi (\mu^{+}\mu^{-})\,\mathrm{K^+}$ decay channels. Results are presented in the transverse momentum ( $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ ) range 7-50 GeV/ $c$ and the rapidity interval $\|y\| <$ 2.4 for the ${\mathrm{B}}$ mesons. The measured $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ -differential cross sections of ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ and $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ in pp collisions are well described by fixed-order plus next-to-leading logarithm perturbative quantum chromodynamics calculations. Using previous PbPb collision measurements at the same nucleon-nucleon center-of-mass energy, the nuclear modification factors, $R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ , of the ${\mathrm{B}}$ mesons are determined. For $p_{\mathrm{T}} >$ 10 GeV/ $c$ , both mesons are found to be suppressed in PbPb collisions (with $R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ values significantly below unity), with less suppression observed for the $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ mesons. In this $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ range, the $R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ values for the ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ mesons are consistent with those for inclusive charged hadrons and $\mathrm{D^0}$ mesons. Below 10 GeV/ $c$ , both ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ and $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ are found to be less suppressed than either inclusive charged hadrons or $\mathrm{D^0}$ mesons, with the $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0} R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ value consistent with unity. The $R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ values found for the ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ and $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ are compared to theoretical calculations, providing constraints on the mechanism of bottom quark energy loss and hadronization in the quark-gluon plasma, the hot and dense matter created in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions.
Links: e-print arXiv:2409.07258 [hep-ex] (PDF) ; CDS record ; inSPIRE record ; HepData record ; CADI line (restricted) ;

Figures & Tables	Summary	References	CMS Publications

Figures
png pdf	Figure 1: Invariant mass distributions of ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ (left) and $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ (right) candidates, for the lowest (upper) and highest (lower) $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ ranges in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 5.02 TeV. The bottom section in each panel shows the pulls, calculated as the difference between the data points and the fit results, divided by the uncertainty in data.
png pdf	Figure 1-a: Invariant mass distributions of ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ (left) and $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ (right) candidates, for the lowest (upper) and highest (lower) $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ ranges in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 5.02 TeV. The bottom section in each panel shows the pulls, calculated as the difference between the data points and the fit results, divided by the uncertainty in data.
png pdf	Figure 1-b: Invariant mass distributions of ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ (left) and $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ (right) candidates, for the lowest (upper) and highest (lower) $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ ranges in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 5.02 TeV. The bottom section in each panel shows the pulls, calculated as the difference between the data points and the fit results, divided by the uncertainty in data.
png pdf	Figure 1-c: Invariant mass distributions of ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ (left) and $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ (right) candidates, for the lowest (upper) and highest (lower) $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ ranges in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 5.02 TeV. The bottom section in each panel shows the pulls, calculated as the difference between the data points and the fit results, divided by the uncertainty in data.
png pdf	Figure 1-d: Invariant mass distributions of ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ (left) and $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ (right) candidates, for the lowest (upper) and highest (lower) $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ ranges in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 5.02 TeV. The bottom section in each panel shows the pulls, calculated as the difference between the data points and the fit results, divided by the uncertainty in data.
png pdf	Figure 2: The $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ -differential cross sections of ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ (left) and $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ (right) mesons in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 5.02 TeV. The vertical bars (shaded boxes) correspond to statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The horizontal bars reflect the bin widths. The global systematic uncertainty includes uncertainties in the integrated luminosity and the external branching fractions. The comparison with the calculation from FONLL (open boxes) is also shown. The lower panels show that the measured cross sections deviate from the FONLL calculations by less than 20%, and the two are consistent within uncertainty.
png pdf	Figure 2-a: The $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ -differential cross sections of ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ (left) and $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ (right) mesons in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 5.02 TeV. The vertical bars (shaded boxes) correspond to statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The horizontal bars reflect the bin widths. The global systematic uncertainty includes uncertainties in the integrated luminosity and the external branching fractions. The comparison with the calculation from FONLL (open boxes) is also shown. The lower panels show that the measured cross sections deviate from the FONLL calculations by less than 20%, and the two are consistent within uncertainty.
png pdf	Figure 2-b: The $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ -differential cross sections of ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ (left) and $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ (right) mesons in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 5.02 TeV. The vertical bars (shaded boxes) correspond to statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The horizontal bars reflect the bin widths. The global systematic uncertainty includes uncertainties in the integrated luminosity and the external branching fractions. The comparison with the calculation from FONLL (open boxes) is also shown. The lower panels show that the measured cross sections deviate from the FONLL calculations by less than 20%, and the two are consistent within uncertainty.
png pdf	Figure 3: The $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ dependence of the nuclear modification factor of ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ (left) and $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ (right) mesons using PbPb and pp collisions at $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}=$ 5.02 TeV. The vertical bars (boxes) correspond to statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The horizontal bars reflect the bin widths and not uncertainties.The global systematic uncertainty includes the uncertainties in the integrated luminosity, $T_{\mathrm{AA}}$ , and the number of minimum bias events [52]. For the ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ meson, four theoretical calculations are also shown for comparison: TAMU [76,24], DREENA-A [77,78], CUJET3.0 [79,80,81], and AdS/CFT HH [82,83] with the diffusion coefficient either dependent or independent of the quark momentum. For the $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ meson, three theoretical calculations are shown for comparison: TAMU [76,24], DREENA-A [77,78], and CUJET3.0 [79,80,81]. The line width of the theoretical calculation from Refs. [76,24] indicates the uncertainty in the total b quark coalescence probability (no shadowing is applied). The rapidity range is $\|y\| <$ 2.4 for all the theoretical predictions and, therefore, these predictions can only be compared to the measurements in the range of $p_{\mathrm{T}} >$ 10 GeV/ $c$ .
png pdf	Figure 3-a: The $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ dependence of the nuclear modification factor of ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ (left) and $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ (right) mesons using PbPb and pp collisions at $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}=$ 5.02 TeV. The vertical bars (boxes) correspond to statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The horizontal bars reflect the bin widths and not uncertainties.The global systematic uncertainty includes the uncertainties in the integrated luminosity, $T_{\mathrm{AA}}$ , and the number of minimum bias events [52]. For the ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ meson, four theoretical calculations are also shown for comparison: TAMU [76,24], DREENA-A [77,78], CUJET3.0 [79,80,81], and AdS/CFT HH [82,83] with the diffusion coefficient either dependent or independent of the quark momentum. For the $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ meson, three theoretical calculations are shown for comparison: TAMU [76,24], DREENA-A [77,78], and CUJET3.0 [79,80,81]. The line width of the theoretical calculation from Refs. [76,24] indicates the uncertainty in the total b quark coalescence probability (no shadowing is applied). The rapidity range is $\|y\| <$ 2.4 for all the theoretical predictions and, therefore, these predictions can only be compared to the measurements in the range of $p_{\mathrm{T}} >$ 10 GeV/ $c$ .
png pdf	Figure 3-b: The $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ dependence of the nuclear modification factor of ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ (left) and $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ (right) mesons using PbPb and pp collisions at $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}=$ 5.02 TeV. The vertical bars (boxes) correspond to statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The horizontal bars reflect the bin widths and not uncertainties.The global systematic uncertainty includes the uncertainties in the integrated luminosity, $T_{\mathrm{AA}}$ , and the number of minimum bias events [52]. For the ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ meson, four theoretical calculations are also shown for comparison: TAMU [76,24], DREENA-A [77,78], CUJET3.0 [79,80,81], and AdS/CFT HH [82,83] with the diffusion coefficient either dependent or independent of the quark momentum. For the $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ meson, three theoretical calculations are shown for comparison: TAMU [76,24], DREENA-A [77,78], and CUJET3.0 [79,80,81]. The line width of the theoretical calculation from Refs. [76,24] indicates the uncertainty in the total b quark coalescence probability (no shadowing is applied). The rapidity range is $\|y\| <$ 2.4 for all the theoretical predictions and, therefore, these predictions can only be compared to the measurements in the range of $p_{\mathrm{T}} >$ 10 GeV/ $c$ .
png pdf	Figure 4: Comparison of the nuclear modification factor as a function of $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ of ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ and $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ mesons with $\mathrm{B}_{c}$ mesons [27] (left) as well as with $\mathrm{D^0}$ mesons [86] and inclusive charged hadrons [60] (right) in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}=$ 5.02 TeV. The vertical bars (boxes) correspond to statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The horizontal bars reflect the bin widths. The global systematic uncertainties, written in text on the left plot and depicted in shaded boxes around $R_{\mathrm{AA}}=$ 1 on the right plot, comprise the uncertainties in $T_{\mathrm{AA}}$ , the number of minimum-bias events, and the luminosity in pp collisions. The dashed lines and the open boxes in the $\mathrm{B}_{c}$ data (left plot) represent bin-to-bin-uncorrelated and total uncertainties, respectively.
png pdf	Figure 4-a: Comparison of the nuclear modification factor as a function of $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ of ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ and $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ mesons with $\mathrm{B}_{c}$ mesons [27] (left) as well as with $\mathrm{D^0}$ mesons [86] and inclusive charged hadrons [60] (right) in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}=$ 5.02 TeV. The vertical bars (boxes) correspond to statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The horizontal bars reflect the bin widths. The global systematic uncertainties, written in text on the left plot and depicted in shaded boxes around $R_{\mathrm{AA}}=$ 1 on the right plot, comprise the uncertainties in $T_{\mathrm{AA}}$ , the number of minimum-bias events, and the luminosity in pp collisions. The dashed lines and the open boxes in the $\mathrm{B}_{c}$ data (left plot) represent bin-to-bin-uncorrelated and total uncertainties, respectively.
png pdf	Figure 4-b: Comparison of the nuclear modification factor as a function of $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ of ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ and $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ mesons with $\mathrm{B}_{c}$ mesons [27] (left) as well as with $\mathrm{D^0}$ mesons [86] and inclusive charged hadrons [60] (right) in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}=$ 5.02 TeV. The vertical bars (boxes) correspond to statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The horizontal bars reflect the bin widths. The global systematic uncertainties, written in text on the left plot and depicted in shaded boxes around $R_{\mathrm{AA}}=$ 1 on the right plot, comprise the uncertainties in $T_{\mathrm{AA}}$ , the number of minimum-bias events, and the luminosity in pp collisions. The dashed lines and the open boxes in the $\mathrm{B}_{c}$ data (left plot) represent bin-to-bin-uncorrelated and total uncertainties, respectively.

Tables
png pdf	Table 1: Summary of systematic uncertainties (in %) for the ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ (upper table) and $\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ (lower one) meson cross section as a function of $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ . The systematic uncertainties in luminosity and branching fractions are global uncertainties that are applied equally to all $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ ranges.

Summary

In summary, the differential cross sections of

${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ and

$\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ mesons as functions of transverse momentum (

$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ ) in proton-proton (pp) collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 5.02 TeV have been measured with the CMS detector at the LHC. The mesons were reconstructed via the exclusive decay channels

${\mathrm{B}^{+}} \to \mathrm{J}/\psi (\mu^{+}\mu^{-})\,\mathrm{K^+}$ and

$\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0} \to \mathrm{J}/\psi (\mu^{+}\mu^{-})\,\phi(1020) (\mathrm{K^+} \mathrm{K^-})$ in the

$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ intervals of 5-60 and 7-50 GeV/

$c$ for

${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ and

$\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ , respectively. The measured

$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ -differential cross sections of

${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ and

$\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ mesons in pp collisions are well-described by fixed-order plus next-to-leading logarithm calculations. The nuclear modification factors (

$R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ ) are obtained from these differential cross sections and the corresponding measurements in lead-lead collisions. The

$R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ of

$\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ and

${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ mesons are significantly lower than unity for

$p_{\mathrm{T}} >$ 10 GeV/

$c$ , while at lower

$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ the

$\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ meson results hint at having larger

$R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ values than found for

${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ mesons. The

$R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ data for

${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ and

$\mathrm{B}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}$ mesons are compared to theoretical calculations, providing constraints for the mechanisms of bottom quark energy loss and hadronization in the quark-gluon plasma. The results are also compared to experimental

$R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ values for charm and light-flavor hadrons. The

${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ meson

$R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ values are compatible with those found for generic charged hadrons and

$\mathrm{D^0}$ mesons in the

$p_{\mathrm{T}}$ range from 10 to 30 GeV/

$c$ , while the

$R_{\mathrm{AA}}$ values from 7 to 10 GeV/

$c$ are consistent with expectations based on the quark mass dependence of parton energy loss.

References
1	F. Karsch and E. Laermann	Thermodynamics and in-medium hadron properties from lattice QCD	in Quark-Gluon Plasma III, R. Hwa (ed.), 2003	hep-lat/0305025
2	E . V. Shuryak	Theory of hadronic plasma	Sov. Phys. JETP 47 (1978) 212
3	J. C. Collins and M. J. Perry	Superdense matter: neutrons or asymptotically free quarks?	PRL 34 (1975) 1353
4	W. Busza, K. Rajagopal, and W. van der Schee	Heavy ion collisions: the big picture, and the big questions	Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 68 (2018) 339	1802.04801
5	A. Andronic et al.	Heavy-flavour and quarkonium production in the LHC era: from proton-proton to heavy-ion collisions	EPJC 76 (2016) 107	1506.03981
6	X. Dong, Y.-J. Lee, and R. Rapp	Open heavy-flavor production in heavy-ion collisions	Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 69 (2019) 417	1903.07709
7	L. Apolinàrio, Y.-J. Lee, and M. Winn	Heavy quarks and jets as probes of the QGP	Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 127 (2022) 103990	2203.16352
8	J. D. Bjorken	Energy loss of energetic partons in quark-gluon plasma: possible extinction of high $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ jets in hadron-hadron collisions	Fermilab, 1982 link
9	R. Baier, D. Schiff, and B. G. Zakharov	Energy loss in perturbative QCD	Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 50 (2000) 37	hep-ph/0002198
10	CMS Collaboration	Observation and studies of jet quenching in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}} =$ 2.76 TeV	Phys. Rev. C 84 (2011) 024906	CMS-HIN-10-004 1102.1957
11	ATLAS Collaboration	Observation of a centrality-dependent dijet asymmetry in lead-lead collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}=$ 2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC	PRL 105 (2010) 252303	1011.6182
12	A. Beraudo et al.	Extraction of heavy-flavor transport coefficients in QCD matter	Nucl. Phys. A 979 (2018) 21	1803.03824
13	ALICE Collaboration	$\mathrm{K^0_S}$ and $\Lambda$ production in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} =$ 2.76 TeV	PRL 111 (2013) 222301	1307.5530
14	STAR Collaboration	Strangeness enhancement in Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} =$ 200 GeV	PRL 108 (2012) 072301	1107.2955
15	STAR Collaboration	Energy and system size dependence of $\phi$ meson production in Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions	PLB 673 (2009) 183	0810.4979
16	BRAHMS Collaboration	Kaon and pion production in central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} =$ 62.4 GeV	PLB 687 (2010) 36	0911.2586
17	STAR Collaboration	Collision energy dependence of moments of net-kaon multiplicity distributions at RHIC	PLB 785 (2018) 551	1709.00773
18	PHENIX Collaboration	$\phi$ meson production in the forward/backward rapidity region in Cu $+$ Au collisions at $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}=$ 200 GeV	Phys. Rev. C 93 (2016) 024904	1509.06337
19	ALICE Collaboration	Enhanced production of multi-strange hadrons in high-multiplicity proton-proton collisions	Nature Phys. 13 (2017) 535	1606.07424
20	J. Rafelski and B. Müller	Strangeness production in the quark-gluon plasma	PRL 48 (1982) 1066
21	D. Molnar and S. A. Voloshin	Elliptic flow at large transverse momenta from quark coalescence	PRL 91 (2003) 092301	nucl-th/0302014
22	V. Greco, C. M. Ko, and P. Levai	Parton coalescence at RHIC	Phys. Rev. C 68 (2003) 034904	nucl-th/0305024
23	V. Greco, C. M. Ko, and R. Rapp	Quark coalescence for charmed mesons in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions	PLB 595 (2004) 202	nucl-th/0312100
24	M. He, R. J. Fries, and R. Rapp	Heavy flavor at the large hadron collider in a strong coupling approach	PLB 735 (2014) 445	1401.3817
25	ALICE Collaboration	Measurement of $\mathrm{D^0}$ , $\mathrm{D^+}$ , $\mathrm{D}^{*+}$ and $\mathrm{D}_{s}^{+}$ production in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}=$ 5.02 TeV	JHEP 10 (2018) 174	1804.09083
26	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of $\mathrm{B}_{s}^{0}$ meson production in pp and PbPb collisions at ${\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}} =$ 5.02 TeV	PLB 796 (2019) 168	CMS-HIN-17-008 1810.03022
27	CMS Collaboration	Observation of the $\mathrm{B}_{c}$ meson in PbPb and pp collisions at $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} =$ 5.02 TeV and measurement of its nuclear modification factor	PRL 128 (2022) 252301	CMS-HIN-20-004 2201.02659
28	CMS Collaboration	Evidence for X(3872) in PbPb collisions and studies of its prompt production at $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}=$ 5.02 TeV	PRL 128 (2022) 032001	CMS-HIN-19-005 2102.13048
29	CMS Collaboration	Overview of high-density QCD studies with the CMS experiment at the LHC		CMS-HIN-23-011 2405.10785
30	CMS Collaboration	Luminosity measurement in proton-proton collisions at 5.02 TeV in 2017 at CMS	CMS Physics Analysis Summary, 2021 CMS-PAS-LUM-19-001	CMS-PAS-LUM-19-001
31	M. Cacciari, M. Greco, and P. Nason	The $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ spectrum in heavy-flavour hadroproduction	JHEP 05 (1998) 007	hep-ph/9803400
32	M. Cacciari and P. Nason	Charm cross sections for the Tevatron Run II	JHEP 09 (2003) 006	hep-ph/0306212
33	M. Cacciari et al.	Theoretical predictions for charm and bottom production at the LHC	JHEP 10 (2012) 137	1205.6344
34	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of the ${\mathrm{B}^{\pm}}$ meson nuclear modification factor in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} =$ 5.02 TeV	PRL 119 (2017) 152301	CMS-HIN-16-011 1705.04727
35	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of the ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ production cross section in pp\ collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 7 TeV	PRL 106 (2011) 112001	CMS-BPH-10-004 1101.0131
36	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of the $\mathrm{B}_{s}^{0}$ production cross section in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 7 TeV	PRL 106 (2011) 252001	CMS-BPH-10-005 1104.2892
37	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of the $\mathrm{B}_{s}^{0}$ production cross section with $\mathrm{B}_{s}^{0} \to \mathrm{J}/\psi \phi$ decays in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 7 TeV	PRD 84 (2011) 052008	CMS-BPH-10-013 1106.4048
38	ATLAS Collaboration	Measurement of the differential cross-section of ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ meson production in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 7 TeV at ATLAS	JHEP 10 (2013) 042	1307.0126
39	LHCb Collaboration	Measurement of the ${\mathrm{B}^{\pm}}$ production cross-section in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 7 TeV	JHEP 04 (2012) 093	1202.4812
40	LHCb Collaboration	Measurement of ${\mathrm{B}}$ meson production cross-sections in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 7 TeV	JHEP 08 (2013) 117	1306.3663
41	LHCb Collaboration	Measurement of $b$ -hadron production fractions in 7 TeV pp collisions	PRD 85 (2012) 032008	1111.2357
42	LHCb Collaboration	Measurements of $\mathrm{B}_{c}^{+}$ production and mass with the ${\mathrm{B}_{c}^{+}} \to {\mathrm{J}/\psi} {\pi^{+}}$ decay	PRL 109 (2012) 232001	1209.5634
43	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of the ratio of the production cross sections times branching fractions of ${\mathrm{B}_{c}^{\pm}} \to {\mathrm{J}/\psi} {\pi^{\pm}}$ and ${{\mathrm{B}^{\pm}}} \to {\mathrm{J}/\psi} {\mathrm{K^{\pm}}}$ and $\mathcal{B}({\mathrm{B}_{c}^{\pm}} \to {\mathrm{J}/\psi} {\pi^{\pm}}{\pi^{\pm}}{\pi}^{\mp})/\mathcal{B}({\mathrm{B}_{c}^{\pm}} \to {\mathrm{J}/\psi} {\pi^{\pm}})$ in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 7 TeV	JHEP 01 (2015) 063	CMS-BPH-12-011 1410.5729
44	LHCb Collaboration	Study of the production of $\Lambda_{b}^{0}$ and $\overline{\mathrm{B}}^{0}$ hadrons in pp collisions and first measurement of the ${\Lambda_{b}^{0}} \to {\mathrm{J}/\psi} {\mathrm{p}} {\mathrm{K^-}}$ branching fraction	Chin. Phys. C 40 (2016) 011001	1509.00292
45	LHCb Collaboration	Measurement of $\mathrm{B}_{c}^{+}$ production in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 8 TeV	PRL 114 (2015) 132001	1411.2943
46	ATLAS Collaboration	Measurement of the relative ${\mathrm{B}_{c}^{\pm}}/{{\mathrm{B}}}^{\pm}$ production cross section with the ATLAS detector at $\sqrt{s}=$ 8 TeV	PRD 104 (2021) 012010	1912.02672
47	CMS Collaboration	Measurement of the total and differential inclusive ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ hadron cross sections in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 13 TeV	PLB 771 (2017) 435	CMS-BPH-15-004 1609.00873
48	LHCb Collaboration	Measurement of the ${\mathrm{B}^{\pm}}$ production cross-section in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 7 and 13 TeV	JHEP 12 (2017) 026	1710.04921
49	LHCb Collaboration	Measurement of the $\mathrm{B}_{c}^{-}$ meson production fraction and asymmetry in 7 and 13 TeV pp collisions	PRD 100 (2019) 112006	1910.13404
50	CMS Collaboration	Study of ${\mathrm{B}}$ meson production in $\mathrm{p} \mathrm{Pb}$ collisions at $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} =$ 5.02 TeV using exclusive hadronic decays	PRL 116 (2016) 032301	CMS-HIN-14-004 1508.06678
51	LHCb Collaboration	Measurement of ${\mathrm{B}^{+}}$ , $\mathrm{B}_{s}^{0}$ and $\Lambda_{b}^{0}$ production in $\mathrm{p}\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions at $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}=$ 8.16 TeV	PRD 99 (2019) 052011	1902.05599
52	CMS Collaboration	Observation of B $^0_s$ mesons and measurement of the B $^0_s$ /B $^+$ yield ratio in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} =$ 5.02 TeV	PLB 829 (2022) 137062	CMS-HIN-19-011 2109.01908
53	CMS Collaboration	HEPData record for this analysis	link
54	Tracker Group of the CMS Collaboration	The CMS phase-1 pixel detector upgrade	JINST 16 (2021) P02027	2012.14304
55	CMS Collaboration	Track impact parameter resolution for the full pseudorapidity coverage in the 2017 dataset with the CMS phase-1 pixel detector	CMS Detector Performance Note CMS-DP-2020-049, 2020 CDS
56	CMS Collaboration	Performance of the CMS muon detector and muon reconstruction with proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 13 TeV	JINST 13 (2018) P06015	CMS-MUO-16-001 1804.04528
57	CMS Collaboration	Performance of the CMS Level-1 trigger in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV	JINST 15 (2020) P10017	CMS-TRG-17-001 2006.10165
58	CMS Collaboration	The CMS trigger system	JINST 12 (2017) P01020	CMS-TRG-12-001 1609.02366
59	CMS Collaboration	The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC	JINST 3 (2008) S08004
60	CMS Collaboration	Charged-particle nuclear modification factors in PbPb and pPb collisions at $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} =$ 5.02 TeV	JHEP 04 (2017) 039	CMS-HIN-15-015 1611.01664
61	CMS Collaboration	Study of jet quenching with isolated-photon+jet correlations in PbPb and pp collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}} =$ 5.02 TeV	PLB 785 (2018) 14	CMS-HIN-16-002 1711.09738
62	CMS Collaboration	Transverse momentum and pseudorapidity distributions of charged hadrons in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} =$ 0.9 and 2.36 TeV	JHEP 02 (2010) 041	CMS-QCD-09-010 1002.0621
63	CMS Collaboration	Performance of CMS muon reconstruction in pp collision events at $\sqrt{s}=$ 7 TeV	JINST 7 (2012) P10002	CMS-MUO-10-004 1206.4071
64	Particle Data Group	Review of Particle Physics	Prog. Theo. Expt. Phys. 2022 (2022)
65	T. Sjöstrand et al.	An introduction to PYTHIA 8.2	Comput. Phys. Commun. 191 (2015) 159	1410.3012
66	CMS Collaboration	Extraction and validation of a new set of CMS PYTHIA8 tunes from underlying-event measurements	EPJC 80 (2020) 4	CMS-GEN-17-001 1903.12179
67	CMS Collaboration	Event generator tunes obtained from underlying event and multiparton scattering measurements	EPJC 76 (2016) 155	CMS-GEN-14-001 1512.00815
68	GEANT4 Collaboration	GEANT 4---a simulation toolkit	NIM A 506 (2003) 250
69	D. J. Lange	The EvtGen particle decay simulation package	NIM A 462 (2001) 152
70	E. Barberio, B. van Eijk, and Z. Was	PHOTOS: A universal Monte Carlo for QED radiative corrections in decays	Comput. Phys. Commun. 66 (1991) 115
71	A. Hocker et al.	TMVA--Toolkit for Multivariate Data Analysis with ROOT: Users guide	Technical Report CERN-OPEN-2007-007, 2007	physics/0703039
72	CMS Collaboration	Upsilon production cross-section in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 7 TeV	PRD 83 (2011) 112004	CMS-BPH-10-003 1012.5545
73	M. J. Oreglia	A Study of the Reactions ${\psi'} \to \gamma \gamma \psi$	PhD thesis, Stanford University, Appendix D, 1980
74	M. Pivk and F. R. Le Diberder	$\hbox{ $_s$ }\mathcal{P}lot$ : a statistical tool to unfold data distributions	NIM A 555 (2005) 356	physics/0402083
75	CMS Collaboration	Tracking POG results for pion efficiency with the D* meson using data from 2016 and 2017	CMS Detector Performance Note CMS-DP-2018-050, 2018 CDS
76	M. He, R. J. Fries, and R. Rapp	Heavy-quark diffusion and hadronization in quark-gluon plasma	Phys. Rev. C 86 (2012) 014903	1106.6006
77	D. Zigic et al.	Importance of higher harmonics and ${v}_{4}$ puzzle in quark-gluon plasma tomography	Phys. Rev. C 106 (2022) 044909	2208.09886
78	D. Zigic et al.	DREENA--A framework as a QGP tomography tool	Front. Phys. 10 (2022) 957019	2110.01544
79	J. Xu, J. Liao, and M. Gyulassy	Bridging soft-hard transport properties of quark-gluon plasmas with CUJET3.0	JHEP 02 (2016) 169	1508.00552
80	J. Xu, J. Liao, and M. Gyulassy	Consistency of perfect fluidity and jet quenching in semi-quark-gluon monopole plasmas	Chin. Phys. Lett. 32 (2015) 092501	1411.3673
81	J. Xu, A. Buzzatti, and M. Gyulassy	Azimuthal jet flavor tomography with CUJET2.0 of nuclear collisions at RHIC and LHC	JHEP 08 (2014) 063	1402.2956
82	W. A. Horowitz	Fluctuating heavy quark energy loss in a strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma	PRD 91 (2015) 085019	1501.04693
83	R. Hambrock and W. A. Horowitz	AdS/CFT predictions for azimuthal and momentum correlations of $\mathrm{b}\bar{\mathrm{b}}$ pairs in heavy ion collisions	link	1703.05845
84	M. Rohrmoser, P. B. Gossiaux, T. Gousset, and J. Aichelin	Constraining in-medium heavy-quark energy-loss mechanisms via angular correlations between heavy and light mesons	J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 779 (2017) 012032	1611.01854
85	S. Cao, G.-Y. Qin, and S. A. Bass	Heavy flavor dynamics in QGP and hadron gas	Nucl. Phys. A 931 (2014) 569
86	CMS Collaboration	Nuclear modification factor of D $^0$ mesons in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{\smash[b]{s_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}} =$ 5.02 TeV	PLB 782 (2018) 474	CMS-HIN-16-001 1708.04962
87	Y. L. Dokshitzer, V. A. Khoze, and S. I. Troian	On specific QCD properties of heavy quark fragmentation ('dead cone')	JPG 17 (1991) 1602